Izimiso zokhetho olunezimiso ze-majornationals, njengendatshana yokuqala edlulile (FPPP) kanye nezimbili ezihlukene zokuvota, ithembisa ukuthatha izinto kalula, ukunquma nokuziphendulela okucacile. Kumphakathi ofanayo, lezi zimiso zingasebenza kahle. Kodwa uma zifakwe emiphakathini eminingi yezinhlanga (lapho imiphakathi ichazwa khona ngolimi olujulile, ngenkolo, noma ngezindlela ezifanayo eziveza ohulumeni abaqinile kwezinye izindawo ngokungazihlosile. Igebe phakathi kwemikha yokuvota kanye nokuncintisana kohlanga ngokuvamile kuholela ekuhlukanisweni, ezindaweni ezihlukene, futhi ngisho nasebudloveni. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinselele eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa izimiso ezinkulu zezizwe ezihlukene, ukuhlola izimo zangempela zomhlaba, nokuhlola izinhlelo ezikhona ezingcono.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zokuqondisa Imikhumbi

Izimiso zobuningi zichazwa ngesimiso esiyinhloko: umvoti (noma iqembu) othola amavoti amaningi unqoba isihlalo, ngisho noma leyo ngxenye ingaphansi kakhulu kweningi. Izimiso ezimbili ezivamile zingamaqoqo amabili (FPTPP) kanye nesimiso sesibili esijikelezayo (i-suff). KuFPTPP, noma ubani othola inani elibanzi kakhulu lamavota [“inani elingaphezulu kakhulu, NW] . Esimisweni esibanzi, uma kungekho sivumelwano sifinyelela inani eliphelele lenani phakathi kwendingingiza yokuqala, ibhola lesibili libanjwe phakathi kweziphithiphithi-pikishane. Zombili zizama ukuveza umphumela "lolikhulu", ngokuvamile yenza ukwenziwa kwengxenye eyodwa yeqembu kanye kanye nokuhlelwa ngokushesha.

Abasekeli bobuProtinarianism bakhomba ekululani: abavoti bayaqonda ukuthi abameleli babo bendawo banqunywa ngokubalwa okuqondile. Ohulumeni abavamile ukulengiswa, futhi ababodwa bangamabhande ahlukene, kodwa bawumthetho. Lokhu kunquma kungaba ubuhle ezifundeni ezibhekene nenhlekelele. Nokho, izici ezifanayo eziveza abanqobi abasobala ziveza futhi abahluli abasobala.

Izingxabano Ezinhlamvwini Ezihlukahlukene

Imiphakathi yamaqembu emithi eminingi iveza inselele eyisisekelo ekutholeni ukuzuza konke ukuhluzeka. Uma i-octal yohlanga ivumelana kakhulu nokukhetha kwezombangazwe, ukhetho luba inani labantu: iqembu elikhulu lingabusa ngokungenasiphelo, kuyilapho amaqembu amancane angabona abameleli bawo bengalawuleki. Le mincintiswano yezero-sum eshukumisayo yezombangazwe iguqula izimpi zezentengo ezikhona zokusinda kweqembu nesithunzi. "Ukwenqandwa kweningi," umqondo odume ngokumelene noJohn Stuart Milll, akuyona into ecatshangelwayo ezimweni ezinjalo" ayiyona into engokoqobo yansuku zonke.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zezikhulu azivamile ukunikeza izisusa zokudlulisa izikhungo. Umvotelwa ovela eqenjini elincane lohlanga akanathemba lokuwina isifunda esibuswa yiqembu elikhulu, ngakho ugxila ekubutheni umphakathi wakhe siqu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbangi weqembu akudingeki ukuba akhethe amavoti amancane ukuze anqobe. Umphumela uveza indawo engcono emele izibuko nemingcele yobuzwe, amaqembu ezombangazwe abe amaqembu ezinhlanga ngesidingo kunokuba akhethe.

Izinselele Eziyinhloko Ekuzijwayezayo

Ukugqashuka Okuncane Nokuqothulwa

Umphumela oshesha kakhulu wezimiso eziyinhloko ezisezifundeni eziningi ukudluliselwa okuhleliwe kwamaqembu amancane. Ngisho noma amaphaphu etholakala ngokwanele ukuba awine izihlalo ezithile, ukumelelwa kwawo akuvamile ukulingana nobunzima bawo bokuzalana kwabantu. Ezifundeni ezinezitho eyodwa, imingcele yesigodi ingadwetshwa ukuze inciphise i-vociota abambalwa − umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi igerrymanindering . noma izindlela zemvelo zokuhlala zingasakaza umphakathi omncane phakathi kwemiphakathi yesizwe ezindaweni eziningi, ziwushiye ulingana nobukhulu obungapheli benani labantu kuyo yonke indawo. Lokhu kuveza intukuthelo futhi kuqinisa umbono wokuthi umbuso ungowesizwe esikhulu kuphela.

Ukucwaninga okungokwemizwa kubonisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi igebe phakathi kwesabelo sovoti nesihlalo liphakeme kakhulu emazweni ahlukene ngokwezinhlanga esebenzisa imithetho elawulayo. Amaqembu akha amaphesenti angu-10-20 abantu angazuza izihlalo zezembo uma amavoti abo encishisiwe. Ababonakali ngokwezombangazwe, izikhalo zabo ezingangenisiwe futhi ezingafakwanga izintambo ezisemthethweni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaqembu ahlukanisiwe angaphendukela ekutholeni izikhawu ezingaphezulu ezisho ukumelana nemithetho, ukungalaleli kwesizwe, ukungalaleli kwesizwe, noma ukuqaphela izicelo zomphakathi.

Ukucwasana Kwezinhlanga Nokuxabana

Okhetho olukhulu luvame ukusebenza njengezikhombi zobudlova obungokohlanga. Ngenxa yokuthi umphumela uthathwa njengomncintiswano wezero-sum phakathi kwamaqembu, ukulahlekelwa kwamaqembu kungalahla imiphumela njengengekho emthethweni, ikakhulukazi uma kuqashelwa ukukhwabanisa noma ukuphambanisa. Inqubo yenkampane ingashelela kalula ekuzondeni abantu abaphakathi kwesizwe "abanye]. Inkinga yobandlululo yango 2007-2008 eyenzeka ngemva kokhetho, eyashiya abantu abangaphezu kwenkulungwane befile, yabhebhebhetheliswa kakhulu umbono wokuthi ukhetho lwe-FPTPP luye lwabekwa ngemigqa ezindaweni zohlanga. Isimiso sokhetho singabanga sizathu esibangela ukuphikisana okungalawuleki, kodwa sanikeza inkundla ephelele yokuba bavuse ubudlova obubumbene.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo esibili somncintiswano we-heatritarian − ungawina isihlalo noma ungasithathi qhaphuzi izigxobo. Ezimisweni ezilinganayo, iqembu eliwina amaphesenti angu-15 evoti lingase lizuze amaphesenti angu-15 ezihlalo futhi libe yingxenye yenhlangano ebusayo. Esimisweni sezikhulu, amaphesenti angu-15 angaveza i-zero, ukwenza noma iluphi ukhetho lube nomnyango okhona. Lokhu kunyusa izinga lokushisa lokuncintisana kwezombangazwe futhi kunciphise indawo yokuhlehlela.

Ukudumazeka Kokuwasebenzisa Kakhulu Amandla

Izimiso zabaphathi-masteram zinikeza izisusa ezimbalwa zokwakha izinhlangano ezimbalwa zangaphambi noma ngemva kokhetho. Njengoba iqembu elinqobayo lingabusa kuphela, akunasizathu sokuhlanganyela amandla egunya noma ithonya lesimiso. Lokhu kuphambene ngqo "nombawo" ogqugquzelwa usosayensi wezombangazwe u-Arend Lijphart ngemiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu, etusa ukuhlangana okukhulu kwazo zonke izinhlanga ezinkulu, amalungelo ahlukene ehhovisi lomphakathi, kanye nesigaba se-INjola. I-Maritariancity ichaza ngokungethenjiswa kwento ngayinye yalezi zici, yenza isenzo sokuzithandela sokwabelana kwemiphakathi kunemfuneko.

Ngisho nalapho uhulumeni omkhulu ezama ukuhlanganisa abaholi abambalwa ezikhundleni zamakhabethe, isenzo singase sibhekwe njengophawu oluwuphawu uma labo baholi bengenaso isisekelo esizimele sezombangazwe.

Ukuhlola Icala

ENigeria: Isisindo Samanani

INigeria, enamaqembu ezinhlanga ezingaphezu kuka 250, iye yasebenzisa isimiso se-FPTP kusukela ekuzilawuleni. Amaqembu amathathu amakhulu kakhulu .IHausa-Fulani, ne-Yoruba, kwaye abusa ngokwesiko indawo yezombangazwe, kuyilapho amaqembu amancane njenge-Ijaw, iTav, ne Kanuri alwela ukuzuza ukumelelwa okunenjongo. Ukhetho lwamaPhosalji, lwanqunywa ngokuba phakathi kwabantu abaningi (futhi futhi lufuna ukusakazeka kwezwe lamavoti), ngokuvamile luye lwabangela ukuncitshiswa kweNyakatho neNyakatho neNxushula nayi engokwenkolo. I-1967,1970 Biagan War, lapho i-Igbo izama ukuthatha i-sede, ngokwengxenye inqumo yendlela yokubona ububanzi bezombangazwe ngaphansi kwesimiso esikhulu. Izinguquko zamuva ziye zancitshiswa ngobudlova nenkaniswayo, inqubo yobuhlanga nenkambo yemithetho yesizwe. Ngaphandle kwemiyamu kahulumeni enziwayo "Pfede" i-Pridelve i-evrensi yemithetho enzinzile kakhulu.

EKenya: Umncintiswano Wesizwe Njengokubalwa Kwabantu

Umphakathi we-Kenya wezizwe eziningi uhlanganisa iKikuyu, iLuyo, i-Kalenjin, iKamba, kanye nemiphakathi emincane eminingi. Isimiso seFPTP siye saveza inqubo lapho i-Facensial(umklomelo wezombangazwe) (izinsalela zezizwe eziningi. I-Raila Odingata's 2007 ilahlekelwa iMaya ku-Muwai Kibin, i-Kambaki yathathwa ngabasekeli bakhe njengesela, ibhethelela i-Kikuyu ebhubhisayo. Inguquko yaqala ukuhlanganisa izihlalo ezixubile ze-codenti. Inkundla ephakathi kwezindawo ezihlukene ze-parlamea (imithetho ka-2010 isungulwe ngokuthula i-Geneam, kodwa i-Mongasebenza ngokuncilcense ye-goria. I-Genealceritine yazinzile ngokuthula i-Genecreast 201717171717. INkahs, iveza inte engcono enkulu yemi enkulu yemi yemi yemi yemi ephakathi yezizwe ephakathi

ENdiya: Oyingqayizivele Ofakazela Umthetho?

INdiya, idemokrasi enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, isebenzisa i-FPTP kukhetho lwayo lweLok Sabha futhi ilondoloza enye yemiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu ngokwezinhlanga emhlabeni. Ekuyibhekeni kuqala, kubonakala sengathi iphikisa ukugomela kokuthi ukuphatha izigaba ezihlukene ngokungenakugwenywa: i-Congress Party Party ihlanganisa amaSulumane, amaDalit, namanye amaqembu ahlukene, futhi uhulumeni uhlala uhlangene wamaqembu amaningi asekelwe ngokwezifunda ngokwezifunda. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwelaseNdiya kungenxa yezici eziningana: isimiso seqembu elihlukene kakhulu elivimbela noma iliphi iqembu lohlanga ekulawuleni izwe lonke, ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezivinjelweyo ezivinje, futhi kusebenza izinhlangano zezombangazwe eziningi kuphela, futhi isiko esiqinile sezwe esingokomthetho. Ngisho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwabonakala ukuphakama kwemigqashuwa kwemigqa, i-Janatatbat, ne-Bhats) (iatsssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

Ezinye Izimiso Zokwelapha Nekhono Lazo Lokungalawuleki

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izimiso ze-PR ezibekwa ezihlalweni ngokwesilinganiso sokuvota, kungaba ngezinhlu zeqembu noma ngevoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV). Zidunyiswa kabanzi ngemiphakathi ehlukene ngoba ziqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu amancane adlula emnyango okhetho olusesilinganisweni.(win) athatha izihlalo ezilinganayo ngokulingana nezinombolo zawo. Kuluhlu oluvalekile PR, amaqembu angahlanganisa izikwele zobuhlanga ezihlukahlukene, azenze ukuba afake izicelo emaqenjini ukuze athole isabelo sawo. Isihluthulelo sokuhlanganisa amazwe anjenge-South Africa, iBosnia ne- Herzegovinanerbe, futhi i-Northern Ireland ithathe izihlalo ze PR ekuzameni izimpikiswano zohlanga. Umlando wendlela uxube: PR unganciphisa ukwahlukana kodwa futhi ungenza izigaba zezinhlanga, ukuhlukanisa kwemigqashuka ne-mfunda. Isihluthulelo sokuhlanganisa i-fulejiki yesifunda somphakathi; i-R i-Fognet.

Izimiso ze-member ezixutshwe

Izimiso ze-protoral zixuba izici ezihlangene ze-logorticarian ne-aceral egumbini elilodwa. Kuhlobo oluxubene lwe-progress (MMP), abavoti baphonsa ama-collet amabili − elinye kunomthakathi (ngokuvamile i-FPTP) kanye nesisodwa ohlwini lweqembu. Izihlalo zohlu zibuyisela imiphumela yokungalingani kwezindawo, ukuqinisekisa ukulingana. I-Jalimane, i-New Zealand, ne-Lesoxas zisebenzisa i-MMP, futhi i-mfonsone inconywa ngokugcina izimpawu zendawo ngesikhathi sokuhambisa izabelo ezilungile. Amaqembu amancane kakhulu ukuba awine ukuba athole isihlalo esiqinile, angathola ukumelelwa ngohlu lweqembu. Ukuvota okuxubile, ukuhlanganisa (ukuhlukanisa) kugcina uhlu oluhlukene, futhi akunandiswa izihlalo, futhi lokhu kunezi ezihlulo ezihlukene kakhulu; namanje ezihlukene ezihlukene kakhulu ezihlukene ngaphansi kwezinhlangano ezihlukene, ezihlukene kakhulu, ezinziwayo ezinziwayo ezinziwayo ezinziwayo ezi

I-ranked-Choice kanye ne-Vote e-AV

Ezinye izazi ziye zahlongoza ukuvota okungaphikiswayo Vote (AV) noma ukusuka ngokushesha kanye kanye njengendawo ephakathi. Ku-AV, abavoti, futhi uma kungekho muntu owina inani eliphelele, abavoti abaphansi bakhishwa futhi amavoti abo adluliswe. I-AV iqinisekisa ukuthi uphumelele usekela kakhulu esifundeni, kodwa ayiqinisekisi ukuthi isigaba esincane sisesilinganisweni esihlala njalo kuzo zonke izifunda. I-AV ingaveza izibalo zezinhlanga ezihlukene, futhi ingathuthukisa i-ogaslathi yezinhlanga futhi ingathuthukisa ukuvota kohlanga. Nokho, ingakhuthaza abathathi abathathi-msekeli be-ephakamela ukusekelana kweminye izifunda, indlela ekwaziyo yokukhuluma. I-AV isetshenziswa i-Australian House of Svactemisters, lapho ihlelwe khona kwezinye izindlela, futhi i-votene yezindawo zokuvotensi enkulu emadomini.

Ukubambisana Nezivumelwano Zamandla

Inguquko ye-Electoral iyodwa ayivamile ukwanele; umklamo wokuhlela kumelwe uhlanganiswe nezinqubo ezilawula amandla. I-Consocialist, njengoba ivezwe nguLijphart, ihlanganisa izici ezine: ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwabaholi bohlanga, i-veto amandla okulawula izinqumo eziyinhloko, ukulingana emsebenzini wezengxenye yomphakathi nokusebenzisa imali, kanye nokuzimela okungalinganiyo (umz, i-constationaltionism noma i-moralfacial). I-1998 Good Wearday Reconvement eNyakathorland iyicala lencwadi: yasungula amandla okulawula izikhulu ezishaya isibopho ngesibopho esinemba isibopho, ukuvota okuqinile phakathi kwenhlangano, kanye nezindawo eziyinhloko zesizwe. I-Acelcentions, iyavuma futhi i-scegoversestionstionstions, i-od comment, i-ligist comment, kodwa i-ocentination, i-oced ye-ong.

Izifundo Zomklamo Wezici

Akukho simiso sokhetho esiyikho i-panacea, kodwa izimiso ezithile zomklamo zivela emashumini eminyaka yokuhlola. Okokuqala, ukusakazeka kwezindawo kwezindaba zezinhlanga: uma iqembu elincane linakekelwe ngokwendawo, i-constitution ihlangene ne-FPTP ezingeni lesifunda zinganikeza ukuzibusa ngaphandle kokuzihlukanisa. Uma zihlelwa, ukuhlelwa ngokwesilinganiso noma i-MMP kubalulekile. Okwesibili, umnyango okhethweyo kumelwe umiswe ngokucophelela ngokwaneleyo ukuze uhlanganise amaqembu amancane, kodwa ukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukugwema ukwahlukana okudlulele. Okwesithathu, igatsha eliphethe akumelwe likhethwe ngesimiso esimsulwa sobuningi; i-palenserry noma i-preidry factory factoryssss. I-ommethone, isivikelo esingokomthetho esine esinezelwe njengezihlalo, i-odgover, i-gnobondment, ne-ognome.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwezizwe zonke kubonisa ukuthi amazwe ashintsha ngokuphumelelayo kusukela ekufuneni uguquko lwezimo zezwe kuya ezimisweni eziningi − njengalapho i-FPTP ye-South Africa isuka e-PR ngo-1994 [1] ngokuvamile abona ubudlova buncishisiwe nokuhlanganyela okukhushulelwe kwezombangazwe phakathi kwamaqembu amancane. Nokho, inguquko inzima ngokwezombangazwe: zona kanye izicukuthwane ezizuzayo emithethweni emidala ezimelana noshintsho. Abadlali bangaphandle, njengezinhlangano zomhlaba noma abalamuli boxolo, bangafeza indima ethile ekudingiseni izingxoxo, kodwa ukuba umuntu wendawo kubaluleke kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokhetho azinaphutha ngokwemvelo, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo emiphakathini eminingi kunezingozi ezinkulu zokukhishwa, ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo, nokuxabana. Ubulula nokunganqikazi okuzenza zikhange ezimweni ezifanayo kuba yizintelezi lapho izigebengu ezijulile zobuzwe zikhona. Ngokulandelana okungalinganiyo, ukuguqula ukhetho lube ukwakheka kwesizwe, nokujezisa izivumelwano zeqembu lezizwe, nokujezisa inqubo yomphakathi, kungalulaza zonke izimo zezenhlalo, kodwa ubufakazi obucacile busho ukuthi kuhloselwe ukubusa. Ngokujabulisayo, uhlu lwezikhomba-projectal ne-projectivesmess ezithathelwanayo, ukumelela okuxubile, ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano zezizwe, amandla avivinyelwe ekulawuleni okugcwele. Akukho ukulawula okunye ukubusa okungaqondana okusobala ukuthi kuhloselwe ukubusa kanye nokugcina izifiso zobuhlanga nokukhetha ezinhlobo olukhona ngokulungisa ukuphathana nokulawula kwazo, ngokuhlela nokuqondisa kwazo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-IDEA yezwe lonke i-memotary emklamweni wesimiso sokhetho, i-ACE Ectoral Knethiwer [, nemisebenzi yezemfundo enjenge Arend Lijphart's [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] izisekelo zeDemocracy [[[FLT:]] [5] [IYunivesithi ye-PT], 2012] noma iBenjamin Relily’s [[FLT:]]D [FLT6]] ehlukeneyo[FLT][FLD] [FFLT] [ect:] [5] [effectsssss] emazweni asebenzayo]