Table of Contents

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziyizinhlangano ezikhethekile ezisungulwe ohulumeni ukuze zenze imisebenzi ethile efeza isithakazelo somphakathi. Zisebenza emazingeni endawo, esifundazweni, nakuhulumeni, lezi zikhungo ziyisisekelo sendlela uhulumeni wanamuhla onikeza ngayo izinkonzo, imithetho ephoqelelwe, ivikela futhi iphatha imithombo yomphakathi. Ukuqonda isakhiwo, injongo, kanye nemisebenzi yezinhlangano zikahulumeni kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokuthi imisebenzi yokubusa ngentando yeningi isebenza kanjani futhi ithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Yini Efunwa Uhulumeni?

Uhulumeni kahulumeni wase-United States uhlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi, iminyango, amahhovisi nezinye izinhlangano. La maqembu asungulwe ukusingatha izidingo zomphakathi ezidinga ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile, ukuqondisa okuqhubekayo, noma izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziguqula iziqondiso zemithetho zizenze zibe nemisebenzi eqinile, izinhlelo, nezinkonzo ezithinta izigidi zamaMelika.

Izimo eziphuthumayo zihlukile emagatsheni ayinhloko kahulumeni("legislative, isikhulu, neyahlulelo" ngoba zigxila ekufezeni kunokukhipha imithetho noma ukufushanisa. Nakuba iziKhomishane zinikeza imithetho nezinkantolo, izinhlangano zisungula iziqondiso eziningiliziwe, zinikeza izinhlelo, zicwaninge, futhi ziphoqelele ukugcinwa okwenza leyo mithetho isebenze ezweni langempela.

Igunya elingokomthetho i-Government Manual ne-Administrative Procedure Act linikeza uhlu lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Isisekelo Sikahulumeni Somthetho - sisekelo Nesemithetho

Ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni kusekelwe ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo nasebusweni bomthetho-mthetho. Incazelo yenhlangano ye-Administrative Procedire Act isebenza kumalungu amaningi amagatsha aphethe, kuyilapho i-United States Congress ingachaza inxusa noma yini eliyikhethayo ekunikezeni umthetho.

Umongameli umisa izinhloko zezinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nabamisiwe enkantolo ephakeme. Lombuso omisiwe, ongaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho ngezikhundla ezinkulu, uqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhola kwezinhlangano kubonakalisa izinto eziza kuqala zezikhulu ezikhethiwe kuyilapho zilondoloza ubuchwepheshe. UKhongolo-mthetho uyaqinisekisa noma uyabalahla omongameli.

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sidlulela eminyangweni yezinhlangano. Ingqungquthela iqondisa ngokuhlola, ukuzwa, nomthetho. Ikomiti ihlola izenzo zezinhlangano ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi ihambisana negunya lomthetho nezimfuneko zomthetho. Lesi simiso sokuziphendulela esibekwe ngokulandelana sivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kuyilapho sivumela izinhlangano ukuba zikwazi ukusingatha izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinhlobo Zohulumeni: Ukubukeza Okunezinkinga

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zinezici eziningana ezihlukene, ngasinye sinobuhlobo obungafani negatsha eliphethe, amazinga ahlukahlukene okuzibusa, nezici zokwakha eziyingqayizivele.

Izinhlangano Eziqondisayo Nezimo Eziphuthumayo Zekhabethi

Iminyango ephethe iwuhulumeni ongaphansi kwengamelele kaMongameli oqondile. IKhabhinethi kaMongameli ihlanganisa uMongameli, izinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe ngezansi, noMphathi-mikhosi we-Athorney. Leminyango imelela izindikimba eziphethe kakhulu kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ophethe futhi isingatha izindawo ezinkulu zezimiso.

Iminyango engu-15 ephethe ihlanganisa iZwe, i-Cetary, i-Defense, Justice, i-International, i-Agriculture, i-Orty, i-House and Human Services, i-Urban Development, i-Fourter, i-Energy, i-Education, i-Veterans Affairs, ne-Homeland Security. Isekeli ngalinye lihlanganisa izimo eziningi ezingaphansi, izikhungo zombuso, izimboni, namahhovisi afeza imisebenzi ekhethekile phakathi komsebenzi womnyango omkhulu.

UMongameli uvame ukulawula kakhulu izinhlangano eziphethe kunabezinkampani ezizimele. Onobhala beKhabhinethi basebenza ngokujabulisa umongameli futhi bangasuswa ngaphandle kwesizathu, baqinisekise ukuthi iminyango ephethe ihlale ihambisana nezimiso zokuphatha.

Izimo Ezizimele Zokuqondisa

Kuhulumeni kahulumeni wase-United States, izinhlangano ezizimele ziyizinhlangano ezingaphandle kweminyango ephethe (lezo eziholwa unobhala weKhabhinethi) neHhovisi Lezikhulu zikaMongameli. Lezi zikhundla zinezikhundla ezikhethekile ehlelweni likahulumeni, eziklanyelwe ukuba zisebenzise inkululeko enkulu ngokulawulwa umongameli ngokuqondile.

Ngomqondo ophansi, leli gama libhekisela kuphela kulezo zinkampani ezizimele, nakuba zibhekwa njengeziyingxenye yegatsha eliphethe, ezinegunya lokuqondisa noma lokubusa futhi ezivikelekile ekulawuleni umongameli, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi amandla kamongameli okuxosha inhloko yenhlangano noma ilungu lilinganiselwe.

IReduction Act yephephay ibala izinhlangano ezingu-19 ezizimele ezizimeleyo, njenge-Secturaties and Exchange Commission, i-Federal Reserve, i-Commody Famists Funing Commission, iNhlangano ye-Federal Depositat Issuration, ne-Consurecial Finicial Protection Bureaument. Lezi zinkampani zilawula izigaba ezigxekayo zezomnotho nezomphakathi lapho ukwenza izinqumo okungochwepheshe kubhekwa khona njengokubalulekile.

Ikhomishane, ibhodi, noma isigungu esinamalungu aphakathi kwamahlanu kuya kwayisikhombisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ivame ukuhola amanxusa azimele. Umongameli umisa ibhodi noma amalungu agunyaziwe angaphansi kwesiqinisekiso sika-senate. Ilungu ngalinye lisebenza ngokwesilinganiso esilinganiselwe, esivame ukuba iminyaka emine, futhi amagama amalungu asheshiswa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukujika okuphelele kwebhodi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Amanxusa azimele, ngokwehlukile, aklanyelwe umthetho ukuba asebenze ngesilinganiso esithile sokuzibusa ukuze ukwenza izinqumo kwenziwe ngesisekelo sobuchwepheshe nesithakazelo sesizwe futhi hhayi isithakazelo esifushane sezombangazwe. Lokhu kwakhiwa kusiza ekuvikeleni imisebenzi ethile yokulawula ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso eziqinile nobuchwepheshe.

Izimo Ezizimele Zokuqondisa

Iningi lezinhlangano ezizimele zikahulumeni wase-United States libizwa nangokuthi ziyizinkampani eziphethe. Zizimele ngoba azithotshiwe ngaphansi kwesikhundla seKhabhinethi. Lezi zikhungo zisingatha imisebenzi ethile engafaneleki kahle eminyangweni ekhona noma idinga inkululeko.

Nakuba lezi zinkampani zingabika kumongameli nasemakhanda akhe, zisebenza ngaphandle kwesimiso somkhakha wezomthetho, zinikeza imisebenzi egxile ekuthunyweni nasebuhlakani obukhethekile.

Imishini ye-Quasi-Official

Izinhlangano ezizimele zeQuasi azizona izinhlangano eziphethe ngokomthetho, kodwa zidingwa ngomthetho ukuba zinyathelise ukwaziswa okuthile ngezinhlelo nemisebenzi yazo eFederal Register. UFannie Mae noFreddie Mac, iSmithsonian Institution, ne-National Galery of Art ziphakathi kwalezi zikhungo.

Lezi zinhlangano zisendaweni eyingqayizivele phakathi kwezinhlangano zomphakathi nezingabodwa, ngokuvamile ezakhiwa uMkhandlu ukuze ufeze izinjongo zomphakathi kuyilapho usebenza ngokuvumelana nezimo kunezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingokwesiko.

Izimo Zomthetho Nezokwahlulela

Kunenani elincane lezinhlangano ezizimele ezingeyona ingxenye yegatsha eliphethe, njenge-Congregational Research Service ne-Congregational Research Service ye-United States, eyizinhlangano zemithetho nezokwahlulela, ngokulandelana. lezi zikhungo zisekela ukusebenza kweSishaya-Mkhandlu nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, zinikeza ukucwaninga, izinkonzo zokuqondisa, kanye nobuchwepheshe obukhethekile emagatsheni emithetho nasemahluleleni okwahlulela.

Imisebenzi Kahulumeni Yezimo Zokuphuthuma

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene edingekayo ekubuseni kwanamuhla. Le misebenzi ingahlukaniswa kakhulu ibe izindawo eziningana eziyinhloko, ngayinye ibaluleke ekulondolozeni umphakathi ohlelekile, olondekile nochumayo.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Enye yezindima ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukusungula nokumisa imithetho. Imiswe ngemithetho ehlukene edluliswa yiKhongolo, imvume ngayinye engokomthetho ichaza imigomo inxusa okumelwe lisebenzele kuyo, kanye nokuthi yiziphi izindawo ezincane, uma zikhona, okungenzeka ukuthi zinamandla okubusa. Lenhlangano ibusa (noma iziqondiso), uma iphoqelekile, inamandla omthetho kahulumeni.

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zimisa izindinganiso zazo zonke izinto kusukela ekuvikelekeni emsebenzini kuya ekuvikelekeni kwendawo ezungezile, izimakethe zezimali kuya ekulondekeni kokudla. Ziveza izimfuneko zobuchwepheshe ezinikeza ithonya elingokoqobo ezivumelwaneni ezingokomthetho, ukuhlola nokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kutholwe umthetho, nokushaya umthetho ngokumelene nabaphuli bomthetho.

I-SEC ivikela abatshali bezimali, igcine izimakethe ezilungile, ezihlelekile, futhi iphumelela, futhi yenza kube lula ukusungulwa kwezakhiwo eziyinhloko. Lokhu kubonisa indlela izinhlangano eziqondisayo ezilinganisela ngayo izinjongo eziningi", ukuvikela umphakathi kuyilapho wenza umsebenzi wezomnotho nokusungulwa kwezakhiwo.

Ukubeletha Kwenkonzo

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni ngokuyinhloko zikhona ukuze zinikeze izinkonzo ngokuqondile ezakhamuzini. Lezi zinkonzo zisukela ekusebenziseni inzuzo yokuzisebenzela nokunikeza inhlalakahle yezempilo yomuntu ongomakad ’ ebona, kusukela ekuqondiseni amapaki esizwe kuya ekuthumeleni iposi. Sekuyisikhathi eside izinhlangano zikahulumeni zihlose ukunikeza izinkonzo ezifanelana nomzamo omncane, ukulindela izidingo, nokuzinikeza ngokuqhubekayo.

Izinhlangano zenkonzo zisebenza nezigidi zaseMelika nsuku zonke, zizenze zibe yingxenye kahulumeni obonakala kakhulu ezakhamuzini eziningi. Izinga nokuphumelela kwalezi zinkonzo kuthinta umbono womphakathi ngokuphumelela nokwethembeka kukahulumeni.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nokuphepha Komphakathi

Izinhlangano eziningi zigxile ekuvikeleni ukuphepha komphakathi nasekubekeni imithetho kahulumeni.

I - NTSB iyinhlangano ezimele yokuhlola izingozi kahulumeni, ehlukanisa izimbangela zezingozi futhi yakha ukutusa kokuphepha. izinhlangano ezinjalo azisabeli nje kuphela ezisongweni ezisheshayo kodwa futhi zisebenzela ukuvimbela izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo ngophenyo, ukuhlaziya, nokutusa kwezimiso.

Ukucwaninga Nokubuthana Kokwaziswa

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zicwaninga kabanzi futhi ziqoqe ukwaziswa okunikeza izinqumo zesimiso futhi kusiza umphakathi ukuba uthakazelise. i - Census Bureau ihlanganisa ukwaziswa kwamanani abantu, i - National Institutes of Health icwaninga ngezokwelapha, i - Bureau of Labor Statistics ithatha izinyathelo zokuthola umsebenzi, futhi i - National Weather Service ihlola izimo zomoya.

Lo msebenzi wokucwaninga unikeza ukwaziswa okunenjongo, okunegunya okunganzima noma okungenakwenzeka ukuba izinhlangano ezizimele zikhiqize. Ukwaziswa nemiphumela ekhiqizwa yizinhlangano zokucwaninga zikahulumeni kusekela ukwenza izinqumo kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi.

Ukuphathwa kwemithombo

Izinhlangano eziningi ziphatha imithombo yempahla nempahla yomphakathi. INkonzo yeNational Park yengamela amapaki nezikhumbuzo zesizwe, iBureau of Land Management iqondisa amazwe omphakathi, uMnyango Wezisekelo ulawula izikhali zenuzi zalelizwe, futhi iGeneral Service Administration iphatha impahla nomthetho.

Ilungiselela izimali zikaHulumeni, inikela ngezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi zemikhiqizo, izinkonzo, nezakhiwo izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezizidingayo ukuze zikhonze umphakathi.

Ubuhlobo Nentuthuko Yomhlaba Wonke

I - Agency ye - International Development (USAID) yase - United States iyinhlangano eyinhloko yokusiza amazwe alulamayo enhlekeleleni, azama ukubalekela ubumpofu, futhi ahileleke ekushintsheni kwentando yeningi. Izinkampani ezigxile ezindabeni zezizwe zisebenzisa imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, zinikeza usizo olusiza umphakathi, zithuthukise ezohwebo, futhi zimelele izithakazelo zaseMelika kwamanye amazwe.

Izinkonzo Ezinkulu Zomphakathi Nendima Yazo

Ukuqonda indima yezinhlangano ezinkulu kusisiza ukuba siqonde indlela uhulumeni asingatha ngayo izinselele zezimiso ezihlukahlukene futhi usize umphakathi.

I - Agency Yokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile (EPA)

I-EPA ingenye yezinhlangano eziphawuleka kakhulu eziqondisayo, ezinomthwalo wokuvikela impilo yabantu nendawo ezungezile. Iqala futhi iphoqelele imithetho ehlobene nomoya namanzi, ukulawulwa kwemfucumfucu okuyingozi, ukuphepha kwamakhemikhali, kanye nesimo sezulu. I-EPA ihlola indawo ezungezile, ihlela izindinganiso zokungcola, futhi isebenza ngezindawo nezizwe ukuze isebenzise izinhlelo zendawo ezungezile.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Njengenhlangano eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni, iFBI ihlola ukwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni wobugebengu, ivikela i-United States ekuhlaseleni kwamaphekula, futhi inikeza izinkonzo zobulungisa kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, ezindaweni, nakumazwe ngamazwe. I-FBI ihlanganisa ubugebengu obuningi obuhlanganisa i-inthanethi, ukonakala komphakathi, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, nobugebengu obuhleliwe.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

ICDC isebenza njengenhlangano yezokuvikela impilo yesizwe, iphethe isayensi egxekayo futhi inikeze ukwaziswa okungokwempilo ukuze ivikele amaMelika ezinsongweni zempilo. Ihlola ukuqubuka kwezifo, ukuhlola izifo, ukuthuthukisa iziqondiso zempilo yomphakathi, nokuhlanganisa ukusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezempilo. I-CDC yomsebenzi ihlanganisa izifo ezithathelwanayo, izimo ezingamahlalakhona, impilo ezungezile, kanye nokuvinjelwa kokulimala.

UMnyango Wemfundo

UMnyango Wemfundo umisa isimiso semfundo, unikeza, futhi uhlela usizo lukahulumeni lwemfundo. Uqoqa ukwaziswa ezikoleni, uphoqelela imithetho yemfundo kahulumeni ngokuphathelene nezindaba zomuntu siqu namalungelo omphakathi, futhi usakaza usizo lwezimali kubafundi. Nakuba imfundo ilokhu iyisibopho esiyinhloko sombuso nesendawo, umnyango kahulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukufinyelela nokubeka izinto eziza kuqala ezweni.

Ukuqondiswa Kwezokulondeka Komphakathi

I-Social Security Administration iqondisa ukuthatha umhlalaphansi, ukukhubazeka, kanye nabantu abasindile kuzuzisa izigidi zaseMelika. Ihlela izinhlelo, igcine amarekhodi emali eholwayo, ikhiphe izinombolo zezenhlala- kahle, futhi iphatha enye yezinhlelo ezizuzisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Imisebenzi yenhlangano ithinta ngokuqondile ukulondeka ngokwezimali kwabathathe umhlalaphansi, abantu abakhubazekile nemikhaya elahlekelwe umholo.

Isimiso seReserve yeFederal

IFederal Reserve ilawula isimiso sezwe semali ngokumisa isilinganiso sezimali zikahulumeni, umsebenzi odinga ukugunyaza kwezombangazwe ukuze isilingo sezombangazwe sokuqhuba isimiso sezezimali sokwandisa singaholeli ekuncipheni kwamandla emali okwenza wonke amaMelika abe mancane kakhulu. Njengoba ibhange elikhulu lase-United States, iFederal Reserve ithonya imali nezimo zokuthenga ngesikweletu kwezomnotho, ukuqondisa namabhange, kulondoloza isimiso sezimali, futhi kunikeza izinkonzo zezimali kuhulumeni nasezikhungweni zemali.

UMnyango Wezokulondeka Kwasekhaya

Iqalwe ngemva kokuhlasela ngo - September 11, 2001, uMnyango Wezokuphepha We Homeland uhlela imizamo yokuvikela i - United States ezinsongweni.

I - National Aeronautics and Administrations (NASA)

I-NASA ihlola umkhathi, ithole isayensi, futhi icwaninge nge-aeronautics. Isebenza i-International Space Station, yenza imikhumbi-mkhathi nezobuchwepheshe ezintsha, ihlola isimo sezulu soMhlaba, ihlola amanye amaplanethi, futhi ifuna ukuqonda indawo yonke. Imisebenzi ye-NASA ithuthukisa ulwazi lwesayensi kuyilapho ishukumisa ukusungula nobuchwepheshe.

Inkonzo Yenzuzo Yangaphakathi (IMINI)

I-IRS inikeza imithetho yentela yesizwe, iqoqe imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni. Ihlela ukubuyiselwa kwentela, ukuphoqelelwa kwentela, ukunikeza abakhokhi bentela, futhi iphishekele ukuqasha intela. Ukuphumelela kwenhlangano kuthinta ngokuqondile ikhono likahulumeni lokuxhasa izinhlelo nezinkonzo.

Izindawo Nesimiso Se - Exchange (SEC)

I-SEC ilawula izimakethe zokungangenwa kofako, ukuvikela abatshali bezimali nokugcina izimakethe ezilungile neziphumelelayo. Kudingeka izinkampani zomphakathi ukuba zembule ukwaziswa okungokwezimali, zilawule ukuthengiselana kwezezimali nabaphathisi bezezimali, futhi zibophe imithetho yokugcinwa kwezimali. Ukwengamela kwe-SEC kusiza ukuba kuhlale kuthembekile ezimaketheni zezimali futhi kuvikele abatshali bezimali ekukhwabaniseni.

Uhulumeni Nohulumeni Wendawo

Nakuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zithola ukunakwa okukhulu, izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezohulumeni bendawo zinethonya elikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Izimo Eziphuthumayo ZoMbuso

Umbuso ngamunye usebenza iqoqo lawo lezinhlangano ezibonisa isibuko nemisebenzi kahulumeni kuyilapho usingatha izidingo zikahulumeni ezicatshangelwe ngokuqondile. Iminyango yoMbuso yezokuthutha ilondoloza imigwaqo emikhulu namabhuloho, izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile ziphoqelela ukulawulwa kokungcola, iminyango yezempilo kahulumeni iqondisa impilo yomphakathi, futhi iminyango yezemfundo yezwe yengamela izikole ze K-12.

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zivame ukufeza izinhlelo zikahulumeni, ukwamukela izimali nesiqondiso kuhulumeni kuyilapho zivumelanisa izinhlelo nezimo zendawo. Lokhu kubambisana kwesifundazwe kuphawula izindawo eziningi ezihlanganisa iMedicaid, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kanye nesisekelo sezokuhamba.

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zikahulumeni zengamela imisebenzi nezimboni, zikhiphela amalayisense kodokotela, abameli, okwakha nezinye izingcweti. Zilawula imishini esetshenziswayo, izinkampani zomshuwalense, namanye amabhizinisi asebenza ngokuyinhloko emingceleni kahulumeni.

Izimo Eziphuthumayo Zikahulumeni Wendawo

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni wendawo zenza umsebenzi esifundeni, edolobheni, nasemasimini-masipala — zenza kube nezinkonzo ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Iminyango yomlilo yamaphoyisa nendawo iqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi, iminyango yezisebenzi igcina imigwaqo nezimiso zamanzi, iminyango yokuhlela indawo ilawula ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo nokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo, namapaki neminyango yezokuzilibazisa isebenza ezikhungweni zomphakathi.

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo yenza ukuhlola, isabela ekuqubukeni kwezifo, futhi inikeza izinkonzo zempilo zomphakathi. Izikhulu zendawo zezindlu zinikeza izinhlelo zezindlu ezibizayo. Izinhlangano zendawo eziqondisa amabhasi nezitimela. Lezi zinkampani zimisa umkhawu wenkonzo kahulumeni, zisabela ngezidingo zomphakathi ngolwazi lwendawo.

Indlela Izinhlangano Zikahulumeni Ezisungulwa Futhi Zihlelwe Ngayo

Ukuqonda ukuthi izinhlangano zivela kanjani nokuthi zihlelwe kanjani kunikeza ukuqonda ngegunya, ukulandisa, nokusebenza kwazo.

Indalo Engokomthetho

UKhongolo-mthetho lusungule izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele ukuze zisize ekusebenziseni izici ezihlukahlukene zamandla negunya likahulumeni. Ezimweni eziningi, uMkhandlu wakha inhlangano ezimele ukuze wengamele indawo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nenamandla ukuba ibekwe umthetho noma ibekwe ngaphakathi kwenhlangano ephethe ekhona.

Lapho i-Congress isungula inhlangano, idlulisa umthetho ochaza umsebenzi wenhlangano, igunya, isakhiwo, nezimali. Lo mthetho wokwakheka komzimba usebenza njengomthetho wenhlangano, umisa lokho engakwenza futhi engenakukwenza. UMkhandlu unganikeza izimfuneko eziqondile, kuye ngenkambiso yesimiso nokucabangela kwezombangazwe.

Isenzo

Omongameli bangakha izinhlangano ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, nakuba lezi zikhungo zivame ukuba negunya elingelona elihlala njalo nelezimiswe umthetho. Iziqondiso eziphethe zingahlela kabusha izinhlangano ezikhona, zimise izindikimba zezezikhulu, noma zimise amahhovisi eHhovisi Lezezikhundla ZobuPhovisi. Nokho, izinhlangano ezinkulu ezinegunya lokulawula noma lokusebenzisa izindleko ngokuvamile zidinga ukugunyazwa kwenhlangano.

Isimiso Senhlangano

Bheka amakhasi eminyango angezansi, uxhumane nezincwadi, imithombo yengcebo, izinhlangano nezindawo ezizofunda okwengeziwe.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zivame ukuba nehhovisi elikhulu elimisa isimiso futhi lilungiselele imisebenzi eyisisekelo, kanye namahhovisi esifunda noma emasimini asebenzisa izinhlelo futhi asebenzisane nomphakathi. Zihlelwe zaba amaqebelengwane, amabhulawu, noma amahhovisi asingatha imisebenzi ethile noma izindawo zohlelo. Izisebenzi zomsebenzi wemisebenzi yezandla zinezikhundla eziningi, zinikeza ukuqhubekeka nobuchwepheshe phakathi kwabaqondisi, kuyilapho abamiselwe kwezombangazwe bephethe izindima eziphambili.

Ukubusa Kwamanxusa Nenqubo Yokuqondisa

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu nephikisana kakhulu nezinhlangano zikahulumeni amandla azo okwakha imithetho elawula umthetho.

Inqubo Yokuqaphela Nokuphendula

I-Administrative Procedura Act imisa izinqubo izinhlangano okumelwe zizilandele lapho zenza imithetho.

Le nqubo yesaziso ne-common iqinisekisa ukuba sobala futhi ivumela amalungu athintekayo ukuba anikeze ukufakwa ngaphambi kokuba imithetho isebenze. Izimo eziphuthumayo zivame ukwamukela izinkulungwane zokukhulumela ngemithetho ebalulekile, emaqenjini ezimboni, izinhlangano zokuphatha izigebengu, ochwepheshe, nezakhamuzi ngabanye. Isidingo sokucabangela nokusabela ezimpendulweni sisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zihlelwe kahle futhi zilandiswe ngezimo ezihlukahlukene.

Izinhlobo Zokwenza Imithetho

Izinhlangano zihlanganyela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokwenza imithetho kuye ngezimfuneko zomthetho nasesimweni somthetho. Ukushaya umthetho kuhilela ukuzwa okufana nokulingwa, nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane. Ukushaya imithetho ngokwethukela kulandela inqubo yezaziso nenqubo yokuhlela. Ukushaya imithetho okuhlangene kuhlanganisa abafaki mithetho esekelwe ekuvumelaneni. Ukushaya imithetho ephuthumayo kuvumela amanxusa ukuba adlulise izinqubo ezivamile ezimweni eziphuthumayo.

Ukubukeza Okuqondisayo

Izimiso zegatsha eziphethe zibukezwa yi-Office of Information and Reguration Affairs (OIRA) phakathi kwe-Office of Management and Baccoration. I-OIRA ibukeza imithetho yokuvumelana nezinto eziza kuqala kumongameli, igunya lobucukubhede, nezimiso zokuqondisa kuhlanganise nokuhlaziya izindleko. Lenqubo yokuhlola ephakathi ihloselwe ukuqinisekisa izinga lokuqondisa nokuhlela nokuhlela phakathi kwezinhlangano.

Ukulandisa Nokuqondisa

Njengoba kunamandla aphawulekayo asetshenziswa yizinhlangano, kunezindlela eziningi zokuqinisekisa ukuthi zihlala zilandisa ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe nakuwo wonke umphakathi.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

Ingqungquthela iqondisa ngezindlela eziningana. Amakomiti e-Congress aphethe izikhalo lapho izikhulu zezinhlangano zifaka khona ubufakazi ngemisebenzi yazo, izimiso, nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yengcebo.

I-Government Accounting Office, ingalo yophenya yeKhomishane, ihlola futhi ihlole izinhlelo zezinhlangano nemisebenzi, inikeza izinqumo ezizimele zokusebenza kwezinhlangano nokuthobela umthetho.

Ukulawula Kwama - Presidenti

Umongameli uthonya izinhlangano ngokumisa izinkampani zezinhlangano nezikhulu eziphakeme, iziphakamiso zemali, iziyalezo zezikhulu, neziqondiso zezimiso. Ezinhlanganweni eziphethe, lokhu kulawula kuqondile.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zihlola izenzo zezinhlangano ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zivumelana negunya lemithetho, zilandele izinqubo ezidingekayo, futhi azizona eziwumthetho noma eziwubuhlanya. Izinkonzo ezithintelwa yizinqumo zezinhlangano zingazibekela inselele enkantolo, futhi amajaji angaguqula izenzo zezinhlangano ezidlula igunya lomthetho noma eziphula izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho. Ukuhlola komthetho kunikeza ukuhlola okubalulekile ngamandla ezinhlangano kuyilapho ngokuvamile kubhekisa ulwazi lwezezobuchwepheshe ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe.

Ukugada Okuvamile

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zinesikhulu esizimele esihlola imisebenzi yezinhlangano, sifuna ukukhwabanisa, ukulahlwa, ukuxhashazwa, nokungaphathwa kahle. Izikhulu ezinkulu ziphethe izikhulu zezinhlangano kanye neSishayamthetho, zinikeza izinqumo ezizimele zobuphicolo nobuqotho bezinhlangano.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Senkululeko Yokwaziswa

I-Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552) inikeza noma yimuphi umuntu ilungelo elingokomthetho, eliphoqelelwe enkantolo, ukuba athole ukwaziswa kukaHulumeni wase-U.S. emibhalweni yezikhulu zegatsha. I-FOIA ivumela ukucubungula komphakathi imisebenzi yezinhlangano ngokufuna ukuba izinhlangano zidalule amarekhodi lapho zicela, uma zinikezwa izicelo ezithile. Lendlela yokubona ivumela izintatheli, abacwaningi, amaqembu ezokuphatha izinhlangano ze-odcoracy, nezakhamuzi ukuba zihlole imisebenzi yezezezomthetho.

Izinselele Zikahulumeni Ezibhekene Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zibhekana nezinselele eziningi ekufezeni imisebenzi yazo ngokuphumelelayo nangempumelelo ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ushintsho Lwezobuchwepheshe

Imishini ibhebhethekisa ukutholwa kwe-Al kodwa ivuthwe ngendlela engalingani, iqokomisa isidingo sokulawula okunamandla, ukuzimisela kokwaziswa, kanye nezisebenzi ukuba kukwazi ukulinganisela i-AI endaweni ethanda ukuhlaziywa. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yamuva idala kokubili amathuba nezinselele ezinhlanganweni. Kumelwe ivikele izimiso zefa zanamuhla, ivikele ekusongweni kweze-webhusayithi, isebenzise ubuchwepheshe obusha njengokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, futhi ilawule ubuchwepheshe obuqhamukayo obungase bungaqondi ngokugcwele.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izinhlangano eziningi zibhekene nokucindezela kwemali nezinselele zezisebenzi ezilinganisela ikhono lazo lokugcwalisa izimfuneko zazo. Ukuhlanganisa izinto eziza kuqala, ukungavumelani kwezombangazwe mayelana nezimali, kanye nokuphumelela kudinga ukuba izinhlangano zenze okungaphezu kwalokho. Lokhu kungaholela ekubambezeleni izinkonzo, ukuphoqelelwa kwamandla eqikelelwa, nobunzima bokukhanga nokugcina izisebenzi ezinekhono.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukwanda kokubusa kwezombangazwe kuthinta imisebenzi yezinhlangano njengoba izinqubo zishintsha ushintsho ekuqondiseni, ukuqondisa kwenhlangano kuba yizinhlangothi ezihlukene, futhi izinhlangano ngokwazo ziba izisulu zempikiswano yezombangazwe. Lokhu kungalulaza ukuphumelela kwezinhlangano, kuqede ukuthembana kwezisebenzi zemisebenzi, futhi kunciphise ukwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuvumelana

Imishini ihlelwa ngemisebenzi nangezindawo, kuyilapho izidingo zabantu ngokuvamile zinqamula imingcele. Izinselele zenqubo yanamuhla zidinga ukuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi zeziphathimandla, amasiko, nezinto eziza kuqala. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalondeki kwe-inthanethi, ukusabela kobhadane, nezinye izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi azifanelani kahle phakathi kwezindawo eziphethe izinhlangano ezizimele, ezidinga ukubambisana okunganzima ukukufeza.

Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi

Ukulondoloza ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni kuseyinselele eqhubekayo. Izimo eziphuthumayo kumelwe zilinganisele ukufaneleka nokulandisa, ubuchwepheshe nokusabela ngokuvumelana nezimo.

Ikusasa Likahulumeni

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ukuze ziphendule izidingo zomphakathi, amakhono obuchwepheshe, namafilosofi abusayo.

Ukuguqula Izibalo

Namuhla, ubuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile − ikakhulukazi i-AI , yenza izinkonzo ezikhucululwayo ezinwetshiwe ngokwesilinganiso esikhulayo. Eshumini leminyaka elidlule, izinhlangano ziye zakha izisekelo ze-adigitation(izakhiwo zezindlu ze-atmeters) zetshe, izisekelo zokwaziswa, nokuzichaza kwemitapo. Imishini ithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bokulungisa izinkonzo ukuze ithuthukise ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo, futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza. Ama-Onlinecrogen avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zingene ngaphandle kokuhambela amahhovisi, izisekelo zokwaziswa ezisiza ekutholeni imithombo yemisebenzi ephumelelayo, kanye nezinqubo yenqubo yezokusebenza.

Ukwenza Ubufakazi

Kugcizelelwa kakhulu ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obuqinile ukuze kwaziswe izinqumo zesimiso kanye nomklamo wohlelo. Imishini ihlola kakhulu, isebenzisa uvivinyo olulawulwa ngokungenamthethweni, futhi yakha isisekelo sokwaziswa ukuze ihlole ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezisebenzayo. Le ndlela esekelwe kubufakazi ihloselwe ukuthuthukisa uhlelo oluphumelelayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithombo yokukhokha intela isetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha.

Ukugxila Enkonzweni Engokwesiko

Izinhlangano eziningi zamukela imisebenzi yabathengi abazimele, ukulinganisa ukwaneliseka, ukunciphisa izikhathi zokulinda, nokuklama izinkonzo ezidinga imishini esetshenziswayo kunokuba isetshenziswe yizikhulu zikahulumeni. Lendlela yabathengi iqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni ukhonza izakhamuzi ezifanelwe inhlonipho, nempumelelo.

Ukubusa Okunethonya Elikhulu

Izinkampani ezisizayo zisebenza ngokwandayo ekusebenzelaneni nohulumeni bendawo, izinhlangano ezingazuzisi, izinkampani ezizimele, namaqembu omphakathi ukuze zifinyelele imigomo yezimiso. Lezi zinqubo ezibambisanayo ziyaqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni kuphela ongenakuzixazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi nokuthi ababambi bezigebengu abahlukene baletha imithombo ewusizo kanye nemibono ewusizo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nomphakathi kushintsha ngokushesha, izinhlangano zizama izindlela ezivumelanayo zokuqondisa. Amabhokisi alawulayo avumela ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezintsha ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhululekile, izindinganiso ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni zigxile emiphumeleni kunezimfuneko zokubhalwa kwangaphambi kokubhalwa kwemibhalo, futhi ukwenza imithetho elawulayo kuvumela ukujwayela ngokushesha izimo ezishintshayo.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezihlanganyela Ngayo Nezimo Zikahulumeni

Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzelana ngokuphumelelayo nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kunikeza izakhamuzi amandla okuthola izinkonzo, ukusebenzisa amalungelo nokuhlanganyela ekubuseni.

Izisekelo zokufinyelela

Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza iziteshi eziningi zokungenela izinkonzo − ama-parneal, ama-parline, ama-parse, amahhovisi a-person, neposi. I-USA.gov[ isebenza njengendawo yesiteji enkulu yokuthola ulwazi nosizo lukahulumeni. Izinhlangano eziningi ziye zathuthukisa ama-website azo nezinkonzo zemishini ukuze zizenze zibe abangane abangcono nabangenisi.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekwenzeni Umbuso

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela enqubweni yokuqondisa ngokunikeza izinkulumo ngemithetho ehlongozwayo ngemithetho.gov, indawo yesiteji ephakathi yokubuka nokuphendula ngezimiso zikahulumeni. Izinkulumo ezicatshangelwe ezinikeza imininingwane, ukuhlaziya, noma imibono zingathonya imithetho yokugcina.

Izikhalo Nezicelo Ezibi

Izinqubo zinikeza izindlela zokuxazulula izikhalo ngokuphulwa kwemithetho, ukucela ukwaziswa ngaphansi kweFOIA, izinqumo ezikhangayo, nokufuna usizo ngezinkinga. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo nokulandela izinqubo ezifanele kwandisa amathuba okuzixazulula ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukufuna ulwazi

Thola ukwaziswa kokwaziswa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni kahulumeni, iminyango, izinkampani, izinkonzo, ama-athonsi, kanye namabhizinisi kahulumeni anezimpompo ezisemthethweni. Thola amawebhusayithi, i-imeyili, izinombolo zocingo, amakheli, nezinye. Imishini inyathelisa ukwaziswa okubanzi ngezinhlelo, izimiso, nemisebenzi. Amanxusa ombuso kahulumeni kumelwe enze ukwaziswa okuthile kutholakale obala, futhi amaningi anikeze isiqondiso, imininingwane, nemibiko engosini yawo.

Indima Yezimo Zikahulumeni Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, okusebenza njengenqubo lapho kukhishwa khona izinqumo zezimiso zezikhulu ezikhethiwe futhi kusingathwa nezidingo zomphakathi.

Ukusebenzisa Izinqumo Zentando Yeningi

I-Promosters ihumusha uhlelo olubanzi lokukhetha okwenziwa abameleli abakhethiwe ngokwezinhlelo eziqinile. Le misebenzi yokusetshenziswa ibalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi.

Ukunikeza Inzuzo

Izinhlangano zezinhlangano zinezazi ezikhethekile ezikhetha izikhulu ezingenazo. Ososayensi, onjiniyela, izazi zezomnotho, abameli nezinye izazi ezisezikhungweni zinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukungaguquguquki Nokungagunci

Izinkampani zisebenzisa imithetho nezimiso ngokungaguquki kulo lonke izwe futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zinikeza ukubikezelwa nokuphathwa okulinganayo. Izisebenzi zomphakathi ezihlala zisezikhundleni zazo ngaphesheya kwezindawo zokuqondisa zinikeza inkumbulo yezinhlangano futhi ziqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kwemisebenzi kahulumeni.

Ukulinganisela Izithakazelo Eziphindisayo

Izinhlangano ngokuvamile kumelwe zilinganisele izithakazelo nezinzuzo ezincintisanayo − ukukhula kwezomnotho kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, ukusungula nokuphepha, ukuphumelela nokuhleleka. Inqubo yokuqondisa inikeza abaqondisi abahlukene imvume yokuveza imibono yabo kanye nezinhlangano ukuze benze izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ezibangela imibono ehlukahlukene.

Isiphetho

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zakha umgogodla osebenzayo wokubusa kwanamuhla, ukumisa imithetho, ukunikeza izinkonzo, ukuvikela ukuphepha komphakathi, nokuphatha ingcebo.

Ukuqonda izinhlangano zikahulumeni (_izinhlobo zazo, imisebenzi yazo, indalo, izinqubo zokulandisa, kanye nezinselele ."isidingo sokuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi."Imishini inamandla amakhulu, yenza izinqumo ezithinta abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nemiphakathi.] Kodwa zisebenza esimisweni samasheke nezilinganiso eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zifuna ukuvotelwa izikhulu nomphakathi.

Njengoba umphakathi ubhekene nezinselele ezixazululwayo kusukela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, kusukela ekusongweni kwempilo yomphakathi kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwezomnotho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziyoqhubeka zivumelanisa futhi zishintshe. Ukuphumelela kwazo ekusingatheni lezinselele kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukwethemba komphakathi nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi kuyolithonya ngokuphawulekayo izinga lokubusa nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi.

Kulabo abafuna ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezinhlangano ezithile, u - USA.gov ukhombo lwenhlangano lunikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi kokuxhumana namaxhumene. Féderal Register[[] izinhlelo ezihlongozwayo nezingokokugcina, ezinikeza ukuvela kokubekwa kwezinhlangano. Ukuqonda lemithombo nendlela yokusebenza nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni nokuthola izinkonzo nesivikelo ezinikezwa yizinhlangano.