Isimiso somthetho sokulawula ukhetho namalungelo okuvota kwakha itshe eliqinile lokuthatha isinyathelo sentando yeningi e-United States. Kumisa imithetho izakhamuzi ezikhetha ngayo abameleli bazo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokukhetha ihlala ilungile futhi ifinyeleleka, futhi kuvikela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuvota ngokumelene nobandlululo nokucindezelwa. Lesi simiso asigcini; siguqula ngokulungisa okungokomthetho, umthetho wentando yeningi nombuso, imithetho yokulawula, nezincazelo zokwahlulela. Ukuqonda izakhi zaso zibalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, abenzi bezimiso, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukudlulisa imingcele yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwesihluthulelo salesimiso somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho yezindawo yokuvota, ukuhlanganisa imithetho yomthetho wezezisekelo nomthetho wezwe.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza kokubili igunya lokuqondisa kohulumeni ngokhetho kanye nesivikelo esicacile samalungelo okuvota. Isigaba 4 sinikeza amandla okumisa “Izikhathi, izindawo noManda wokumisa izinqumo zabaHluleli nabameleli,” kodwa kugcinelwe igunya lomthetho “lokwenza noma ukuguqula imithetho enjalo.” Le-Estation-stuteve ibiyisihloko esiphindaphindwayo emthethweni wokhetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkene zemithetho-mthetho-mthetho ivikela ilungelo lokuvota.

ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Abantu Esikhuthaza Ukuthandwa

Izinguquko ezine ezinkulu ziye zandisa futhi zavikela i - francce:

  • ISichibiyelo se-Fiffenth (1870): Imibono yokuphika noma ukuvala ilungelo lokuvota “ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili.” Naphezu kwalokhu kuqinisekiswa, ukuhlola okumisiwe, ukukhokha intela yokukhokha, neminye imigoqo cishe iminyaka eyikhulu kuze kube i-Voting Rights Act ka-65 ilungiselele ukugcinwa okubalulekile. I-antempmpment ihlala iyithuluzi eligxekayo emikhubeni yokuvota yokhetho oluphikisa ukuvota.
  • ISichibiyelo seNinetenth (1920): inikeza abesifazane imvume, isho ukuthi “ilungelo lezakhamuzi zase-United States lokuvota alisoze laphiwa noma lavinjelwa i-United States noma yinoma yimuphi uMbuso ngenxa yobulili.” Lokhu kwasusa umzabalazo wamashumi eminyaka umzabalazo wabesifazane futhi kwaguqula i-vota.
  • ISichibiyelo sesine (1964): Intela yokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni. Nakuba ezinye izifundazwe zase ziwuqedile kakade untela onjalo, lokhu kulungisa kwasusa umngcele wezimali owehliswa ngokungalindelekile owehliswayo futhi wavoti abambalwa. Kamuva kwanwetshelwa okhethweni ngokhetho lwezinkantolo eziPhakeme.
  • Isichibiyeli sesithupha (1971): inciphisa inkathi yokuvota ibe yi-18.

Igunya Likahulumeni Ngaphansi Kokhetho LukaClaus

Ngaphandle kwalamalungelo okuvota acacile, iSiphakamiso I, iCandelo 4 linikeza umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuqhuba okhethweni, obekwe ngokumiswa kwenhlangano. Labathunyiwe baye baholela ekuthatheni imithetho ehlukene elawula ukubhaliswa, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, umklamo wokuvota, nezinqubo zokubala. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ngokungaguquki ukuthi amazwe anamandla okulawula ukhetho, uma nje engaphulanga isivikelo sikahulumeni noma ukubeka imithwalo engafanele elungeni lokuvota.

Imithetho Ebusayo Yesifunda Nesifunda

UMkhandlu uye wamisa umthetho obalulekile wokuphoqelela izivumelwano zomthetho - sisekelo futhi wabeka izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zesizwe zokuqondisa ukhetho.

Ukugunyaza Amalungelo Abantu ka - 1965 (VRA)

IVRA ibhekwa kabanzi njengomthetho wamalungelo abantu ophumelela kakhulu owake wamiswa. Amalungiselelo ayo okuqala ahlanganisa i-Candelo 5, eyayidinga ama-oventimenti alawulayo kanye nomlando wezindlela zokuvota zokuvota ukuze kutholakale “kusuka ku-Umnyango we- Justice of Justice ngaphambi kokushintsha noma imuphi umthetho wokhetho. Ingxenye 2, ukuvinjelwa kwesizwe kwemikhuba yokuvota okubangela ukuba ikhethe liqhubeke, kuqhubeke. I-VRA futhi yavimbela ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala futhi yanikezwa umthetho kahulumeni wokuhlola ukubhalisa ezindaweni ezithile. Kwaholela ekunyukeni okuphawulekayo kokubhalisa ivoti futhi ukuvuselelwa kwabamnyama phakathi kwamaMelika. Nokho, isinqumo sika-2013 seNkantolo ephakeme ebangela ukuba kunciphe i-[FLT:] i-Chouter.[FLD [FLD:1] [FLD]] sahlelah1] sashaya indlela esetshenziswa ekunqume esisetshenziswayo ukuze kunqume, i-traccuredingmental, kodwa asikasene, kodwa i-Vracrection

Umthetho ka - 1993 (NVRA) weSishaya - mthetho Sokubhalisa Sezwe Lonke

Ibizwa kaningi ngokuthi i- Motor Voter Act, i-NVRA ifuna ukuba kunikezwe amathuba okuvota lapho izakhamuzi zifaka noma zivuselela ilayisense yomshayeli noma ezinye izinkonzo zikahulumeni, futhi zinikeze amafomu okubhalisa ngeposi. Futhi igunya elithi kugcinwe amavoti anembile futhi lingasusi abavoti ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuvota. Umthetho uye wathuthukisa kakhulu amazinga okubhalisa, kodwa ukuthatha izinselele ezinjengezehluleka ukubhalisa amahhovisi osizo omphakathi.

Siza IMelika Ivevete Act ka - 2002 (HaVA)

Ngemva kokhetho lukamongameli luka-2000 olwalungavumelani, u-HARA wamisa i-EUption Application Commission (EAC) futhi wanikeza izimali zikahulumeni ukuze kukhushulwe izimiso zokuvota. Yakha izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zabavoti ababolekisayo, abavota ngesikhathi sokuqala ababhalisa ngeposi, kanye nezisemo zokubhalisa i-data yokubhalisa kahulumeni. Nakuba i-HARVA ethuthukisiwe kanye nokungena, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho ye-EAC kulinganiselwe.

Eminye Imithetho Eyinhloko

I-Abigned and Overses Abise Voing Act (UOCAVA) iqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zezempi nezakhamuzi zaphesheya zingabhalisa futhi zishiye ukuvota. Umthetho we-Missionary ne-Overses Voters Unicement (MOVE) ka-2009 waqinisa lezisivikelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, I-Dibraster Replace and Emergency Confect Umthetho wokuzimela ngengozi unganikeza impumelelo phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo.

Imithetho KaHulumeni Nemithetho

Imithetho yoMbuso idala umehluko omkhulu obonakalayo endleleni okhethwe ngayo. Nakuba kumelwe zivumelane nezindinganiso zikahulumeni, izifundazwe zijabulela ukuqondisisa okukhulu, okuholela ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene ezithinta ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuvota nokukhetha.

Imithetho Ecacile

Imithetho ye-Voter ID iphakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni ephikisana kakhulu. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi bavimbela ukukhwabanisa okuthiwa okungumthetho; abaphikisi baphikisa ukuthi bacindezela ukuthatha imvume phakathi kwamaqembu amancane, asebekhulile, nabavoti abaphansi abangase bamukele izindlela zokuzichaza. Kusukela ku-2025, 36 ifuna noma bacele uhlobo oluthile lwe-ID enqubeni, nezimfuneko ze-ID eziqinile ezisezifundeni eziyishumi. Ukuhlola [[FLT: 0] [Brennan Center yeJaji [ kusikisela ukuthi imithetho eqinile inciphisa ukuthatha inzuzo ngaphandle kokukhwaba. Izinkantolo zisekele lemithetho ngaphansi “kwesitho esiphansi”, ngaphandle kokuba isiko esinzima [FLT] [FFF] [FFON]

Ukubhalisa Izintambo Ezifile Nokubhalisa Imishini Yezobuchwepheshe

Ukubhalisa isikhathi kuyahluka kusukela ekubhaliseni ngoSuku lokukhetha (okukhona ezifundazweni ezingu-22 kanye nase-D.C.) ekususeni izinsuku ezingu-30 ngaphambi kokhetho. Ukucwaninga kwakuqala kubonisa ukuthi ukubhalisa ngosuku olulodwa kwandisa ukubhalisa. i-octive Evoter Expabligation (AVR), manje ethathiwe yizifundazwe ezingu-24 kanye ne-D.C., izakhamuzi lapho zisebenzelana nemoto noma nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba zikhethe. I-AVR iboniswe njengokwandisa amazinga okubhalisa nokuthuthukisa ukunemba okubhalisela. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, imibandela yokubhalisa kanye nokuhlanza okuqinile kuye kwabekelwa inselele ngaphansi kwe-NVRA neVRA.

Ukuthumela Iposi Nokuthumela Iposi

Isifo se-COVOVAD-19 esisheshayo sokuthathwa kokhetho olungekhoyo kanye nomthetho wonke weposi. Okwamanje, amazwe angu-28 avumela noma yimuphi umvoti ukuba acele ibhola lokungabikho ngaphandle kwesizathu; amazwe ayisishiyagalombili (kuhlanganise iWashington, i-Oregon, i-Utavia, ne-Hawaii) aqhuba ukhetho ngokulandela ngokuyinhloko ngeposi. Amazwe alawula futhi ukulahla amabhokisi, ukusayinwa kwezimiso zokuqinisekisa, kanye nokwelapha izinqubo zokusayinwa kwezisayino ezingafani. Izimpi ezingokomthetho ngokubhalisa iposi ziqikelele ngo-202020 futhi ziqhubeke ngemibandela enjengeminyay stablet nobalo lweposi ephawulwe yi-Ecompution.

Ukuvuselela Nokushintsha Izindawo

Iminyaka eyishumi, isho ukudweba kabusha izigodi ze-conconomion nezomthetho ezisekelwe ekwaziweni kokubala abantu. I-Constitution ifuna izifunda-zifunda ukuba zibe namanani alinganayo (umuntu oyedwa, ukuvota okukodwa) futhi, ngaphansi kwengxenye 2 ye-VRA, ingenciphise amandla okuvota amancane. Nokho, i-gerrymandering , ukudweba imigca ukuze izuzi izuzi elilodwa − ihlala isabalele. Imfumo elinganayo (2029), iNkantolo ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni ayinakukwazi ukuthatha i-mfakela phambili i-Genegardering , ishiya umthetho ezinkantolo nemithetho. Amanye amazwe adala izikhomishanelo ezizimele ngaphansi kwe-oultralitioismes, kanti amanye amazwe abhekene ngaphansi kwe-Stoolton, njengoba e-Dormanian.

Izahlulelo Eziyinhloko Zokwahlulela

Izinkantolo ziye zafeza indima enkulu ekuchazeni imithetho yokhetho nasekuchazeni imingcele yemithetho evunyelwe.

Amacala Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi Akuqala

Guinn v. United States (1915), iNkantolo Ephakeme yawisa “isiqeshana sikakhomkhulu” ekhulula abavoti ababenokhokho abakwazi ukuvota ngaphambi kuka-1867,(44) ukuvota ngokunganaki abaBlackfranchis abakhokho abagqitshwe izigqila. [[FLT:]6] Ukuvinjelwa kwentela yokuvota. (1944) kwaphetha i-allright[FLT] emhlophe eTexas, kanye i-Harper v. ibhodi ye-Virginia ye-EFLT [FLD][FF:5]

Gore (2000)

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme samisa ukulandisa kwencwadi kukhetho lukamongameli waseFlorida, sanikeza umongameli uGeorge W. Bush. INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi ukuntuleka kwezindinganiso ezifanayo kwakuphula i-Exctal Protection Clause. Isinqumo sasilinganiselwe ecaleni eliqondile kodwa sasishukumisele uMkhandlu ukuba udlulise i-HaVA. Kulokhu kuphikisana futhi kuqokomisa amandla ejaji ukunquma umphumela wokhetho oluseduze.

Shelby County v. Hoker (2013)

Esinqumweni sango-5764, iNkantolo Ephakeme yachitha icandelo 4(b) le-Voting Rights Act shop yokuhlukanisa imingcele efunekayo ukuze ithole ukuhlelwa kusengaphambili ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokukhetha. INkantolo yathi lendlela yaphelelwa isikhathi futhi yaphula izimiso zobukhosi obulinganayo. Ngaphandle kwendlela entsha, iSahluko 5 asivunyelwanga, futhi izifundazwe ezisagudlulwe yimithetho yokuvota evimbelayo okungenzeka ukuthi ivinjelwe. Isinqumo sabangela igagasi lemithetho ye-ondiumprothooted, ukuvala, nokubhalisa imingcele emazweni anjenge-Texas, i-North Carolina, ne-Alabama.

Ikomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic National Committee (2021)

Lesi sinqumo sasekela imithetho ka-Arizona evimbela ukubuyiselwa kwevoti lokuvota nokulahla amavoloti aphonswe eqenjini elingalungile. INkantolo yamisa uhlelo olusha lokuhlola isiqephu 2 se-VRA, ifuna ama-pallaff ukubonisa ukuthi umkhuba wokuvota uletha umthwalo “omkhulu” ekufinyeleleni. Abahlaziyi basemthethweni baphikisa lesi sinqumo kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukubekela imingcele yokuvota njengesigebengu sobuhlanga, ngisho noma benomphumela ongathi awufanele.

Imithetho Yamuva Elawula Udweshu

.Rucho v. Isizathu Esivamile (2029), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ngokuthi iGarrymanindering inikeza umbuzo ongalungiseki wezombangazwe, okusho izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezingakwazi ukuzwa izinkulumo ezinjalo. Nokho, uMorre v. Harper[ [2023], iNkantolo yenqaba “imfundiso kahulumeni engenakubekwa phambili, eyayinganikeza izishaya-mthetho zesizwe amandla anganqandwa kukhetho lomthetho. INkantolo yaphinda futhi ukuthi izinkantolo zigcina igunya lokubukeza imithetho yokuvota ngaphansi kwemithetho yazo siqu, ukuhlola okukhulu mayelana nokulungisa i-reddiodia.

Indima Yezimo Zokuhlola

I-ECommution Application Commission (EAC) isebenza njengendawo yokucaba yokwaziswa kokhetho, inikeza iziqondiso zesimiso sokuvota ngokuzithandela, futhi inikeza izimali ze- HAVA. I-Derpartment of Civil Rights Division ye-Cvil Recul Rights igunyaza i-VRA, i-NVRA, ne-HARA, futhi ngokuvamile i-literaisstions i-Commission (FEC) yezengamele izimali zomkhankambiso wokhetho, kuyilapho i-Cybersecurecurty ne-Infractive Security Agency (CISAulter) emishayo yokulondoloza i-kukhetha. Lezizinhlangano zinikeza iziqondiso ezilinganiselweyo ezicatshalweni zokuvolwa kweziphathimandla, kodwa umsebenzi wazo zokulondoloza ukwethemba kokhetho.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukucindezelwa kwevoter v. Ukukhetha Ukwethembeka

Imithetho kahulumeni emisiwe efuna ama-ID aqinile okuvota, elinganisela ukuvota ngeposi, nokuvimbela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni ngokuvamile kuthethelelwa ngokusho ukuthi kugcwele ukukhwabanisa. “‘ Okunye ukuhlola nokukhomba okuningi kutholakalise ukuthi kuyinto engavamile kakhulu. Abaphikisi baphikisa lezi zinyathelo ngokungenakulinganiswa ezithinta idlanzana, izingane, kanye nezingatholiwe kahle. Abavoti bamaBrennan Center [ bahamba amakhulu emali evimbela isiqephu ngasinye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abameleli bokhetho abasekela imithetho bathi bayadingeka ukuba baqinisekise ukuqiniseka komphakathi emiqhudelwano.

Ukungavumelani Okuphawulekayo

Isifundazwe ngasinye ngaphandle kukaMaine noVermont silinganisela amalungelo okuvota abantu abanezinkolelo zezentengo phakathi nesikhathi esithile sokuboshwa, ukukhishwa kwesigwebo, noma ukugcinwa. AmaMelika angaba yizigidi ezingu-4,6 akhishwa isigwebo ngenxa yecala, abantu abadala abamnyama behluliwe cishe ngokuphindwe kane kunabantu abadala abamhlophe. Ezinye izizwe, njengeFlorida ne-Iowa, ziye zabuyisela amalungelo okuvota ngezindlela zokuthatha imvume noma ngemithetho yezikhulu, kodwa zibhekane nemithetho elandelwayo. Umbuzo womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ubuza ukuthi imithetho enjalo iyayilahla yini i-Reformation ye-15 ayiphenduliwe.

Ithonya Lemali Ekukhetheni

Umkhankaso wokulawula izimali uhlanganisa amaqembu ahlangene namalungelo okuvota: ukusetshenziswa okungenamkhawulo kwe-PACs kanye namaqembu emali amnyama kuthinta iziphi izimpikiswano ezithola ukunakekela futhi kutholwe yiziphi izikhundla. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme iSibambisenhlo [i-United]. FATIC [2010] [2010] ne [FLT]MCcheon v. FEC[FLT[F:3] [i] (izisusa imingcele yezindleko ezizimele nemithetho evimbela ukukhokhampathiswa ngomnikelo, ilandelana.] (imithetho evimbela imingcele yeminyango yokususa izimali, i-propalse. Propalse information to transsionment [[FLD:]4]]]] CONS, kodwa eminye imithetho enziwayo enziwayo idla inzuzo yomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Umthetho olawula ukhetho olungokomthetho namalungelo okuvota ujule futhi unamandla, okuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo kwamakhulu eminyaka, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni, umsebenzi ombaxa-nye wemithetho kahulumeni, kanye nochungechunge lwezinqumo zenkantolo ezibalulekile ezichaza kabusha izimiso zesisekelo. Njengoba ukusondela kokhetho ngo-2024 no-2026, izimpikiswano ngokufinyelela, izimfuneko zobuvoti, izimfuneko ze-ID, ukuhlanganisa, nokukhetha kuyaqhubeka kukhula. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabezinqubo zokukhetha, ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo akuyona nje imfundo kuphela, kuyimfuneko ekuvikeleni ubuqotho besimiso sedemokhrasi. I-viviomgobo, i-omgomo engokomthetho eqhubekayo ye-conotionstion, i-[3] ku-Flas.[3][3]