Ukubukeza Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wamisa uhlelo lukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nomthetho ophakeme wezwe. Nokho, amaFramers aqaphela ukuthi ibhukwana elizimele alikwazanga ukusingatha isidingo ngasinye sesikhathi esizayo noma usongo. Ngakho, ayehlanganisa inqubo yokulungisa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso V, evumela ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo uzenzeke ngesikhathi ufuna ukuvunyelwa okukhulu. Kusukela ngo-1789, 11 000 ukunqandwa kwemithetho ehloselwe eKhongolo, kodwa angu- 27 kuphela aye agunyazwa. Ishumi lokuqala, iqoqo elaziwayo njengeBill of Rights, lamukelwa ngo179111 futhi libeka igebethi yesivikelo kuhulumeni ngamunye ohluliwe. Ukusukela ngonyaka ka-179, ukuhlelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi, nokuhlelwa kwemibandela yezenhlalo imibandela yomphakathi. Ukuqondana okugcwele kwalezi zinkombano zezakhamuzi zezo zezomlando kumele izikhulu zezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuvikela inkululeko kuzo zonke.

Inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo kunzima ngamabomu: ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kumelwe kudlulise kokubili izindlu zomkhandlu ngo-35, khona - ke kugunyazwe izishaya-mthetho ezintathu (noma imihlangano kahulumeni). Le bhande ephakeme iqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho olubanzi kuphela, ukusekela okuhlala njalo kuba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Kodwa lapho kuhlonisiwe, ukubuyiselwa kuthwala wonke umthetho-mfantu futhi kungashintshwa kuphela omunye ukulungiswa. Kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, inqubo ibalulekile ngoba ichaza ukuthi kungani amalungelo athile aye avikelwa amakhulu eminyaka adlulela ngemva kwempikiswana.

I - Ill of Rights: Ukubheka Ngokujulile Izinqumo Zokuqala Eziyishumi

I-Bill of Rights yazalwa ngokukhathalela kwe-Anti-Federalist, eyasaba ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo omusha wanika amandla amakhulu kakhulu kuhulumeni ophakathi futhi wawuntula isivikelo esicacile kubantu ngabanye. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni engabazanga, wafaka izimemezelo ezisekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe wokuqala ne-Ngilandi Bill of Rights. Umphumela wawuwukulinganiselwa kwamandla kahulumeni, kamuva wanwetshelwa ezindaweni ngenqubo efanelekile yeSimemezelo seSijikelezo seshumi nane. Ngamunye walezi shumi lokuqala u-mende ukhuluma ngenkundla ethile yenkululeko. Lapha sihlola ngokuningi, kuhlanganise nezindaba eziyinhloko eziye zabekwa incazelo yazo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivame ukubhekwa njengesibaluleke kakhulu ngoba sivikela izindlela izakhamuzi ezingabekela ngazo inselele uhulumeni. Siqinisekisa inkululeko yenkolo (kokubili isimemezelo sokumiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenkululeko yokuziqeqesha), inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yokunyathelisa, ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuze kuvuswe izikhalo. Imicimbi enjenge West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette [1933]) iqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi abanakuphoqelelwa ukushayela ifulegi yefulegi, kuyilapho [[FLT2] v. Mossine Independent Comgation School School [Foct: Foct:][Foct][3][196]

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibini sithi: “Impicabadala elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha izikhali, ngeke liphazanyiswe.” Emashumini eminyaka, incazelo yayo yaphikiswa, nezimpikiswano zokuthi ivikele ilungelo elihlangeneyo eliboshelwe inkonzo yobubupholi noma umuntu onelungelo. [kuyi-Griverse] fluev. Heller [2008], iNkantolo ePhakathi yeNkathi yeSiphekelele yanquma ukuthi ivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nentolobomu ngezinjongo ezingokomthetho, njengokuzidla ngokuzidlayo ekhaya. INkanto yasebenzisa lencazelo ekushoyo [ku-FLD [F:] [FLD] [2001] [2001], iNkathi yeSiphetho] [20] izigwebo] mayelana nokulawula izigwebo, izigwebo eziqhubekayo, izigwebo eziphambili zeze izigwebo zezezezezezezezezezeze umphakathi.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Amasosha Ahamba Neqembu

ISichibiyelo sesithathu senqabela uhulumeni ukuba amasosha athatha ingxenye yesine emakhaya abantu ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo, futhi phakathi nempi ngendlela egunyazwe umthetho kuphela. Lesi sinqumo, nakuba siqashelwa kancane, sibonisa intukuthelo yomsunguli ngomkhuba wamabutho ezindawo aphoqelelwe. Sisawuphawu oluphilayo lwamalungelo abantu bomuntu siqu nesimiso sokuthi amasosha angaphansi kwegunya lezezwe.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela “ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka” futhi sifuna ukuba izimvume zisekelwe ngokusuka entweni okungenzeka ukuthi ibangela futhi zichaze ngokuqondile indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa. Lokhu kulungiswa kusemqoka ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla eziphathelene nokuqapha kwamaphoyisa, imfihlo, neqoqo lemininingwane. I-Carpenter v. United States[FLD] [2088], iNkanto ephakeme yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni udinga isiqinisekiso sokungena kumarekhodi ocingo angokocingo, ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwaziswa kobuchwepheshe kobuchwepheshe kungambula imininingwane eseduze yokuphila komuntu. Uthisha angahlola indlela inqubo yesine esebenza ngayo kucingo, ukuphenyaza, nokuhlola i-okhiye yezidakamizwa.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sihlanganisa izigwebo eziningana: ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwabahluleli ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína, ukuvikelwa kwecala elibi, ilungelo lokuzimela (ukuzifaka olwesihlanu”), isiqinisekiso senqubo efanelekile yomthetho, nokwenqatshelwa kokuthatha impahla yomphakathi ngaphandle kwembuyiselo (indawo ebanzi). Inqubo efanelekile yokukhipha izigwebo ibaluleke kakhulu ekudluliseleni isivikelo selungelo kumazwe ngeNguquko yeshumi nanhlanu. Icala elidumile .Miranda v. Arizonary[FLT:] [196] [196] Amaphoyisa ayefuna ukuba azise abasoleki bawo ukuba bathule ukuba bathule futhi babe nommeli okhona phakathi nokuphenywa.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Okuqulwa Kwecala Asemthethweni

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuphoqa ofakazi ukuba bafakazele, nelungelo lokunikeza usizo lweseluleko. Ilungelo lokululeka lanwetshwa ngokuphawulekayo Gideon v. Wainwright [ [1963], elifuna ukuba kunikezwe ummeli abamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukunikeza omunye onecala.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kombango

ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacaleni omphakathi lapho ukubaluleka kwempikiswano kungaphezu kwamaRandi angamashumi amabili. Nakuba lesisilungisi singasetshenziswanga ezifundeni (kuphela izinkantolo zikahulumeni), siveza inkolelo yoMsunguli yokuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile, hhayi amajaji nje kuphela, kufanele zibe nendima ekuxazululeni izingxabano. Lokhu kulungisa kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlanganyela komphakathi esimisweni sobulungisa.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eqile, amahlawuli aphakeme, nezijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza “ubugqila nengajwayelekile” ukuba ishintshele ezindinganisweni zomphakathi zokuziphatha okuhle. Rhoper v. Simmons[ (2005], iNkantolo yavimbela ukubulawa kwezaphulamthetho ababengaphansi kweminyaka engu-18 ngesikhathi sobugebengu babo. Muva nje, iNkantolo iye yaphikisana nomthetho wokuphila ngaphandle kwezingane ezigwegwegwegweyo ezithile nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezithile zokubulala. Lezi zinikeza ukwaziswa okucebile ngezingxoxo ezifanelekile ngesijeziso nangesihe.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kuMthetho-sisekelo akunakuthathwa njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa abanye abantu abagciniwe. Lokhu kulungisa kwakuhloselwe ukudambisa ukwesaba okungasho ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo akhethekile kungasho ukuthi yilawo kuphela avikelwe. Kuye kwacashunwa ezimweni ezihilela ilungelo lokuthola izinto zomuntu siqu (ngokuqinisekile [ku-] Griswold v.Connecticut[[, 1965) futhi kuyaqhubeka kwazisa izimpikiswano eziphathelene namalungelo angaphathwangaqondile embhalweni, njengasekuhlwini wokuzala nobuqotho.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi: I - Federalism Namalungelo Ka - United States

ISichibiyelo seshumi lama-10 sigcinelwe amazwe (noma abantu) wonke amagunya angawaphathi uhulumeni kahulumeni ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma anqatshelwe yimibuso. Lokhu kulungisa kuhlanganisa isimiso sombuso, esihlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. Ukuchaza kwawo kuye kwaba semqoka emacaleni amaningi eNkantolo Ephakeme, kusukela ku- Mcloch v. Maryland [18] [18] ku-United States v. Lopz [1959], okungamandla ombuso ngaphansi kwezentengiselwano Claus. Ukuqonda i-Demetic Amelment kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani benemithetho yabo siqu, imithetho engokomthetho, futhi kusebenza izinkantolo ezihlangene.

Izinqumiso Ezilandelayo Ezachaza Amalungelo AseMelika

Ngemva kweBhili yamaLungelo, uMthetho-sisekelo ushintshiwe kayishumi nanhlanu. Ezinye zalezi zinguquko zilungiswe izimpikiswano zokwakha (njengokulandelana kwamongameli noma ukukhethwa kwama-senator), kuyilapho ezinye zandisa amalungelo omphakathi nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Ngezansi kunezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ezivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokuqondile, kanye nomongo wakhe wezomlando kanye nokubaluleka kwanamuhla.

Izichibiyelo Zeshumi Nantathu, Zeshumi Nane Neshumi Nanhlanu: IziNguqulo Zokulungisa

Igunyazwe ngemva kweMpi Yombango, lezinguquko ezintathu zazihloselwe ukuqeda ubugqila nokuvikela amalungelo alinganayo kubantu baseAfrika. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu (1865) saqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa “ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu lapho leliqembu lizobe seliboshiwe ngokusemthethweni.” ISiphendu seshumi nane lesine (1868) sanikeza bonke abantu abazelwe noma abadaliweyo eUnited States isivikelo esilinganayo, futhi saqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwemithetho, inqubo efanele, namalungelo noma ukugonyelwa kwelungelo lesizwe. I-1870 yesithembiso sokuvikelwa kwalo ngokwehlukana kwezinhlanga siye saba isisekelo sokubusa amalungelo esizwe angokohlanga ([[[FLT]] [56]]. ibhodi lezemfundo yezemfundo [FLB], 1954], ukucwasana ngohlahlohlolo olulinganayo, nokwe-1870) isithembiso sobandlululo sezinhlanga (18) se-18) sesithembiso sokuvimbela sokuthatha iSivume sekhulu sesizwe seze ku-66666666.

IziNguqulo zeSichithi se-Reconstruct zisasebenza nanamuhla. Isigqebhezana seSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu siye sagxekwa ngokuvumela ukugqitshwa kwejele. ISichibiyelo seshumi naneth siyaqhubeka siyimoto yokwandisa amalungelo ku LGBTQ+ abantu, abafuduki, nabantu abakhubazekile. IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesihlanu sisenkabeni yezimpi eziqhubekayo zemithetho ye-ID evoti, i-gerrymaning, kanye nokuvala izinhlelo zokuhlola. Abafundi bangalandelela umugqa oqondile kulokhu kuncishiselwa phambili kwezenzakalo zamanje, kubonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi ephilayo.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nayi - 19: Impoqo Yabesifazane

Ngo-1920 ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ethatha isinyathelo sokukhetha i-livism, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba senqabela ukuncishwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yobulili. Lokhu kulungisa izigidi zabesifazane abaphucuzekile, nakuba kusebenza, imingcele enjengokuhlola ukufunda nokukhokha intela yokuvota yaqhubeka isusa abesifazane bemibala. Umzabalazo wokufuna amalungelo agcwele abo bonke abesifazane awuphelanga ngo-1920; uqhubekele phambili ngenhlangano yamalungelo abantu nangalé kwalokho. ISiphendulo seshumi elinesishiyaga siyisiqinisekiso sendlela ushintsho olungokomthetho oluqhubekayo olungaba umphumela ngayo ekuhleleni nokucindezela okungokwezombangazwe okuqhubekayo.

ISichibiyelo Se - 20 Seminyaka Engamashumi Amane: Intela Yempova Esakazeka

Ngo-1941, iSichibiyelo seNkathi ePhakathi savimbela ukusetshenziswa kwentela yokuvota kuhulumeni wokhetho. Intela yokubheja yasetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezizweni zaseNingizimu ekucindezelweni kwabamnyama ngemva kokuvuselelwa kwe-Exchange. Nakuba ukubuyiselwa kwasetshenziswa kuphela kuhulumeni wokhetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqeda intela yokukhokha okhethweni kamuva njengokwephula i-parice elinganayo ( Virginia Board of EFOCTres , 1966]). Lokhu kuveza indlela ikhankambiso yomthetho womthetho womthetho kamuva engasusa ngayo ithuluzi lokukhetha.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukunciphisa Inkathi Yomsindo

I-Apixpection yabekwa ngo-1971, yanciphisa inkathi yokuvota kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18. ISichibiyelo saqala ukuvela eMpini yaseVietnam, lapho izinsizwa zibuthelwa ukuyolwa kodwa zingavoti. Inguquko yadlula ngesivinini esikhulu, ibonisa ukuvumelana kwesizwe kokuthi uma usumdala ngokwanele ukuba ulwe, usukhule ngokwanele ukuba uvote. Namuhla, iSichibiyelo samashumi Amahlanu nanye sivame ukuxoxwa ezimpikiswaneni zokuncitshiswa kwenkathi yokuvota, ikakhulukazi okhethweni bendawo, ikakhulukazi ngokuhlanganiswa kwentsha kwezombangazwe.

Iziphendu Zokufundisa Zomthetho - sisekelo Ziphumelela

Izakhamuzi ezifundile ziwumphathi ongcono kakhulu wamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Othisha banendima ebalulekile ekulungiseni abafundi. Kunokuba bagcine umbhalo ngekhanda, abafundi kufanele bahileleke emibonweni, izingxabano, nezincazelo ezihlobene nemfundo ngayinye. Nawa amasu awusizo okufundisa ekilasini.

Imithombo Eyisisekelo

Abafundi baye bafunda imibhalo yokuqala yezinguquko futhi bayiqhathanisa nemishini yokuqala yokulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo sokuqala ekuqaleni sasisebenza kuphela eMkhandlwini, kodwa namuhla sihlanganisa zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ukuhlola imibhalo ye-Federal Papers ne-AntiFederalist kungaveza ukuthi kungani kuhlongozwa ukuthi i-National Archives. Inikeza amakhophi e-odation e-Constitution ne-Bill of Rights angasetshenziswa ngokwesigaba.

Hlaziya Icala Lezwe Eliphakeme Enkantolo

Ukulungiswa ngakunye kuye kwalolongwa incazelo yokwahlulela. Yabela amaqembu abafundi ukuba acwaninge icala eliyinhloko futhi anikeze amaqiniso, umbuzo womthetho-sisekelo, ukucabanga kweNkantolo, kanye nethonya. Lokhu akufundisi nje kuphela ukulungisa kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukucabanga okugxekayo ngokucabanga okungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukutadisha Texas v. Johnson [1999] mayelana nokushiswa kwefulegi kusiza abafundi ukuba babone imingcele yeSiphendulo sokuqala sokukhuluma ngenkululeko.

Xhumanisa nezehlakalo zamanje

Cishe yonke imibiko yezindaba iqukethe indaba ethinta ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo: ukubhikisha ngokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa (ISichibiyelo Sesine), impikiswano ngezimali zomkhankaso (ISichibiyelo Sokuqala), inselele yokuvota imingcele (Izigwebo ze-Fourteth, 15, 195, Amashumi amabili namashumi amabili nanye). Ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba balethe izihloko zezindaba futhi baphawule ukuncitshiswa okufanelekile. Lomkhuba ubonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awusona isiqalo somlando kodwa uyisisekelo esiphilayo sezimpikiswano zanamuhla.

Sebenzisa imfaniso kanye nokudlala indima

Imuphi umehluko ozodingeka uqiniselwe ngamalungelo abafundi ukuba balinganise izindinganiso eziphikisanayo, bacabangele inqubo yokulungisa, bacabange nezimpikiswano ezicaciswe ngokuphicatshangelwe. Okunye, lingisa impikiswano yeNkantolo Ephakeme ekhuluma ngecala elicatshangelwayo elihilela amalungelo abafundi, njengokuthathelwa ingqamuzana phakathi nokuhlola kwesikole.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

Naphezu kwezimiso zokuvikela, izimpikiswano eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo azikaphenduli. Ubuchwepheshe obusha obushintshashintshayo, izimiso zomphakathi, nokuqonda okuvumelanayo kobulungisa kuqhubeka kuvivinya imingcele yenguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela imishini engekho ngqiqweni kumelwe sisetshenziswe emininingwaneni egcinwa amaqembu esithathu, njengokugcinwa kwamafu kanye nezokuxhumana ezingokwenhlalo. ISimemezelo sokuqala sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sivivinywa ngenkulumo yenzondo, udaba, nendima yamapulatifomu azimele njengoTwitter noFacebook. ISichimende Sesi Esibili siyaqhubeka sikhiqiza izikhangiso eziphezulu ngokuphathelene nezikhali zokuhlasela, izikhundla zemishini, imibhoshozo yezelelwano yezenhlala phansi, nemithetho efihlekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunengxoxo eqhubekayo edinga ukucaciswa noma ukwanda. Ezinye izazi zisekela ukushintshwa okusha kokulungisa umkhankaso wezezimali, kuyilapho ezinye ziphikisana nelungelo elicacile lokuzimela noma inkululeko yokuzala. Ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa yona ngokwayo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi kungani izicelo ezinjalo zibhekene nezingaqondakali. Izimpikiswano nge-Electoral College, imingcele yenkathi yobumongameli, kanye nesifunda se-Washington D.C. zihlanganisa futhi neziphendulo zomthetho-mthetho eziye zahlongozwayo kodwa ezingagunyazwanga.

Isiphetho: Ifa Eliphilayo LeziNkambiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. azizona nje izinto ezingokomlando eziwuphawu olusasebenza, kodwa ziyisiqinisekiso senkululeko eqhubeka ibumba ukuphila kwaseMelika. Kusukela enkululekweni yokukhuluma komuntu ukuya ekuvikelekeni egunyeni likahulumeni ozimele, lezi zinguquko ziqinisekisa amalungelo angenza idemokrati ibe khona. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukufunda ngalokhu kulungisa kuyinqubo egunya lomphakathi. Inikeza amathuluzi ukuqaphela lapho amalungelo esongelwa, ulwazi lokusekela ushintsho, nokuhlakanipha ukuqonda ukuthi izithembiso zoMthetho-sisekelo zidinga ukuqapha njalo.

Nokho, lapho kuphakama izinselele ezintsha, inqubo yokulungisa isalokhu ikhona ukuze ixazululwe, njengoba kuye kwaba njalo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Isivikelo esikhulu kakhulu senkululeko yomthetho - sisekelo asiwona umbhalo ngokwawo kodwa yizakhamuzi ezinolwazi nezithembisiwe ezifuna ukuba uhlonishwe. Ngokufunda ngokucophelela ukulungisa nokuxoxa ngokusikisela kwazo ngokukhululekile, othisha bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isizukulwane esilandelayo sikulungele ukuvikela nokwandisa inkululeko eyisisekelo sesizwe.