Uyini Uhulumeni?

Uhulumeni uyisimiso esihleliwe okubuswa ngaso umphakathi, umbuso, noma isizwe. Udala futhi uphoqelele imithetho, uphatha imithombo yomphakathi, unikeza izinkonzo zomphakathi, futhi ugcina uhlelo. Ukuhlolwa kwezinhlobo zikahulumeni kusekelwe ekuqondeni indlela izinhlangano ezihlela ngayo amandla, zisakaza ngayo imithombo yengcebo, futhi zilinganisele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nezidingo ezihlanganyelwe. Uhulumeni ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki isimo sakhe, kumelwe aphendule imibuzo emithathu eyisisekelo: ukuthi obani ababusayo, bakhethwa kanjani, nokuthi yimiphi imingcele egunyeni.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zikahulumeni

Ososayensi bezombangazwe bahlukanisa ohulumeni abasekelwe ekutheni ubani onegunya, othathelwa indawo, nezinga lokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi. Izigaba eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukubusa kwenkosi, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, ubushiqela, ubushiqela, umbuso ongokwasezulwini, nesiyaluyalu. Uhlobo ngalunye lunezici ezihlukile, izibonelo ezingokomlando, kanye nezinguquko ezibonisa izimo ezihlukene zamasiko nezezombangazwe.

Umbusi

Inkosi yamakhosi inguhulumeni lapho umuntu oyedwa, inkosi, ekhonza khona njengomholi wezwe kukho konke ukuphila noma kuze kube sekunqanyulweni. Imibuso yayiwuhlobo oluvelele lukahulumeni womlando olotshiwe. Ingahlukaniswa ibe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko ezisekelwe ekutheni inkosi isebenzisa kangakanani ngempela.

Inkosi ephelele

Kuhulumeni ophelele, inkosi inamandla angenamingcele kuhulumeni nabantu. Akukho mingcele esemthethweni, futhi imonarch ̱ igama liwumthetho ophumelelayo. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa uLouis XIV waseFrance, okubusa kwakhe kwafanekisela ukuphakama kobu-absolist, futhi ababusi bakuqala banamuhla baseRussia ngaphansi kukaPeter Great. Namuhla, kusele idlanzana kuphela lamankosi aphelele, njenge Saudi Arabia, Oman, neUnited Arabhu Emirati, nakuba lezi ziye zavela zingenamandla alinganiselwe.

Inkosi Yomthetho - sisekelo

Emkhakheni wombuso womthetho - sisekelo, imibuso i-monarch ’ ichazwa futhi ilinganiselwe umthetho-sisekelo noma uhlelo olungokomthetho. Inkosi ingakhonza njengesikhulu sesiko lapho ikhethwa izikhulu zisebenzisa igunya elibusayo. Izibonelo ezivelele zihlanganisa i-United Kingdom, iJapane, iCanada, iSweden, neSpain. Imibuso yomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile inikeza ukuzinza nokuqhubeka kuyilapho ivumela ukubusa kwentando yeningi ukuba kuchume eduze kwezinhlangano ezingokwesiko.

Intando yeningi

Idemokrasi, kusukela kumagama esiGreki (abantu) kanye kratos[ (igunya), ihlela amandla abusayo ezandleni zabantu. Isekelwe ezimisweni zokulingana kwezombangazwe, ukubusa okukhulu, nokuvikela amalungelo amancane. Idemocracy ikhona engxenyeni eyodwa, futhi izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zikhona ziqondiswe futhi zimelelwe.

Intando yeningi Eqondile

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi eliqondile, izakhamuzi zivota ngezindlela ezingokomthetho, imithetho, nezinqumo ezinkulu ngaphandle kokuxhumana. I-Athens yasendulo iyisibonelo esidume kakhulu esingokomlando, lapho izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zihlangana khona emihlanganweni ukuze zixoxe futhi zinqume izindaba zikahulumeni. Intando yeningi yanamuhla ayivamile ngokwesizwe kodwa iyaqhubeka ngezimo ezinjengezikhawulo zokuhlola, izinyathelo zokuthatha i-assentam, nemihlangano yamadolobha eSwitzerland nasezifundaneni eziningi.

Intando Yeningi Emelele Uhulumeni

Idemokrasi emelela idemokrasi, ebizwa nangokuthi irepublic, ihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezikhethelwa izikhulu ukuba zenze izinqumo. Lesisimo siwusizo emazweni amakhulu, anabantu abaningi lapho ukungenela ngokuqondile kwesakhamuzi ngasinye kungenakwenzeka. Imibuso eminingi yanamuhla ebusa ngentando yeningi, kuhlanganise ne-United States, iJalimane, i-India, neBrazil, isebenza njengedemocracy emelela idemocracy. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukukhetha kwasikhathi sonke, amaqembu amaningi ezombangazwe, ukuhlukanisa imibuso, kanye nesivikelo somthetho-mthetho-malungelo abantu ngabanye.

I-Liberal v. I-Illibaral Democracy

Izazi zezombangazwe zihlukanisa phakathi kwentando yeningi ekhululekile, evikela inkululeko yomphakathi nokubusa komthetho, nentando yeningi engekho emthethweni, enikeza inkululeko kodwa evimbela inkululeko yokhetho, ilulaza ukuzibusa kokwahlulela, futhi iqede ukuphikiswa. Izizwe ezinjengeHungary neTurkey ziye zachazwa njengeziya ngokushelela embusweni wentando yeningi eminyakeni yamuva nje, zibangela ukukhathazeka ngokuvukela kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

I - oligarchy

I-oligarchy igxilisa amandla ezandleni zeqembu elincane elihlukaniswe ngengcebo, izibopho zomkhaya, ukubusa kwezempi, noma ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe. Ngokungafani nombusi wobushiqela, ogxile kumholi oyedwa, amandla ombuso wobukhomanisi ahlanganyelwa phakathi kwabambalwa. AmaOligarchy ngokuvamile asuka kwezinye izimiso: idemokrasi ingaba i-oligarchy uma izikhundla ezicebile zithatha inqubo yezombangazwe, futhi i-monarchy ingaba yinye uma izikhulu noma abalawuli besungula ukulawula okuphumelelayo.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa imikhandlu yezicukuthwane yase-Sparta yasendulo, iVenice Republic ’ abahwebi abaphezulu, neSoviet Union ̱ i-Polituro. Izingqapheli zanamuhla ziphikisana ngokuthi iRussia isebenza njenge-oligarchy, inikezwe ithonya elikhudlwana lenani elincane lezigidi zamabhiliyoni enkambisweni kahulumeni. Abanye abacusumbuli bachaza i-United States njengenamathonya ezombangazwe ezindaweni ezinkulu nezicebi.

Ukucindezela

Umbuso wobushiqela ubeka amandla aphelele ezandleni zomholi oyedwa noma iqembu elincane, elivame ukugcinwa ngokuphoqelelwa, ukucusumbulwa, nokucindezelwa kokwahlukana. Abashiqela abanacala emphakathini; bayabusa ngesinqumo futhi bavame ukuqeda izimpi zezombangazwe. Izimo ezimbili ezivamile zingamashiqela ezempi, lapho amabutho ahlomile ethatha khona amandla, futhi kulawulwa khona ubushiqela obubodwa, lapho iqembu elilodwa libusa khona.

Imibuso yobushiqela ephawulekayo ihlanganisa iJalimane yamaNazi ngaphansi kuka-Adolf Hitler, iSoviet Union ngaphansi kukaJoseph Stalin, iNyakatho Korea ngaphansi kombuso kaKim, ne-Myanmar ̱ imibuso yezempi yamanje ivela ezikhathini ezinzima, lapho imiphakathi imukela ukubusa ngempoqo ukuze ithole ukuqina noma ukulondeka. Nokho, ithambekele ekuntengantengantenga, igcine ngokuvukela, ngokubulala, noma ngokuwa.

Umbuso ongokwasezulwini

Uhulumeni ongokwasezulwini uwuhulumeni lapho abaholi benkolo bebusa khona egameni lamandla aphakeme, futhi isimiso somthetho sisekelwe emfundisweni engokwenkolo. Igunya lezombangazwe negunya elingokomoya lifakwa. Leligama livela kwelesiGreki theos (unkulunkulu) kanye ktos [umthetho]].

Umbuso ongokwasezulwini wanamuhla ovelele kakhulu i-Iran, lapho uMholi oPhakeme uAyatollah Khamenei enegunya eliphelele kuhulumeni, futhi umthetho wamaSulumane umisa isimiso somthetho. IVatican City iwumbuso okhethekile ongokwasezulwini olawulwa uPapa. Ngokomlando, iMibuso yeNkathi Ephakathi, iPutan Massachusetts Bay Colony, kanye namaSulumane akuqala abusa njengekhocracies. Ama-Ocracies abhekene izingxabano eziyisisekelo phakathi kokuqina kwezimfundiso nezidingo ezisebenzayo zokubusa, ezingaholela ekungqubuzaneni namalungelo abantu, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nenkululeko engokwenkolo nokulingana kwesigaba.

Inkawu

Antarchy ibhekisela ekungabini khona kombuso noma uhulumeni ophethe. Ekusebenziseni kwawo, isho isiyaluyalu nesiyaluyalu. Nokho, izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe kusukela ku-William Godwin kuya kuNoam Chomsky ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi isiyaluyalu singasho inhlangano yezenhlalo ekhululekile, engahambisani nosizo, ukuvumelana, nokwenza izinqumo ezihloniphekile.

Izejwayezi, izinhlangano ezibusayo ngempela ziyivelakancane futhi ngokuvamile zingezesikhashana. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa iZapatista i-osistrate e-Mexico, i-Paris Commune of 1871, nezifunda ezingenahulumeni ezinjengezingxenye zeSomalia phakathi nonyaka ka-1990. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isiyaluyalu asinikezi izinto zomphakathi ezibalulekile, ukulondeka, nesinqumo sokuphikisana, kuyilapho abasekeli bephikisana nokuthi izifunda zezikhulu zezwe zidala umonakalo omkhulu kunalezo ezizivimbelayo.

Izimiso Zokushintsha Isikhumba

Bambalwa ohulumeni abalingana kahle phakathi kwesigaba esisodwa. Izimiso zezwe zangempela eziningi zihlanganisa izici ezisukela ezinhlobo eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iUnited Kingdom ingumbuso womthetho-sisekelo onomthetho ngokomthetho onesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi esinamandla. iRussia yenza ukhetho kodwa imisebenzi njengombuso wempoqo nezimpawu ze-oligarchic. ihlanganisa ukhetho lwentando yeningi kanye nokulawula okuqinile kwezwe nenkululeko elinganiselwe yezombangazwe, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-̴ geodemocracy ̵ noma i-#820;oftistismism. ̵

Ukuqonda imibuso eyingxube kubalulekile ekuhlaziyweni okunembile kwezombangazwe. Umqondo we-“ idemocratic devition ̵ ubonisa ukuthi zingaki izizwe ezibonakala ziqinisa idemokrati ngo-1990 eziye zashabalala zaba izimo ezixubile noma zempoqo. Inkululeko House, inhlangano ehlonishwayo eqaphile, ithatha lemiqondo minyaka yonke futhi iphawula ukwehla kwamalungelo ezombangazwe nenkululeko yomphakathi eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu edlule.

Umlando: Indlela Izinhlobo Zikahulumeni Eziwuhlobo Oluhle Ngayo

Ukuthuthuka kwezinhlobo zikahulumeni kuhlobene kakhulu nezenzakalo ezingokomlando, izinguquko zobuchwepheshe, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo. Ingxenye esuka ezindaweni ezibusa ama - monarch iya edemokrasi ayiyona imingcele elandelanayo; ihilela imijikelezo yokuzinza nokuthotshiswa, ukwanda nokuncishiswa kwamalungelo, nokushintsha njalo.

Isisekelo Sasendulo

Ohulumeni bokuqala bavela empucukweni yasemamfuleni ezindawo eziwumfula njengeSumer, iGibithe, i-Indus Valley, neChina. Laba babeyimibuso yenkosi noma izikhulu lapho amakhosi ayezibiza khona ngegunya laphezulu. UHammurabi ̱ umthetho eBabiloni wamisa esinye sezisekelo zomthetho ezilotshiwe zokuqala. I-Greki lasendulo lasungula isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi, kuyilapho iRome Republic yasungula isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sezikhulu ezikhethiwe, isifunda, kanye nezilinganiso ezazizothonya ongqondo abaculi beNjikelezo.

Ukushintsha Kwangenkathi Ephakathi

UbuFaudali bahlela iYurophu ngenkathi ephakathi izungeze isigaba samakhosi, ama-assal, nama-af, amakhosi aphezulu kodwa ecindezelwa amandla ezikhulu neSonto. Ukusayinwa kukaMagna Carta ngo-1215 kwalinganisela i-monarchy yaseNgilandi ’ amandla futhi kwamisa isimiso sokuthi wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nenkosi, wayengaphansi komthetho. Le ncwajana yaba isisekelo sikahulumeni wezomthetho wentando yeningi futhi kamuva.

Ukukhanyiselwa Nokuvukela

Ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 kwavela ifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa, eyabekela inselele imibuso ephelele nelungelo laphezulu. Abacabangayo abanjengoJohn Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, noThomas Paine balwela amalungelo angokwemvelo, izivumelwano zezenhlalo, nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Lemibono yabhebhethekisa iNguquko yaseMelika (1776) neNguquko yaseFrance (179), eyamisa amaRiphabliki asekelwe ezimisweni zentando yeningi, nakuba ekuqaleni ayelinganiselwe kubantu abafanele.

Ikhulu le - 19 nelama - 20 labangela ukwanda kancane kancane kwempi, ukudlondlobala kwamaqembu ezombangazwe, imizabalazo yezisebenzi, nabesifazane i̱ imikhankaso yamalungelo. intando yeningi yokubusa ngentando yeningi yasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eMelika, nasezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Asia. Ukuphela kweMpi Yezwe II nokuzibusa ngenkululeko kwaholela emazweni amaningi asanda kuthatha imithetho yentando yeningi.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwababhali

Ikhulu lama-21 liye labona ukubuya kobushiqela ezifundeni eziningi. IRussia ngaphansi kukaVladimir Putin, iChina ngaphansi kwe-Xiniping, ne-Turkey ngaphansi kweRecep Tayip Erdo#287;an iye yaqinisa amandla, ukuphikiswa okubekelwe imingcele, nenkululeko yemithombo yezindaba. Izinhlangano zedemocratic emazweni anjengePoland, iHungary, neBrazil ziye zacindezeleka kakhulu. Izazi ziphikisana ngokuthi lomkhuba umelela ukuhlehlela emuva kwesikhashana noma ukuthutha isikhathi eside ukusuka ekubusweni ngentando yeningi.

Ukuhlaziya Ukuphumelela Kukahulumeni Okuqhathaniswayo

Ukususa uhlobo lukahulumeni i- “ itshe elilungile ̵ kuxhomeke ezindinganisweni ezisetshenziswayo: ukuzinza, ukukhula kwezomnotho, inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ukulingana, noma ukulondeka. Isimiso ngasinye sinezinga-okanye.

  • [ Izikhulu ze-Democracity zithambekele ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomphakathi, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, futhi ziveze ukubusa okusabelayo, kodwa zingathatha kancane, ziboshelwe, futhi zingachayeka ekufuneni ukuhoxa.
  • Izimiso zezinga lokusebenza zingasebenzisa izinqubo ngokushesha futhi zilondoloze ukuhleleka, kodwa zivame ukuvimbela ukungavumelani, ziphula amalungelo abantu, futhi zihlushwa inkohlakalo nezinkinga ezilandelanayo.
  • Izikhulu ze-monarchy zinikeza ukuqhubekeka okungokomfanekiso namakhanda ezwe ezombangazwe, kodwa zingabonakala ziphelelwe isikhathi noma zingenademokrasi kubagxeki.
  • [ I-ocracies iphoqelela ukuba abantu babe nesimilo kodwa ilinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo kanye nenkululeko yokuzibusa.
  • [[I- Izindawo ezibuswa abantu zigxilisa ingcebo namandla, okuholela ekungalinganini nasekuzingeniseni komphakathi.

Ukucwaninga okungokwesayensi, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa okuvela ku- i-Economist Intelligence Unity ’ i-Democracy Index ne House yenkululeko[[], njalo kubonisa ukuthi isikhundla sedemokrati yentando yeningi esiphezulu kakhulu ezindinganisweni zokukhula komuntu, ukwaneliseka kokuphila, nethuba lezomnotho, nakuba zidinga izinhlangano eziqinile, umthetho, kanye nesibopho sokwakha izakhamuzi ukuze zisebenze kahle.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Zikahulumeni Kubaluleke

Kubafundi nakothisha, ukuqonda izinhlobo zikahulumeni akuyona indlela ecatshangelwayo yokufunda. Kunikeza amagama namathuluzi okuhlola izenzakalo zamanje, ukuhlaziya iziphakamiso zezombangazwe, nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni komphakathi. Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda umehluko phakathi kokubusa kwentando yeningi nokubusa ngempoqo, bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuqaphela izinsongo ezisenhlanganweni yentando yeningi nokusekela ukuhola okuyolandisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda ukuthi ohulumeni abahlali ndawonye kodwa baphendukela ngokulwa nangokulungisa izinto kukhuthaza umbono ohlukile ngoshintsho lwezombangazwe. Ukuwa kobushiqela akumane nje kuveze ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuzinzile; ukuwela ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kuya ekubuseni ngempoqo, ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngemingcele ehlukahlukene kwemithombo yezindaba, ijudiary, nobuqotho obukhethwe.

Imikhuba Yamanje Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izimo eziningana ziyabushintsha ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe bemishini emhlabeni wonke. Ubuchwepheshe bemishini busiza izindlela ezintsha zokuhlanganyela nokuqapha kanyekanye. Izindawo zobushiqela zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukungena futhi zinikeze ukuzwana, kuyilapho imibuso yempoqo isebenzisa amathuluzi emishini ukuze ilandele ukuphikisana nokwaziswa. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukufuduka, kanye nezifo eziwubhadane emhlabeni wonke kuvivinya amandla azo zonke izinhlobo zikahulumeni ukuze ziphendule ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukudlondlobala kwabaholi bezombangazwe embusweni wentando yeningi, ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuso eChina naseRussia, nokuhlola ukubusa ngentando yeningi okungenanjongo ezindaweni ezinjenge - Ireland neTaiwan kusikisela ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zikahulumeni akukapheli. Ososayensi bezombangazwe ngokuqhubekayo bagxila ezimisweni eziyingxubevange, ukusekela umbuso wentando yeningi, kanye nomklamo wokusungula njengezindawo eziyinhloko zokuhlola.

Isiphetho

Kusukela ekubusweni kwemibuso yemibuso ephelele ukuqondisa idemokrasi, kusukela ekuhloleni imibuso yentando yeningi kuya ekuhloleni okungalawuleki, izinhlobo zikahulumeni zimelela abantu i-̱ yemizamo ehlukahlukene yokuxazulula inkinga yenhlangano ehlangene. Uhlobo ngalunye lunezinzuzo nezikweleti, futhi ngalunye lubonisa ukulinganisela okukhethekile phakathi kokuhleleka nenkululeko, isiko nokusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha. Kubafundi, ukuqonda lezi zigaba kanye nokwaziswa okungokomlando kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Kubafundisi, lolulwazi lunikeza uhlelo lokuhlanganisa abafundi ezingxoxweni ezinengqondo, ubulungisa, nekusasa lokubusa.

Ukuze uhlole lesi sihloko, hlola imithombo ye-Encclopaedia Britannica ̱, evela ku- noma Constitute Project[, enikeza umhlaba i-& #817; imithetho-myalulo ehlolwa ngesihloko nangesici. La mathuluzi avumela abafundi ukuba baqhathanise indlela ohulumeni abakha ngayo izincwadi zabo zesisekelo nemibuso.