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Ukuqonda Izindleko Zeqiniso Zezomnotho Zemishado Yezombangazwe

Lapho abezombangazwe eWashington behluleka ukuvumelana ngezimali, imiphumela ibuye idlulele kakhulu emahholo emali ebhayoloji. Imithetho imelela ukwedlula inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi engokombanga [1]'izamazama kwezomnotho ezinyakazisa izisekelo zokuchuma kwaseMelika, ezithinta yonke into kusukela ekuhleleni imali yomkhaya kuya ekuthembeni kwembulunga yonke. Lapho izihloko zezindaba zigxile emehlweni ayizitsha ezivaliweyo nasezisebenzini ezivalekile, igalelo lezentengokwano likahulumeni lokuvala izakhiwo zemali [[FLT] [[FLT]:3]] lijula kakhulu, lidala i-cad cishe yonke imiphumela ethinta wonke umkhakha wezomnotho.

Intengo kahulumeni yokuvala umnotho idlulela kakhulu ngaphandle kokudilika okusheshayo kwezinkonzo zikahulumeni. Usuku ngalunye lokuvala lususa izigidi ze-GDP, lululaza ukuthembana kwezentengiselwano, luphazamisa izimakethe zezimali, futhi lubangela ukungaqiniseki okuhlala kudala ngemva kokuba uhulumeni uvule. Ukuqonda lemiphumela yezomnotho kusiza izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nabamisi bemidaba baqonde ukuthi kungani ukuhwebelana ngezimali kuletha iziphazamiso ezinkulu kangaka ekuchumeni kwaseMelika.

Uhulumeni Uphelelwa Yikhono?

I- kahulumeni osemthethweni uvala lapho u-A.M.'umthetho uhluleka ukudlulisa umthetho ogunyaza ukuxhaswa kukahulumeni ngaphambi kokuba igunya elikhona lokuhlela uhlelo lwemali liphele. Ngaphansi komthetho we-Antideficiency Act ka-19884, izinhlangano zikahulumeni azikwazi ukusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kwemvume yokumisa i-operation, zibaphoqelela ukuba bayeke imisebenzi engekhona eyenzweni lapho kuwiswa imali.

Lokhu akusona nje isiphazamiso sesikhashana − kungokokuwohloka okuyisisekelo kwemisebenzi eyisisekelo kahulumeni yokulondoloza imisebenzi. Ukuvala kubangela uchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinqubo zomthetho nezokuphatha ezinquma ukuthi imiphi imisebenzi eqhubekayo nokuthi ikuphi okuphelayo, okudala ukuphazamiseka kwezomnotho okusheshayo.

Ukungaguquguquki: Ukuhlukanisa Kwezomnotho

Umehluko phakathi [[QLT:0] wezinkonzo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile nezingezona ezezentengiselwano [ phakathi nokuvinjelwa ukha umugqa owehlulekayo wezomnotho onquma ukuthi ubani osebenzayo, ubani okhokhelwayo, futhi yimuphi umsebenzi wezomnotho oqhubekayo:

[ Izinkonzo ezingezeskha eziqhubeka[[[QL:1] zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuzivikela kwesizwe nokulondeka kwezwe
  • Ukulawula izindiza nokuhlinzwa kweTSA
  • Ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni kanye namajele
  • Ababheki bezibhedlela nokunakekelwa okuphuthumayo kwezokwelapha
  • Ukusebenza kwe - “lamber ” ne - dam
  • Ukuhlolwa komphakathi wezokuphepha (naphezu kwezinhlelo ezintsha zimisiwe)
  • Ukuhanjiswa komthungo nge-USPS (eziqhutshelwa yona)

Izinkonzo zeNon-esterory ezimisayo[ zihlanganisa:

  • Amapaki nemiziyamu yesizwe
  • Izinhlangano eziningi eziqondisayo
  • Ukusebenza kwemali yokuboleka (SBA, FHA, ukuthuthuka kwasemaphandleni)
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwentela (ukuvimbela izinkathi zokuvala)
  • Ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okungokwezibalo nokungokomnotho
  • Imisebenzi yasenkantolo kahulumeni (ngemva kwesilinganiso semali esigciniwe)
  • Ukucwaninga kwezesayensi kanye nezipho

Lokhu kuhlukana kwakha abanqobi abasheshayo kwezomnotho nabangaphumeleli, kanti ezinye izingxenye ziqhubeka cishe ziqhubeka ngezikhathi ezithile kuyilapho ezinye zibhekene nokuphazamiseka okuphelele.

Umlando Ogciniwe: Ukufunda Ekuvimbeleni Kwangesikhathi Esidlule

Kusukela inqubo yanamuhla yokuhlela imali yaqala ngo-1976, i-United States iye yathola 222] izikhala ezixhasa ngemali eziholela ekuvinjelweni kwezwe [, kanye nemiphumela ehlukene yezomnotho:

Ukuvala iMajor kanye nezindleko zayo zezomnotho:

  • (1995-19996 (ingqikithi yezinsuku 26): Izindleko zezigidi ezingu-R2,800, zathinta izisebenzi ezingu-800 000
  • 2013 izinsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu]: Uncishisiwe GDP ngo $24 000 000 000 000 000, ukukhula okusikiwe ngo 0,6%
  • 2018-2019 (izinsuku ezingu 35): Izindleko zezigidi ezingu-R1 ku-GDP, izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 zama-32 zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi zilahleka unomphela

Ukuvalwa kwezindawo ngakunye kuye kwafundisa izifundo ezibuhlungu zomnotho, kodwa ukuvalwa kwezindawo zokuvala kuye kwanda kunokuba kunciphe, okusikisela amandla ezombangazwe ngokuqhubekayo alulaza ukucatshangelwa kwezomnotho.

Imiphumela Esheshayo Yezomnotho: Amathumbu Okuqala

Ukungacabangeli Kwamandla Omsebenzi AwuFebel

Imiphumela engathi sína kuhulumeni osebenzayo idala inhlekelele yokuqala yezomnotho. Ngezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezingekho emthethweni ezicishe zibe yizigidi ezingu-2,1, ukuvala kuthinta izisebenzi ezinkulu kunayo yonke imisebenzi yezinkampani njengoWalmart noma uAmazon.

Abasebenzi abaqeshiwe (cishe 800 000-800,000 000 phakathi nokuvalwa okugcwele) kumelwe bayeke ukusebenza ngokushesha futhi bangakwazi ukuthola iholo kuze kube sekupheleni kokuvala. Lezizisebenzi zibhekene:

  • Ukulahlekelwa ngokushesha kweholo okuthinta isibambiso, intela, nemali yezindleko
  • Ukungaqiniseki ngokuvala imishini isikhathi eside kubangela izinkinga ezingokwezimali
  • Imingcele yokufuna umsebenzi wesikhashana ngenxa yemithetho yokuziphatha
  • Ukucindezeleka kwengqondo kuthinta umkhiqizo ngisho nangemva kokubuya

[ Izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe [ okumelwe zisebenze ngaphandle komholo (cishe 420 000 phakathi nokuvalwa kwezindawo ezigcwele) zibhekene nezinselele ezihlukene:

  • Ukucindezeleka kwemali kuyilapho ulondoloza imithwalo yemfanelo yomsebenzi
  • Ungakwazi ukufuna enye imali uma usebenza isikhathi esigcwele
  • Ukwanda kokungabi khona njengokucindezela okungokwezimali
  • Izinkinga zokuziphatha ezithinta izinga lenkonzo nokuphumelela

Isimo Esibucayi Sokwelapha: Izisulu Ezilitshelwe

[ Abakhi bamaferethi phakathi nokuvalwa kwe- ngokuvamile babhekana nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kunezisebenzi zikahulumeni. Ngokungafani nezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezithola iholo elivamile, izinkampani ezihlalayo, (_____zisuka kunezikhungo zokuhlanza ziye ku-IT) ngcono kakhulu.

Uhulumeni usebenzisa amakheni acishe abe izigidi ezingu - 3,7, cishe ngokuphindwe kabili izisebenzi zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngaphandle kwezakhamuzi.

  • Ukulahlekelwa kweholo okungalawuleki ngaphandle kwethuba lokukhokha ibhayisense
  • ukungaqiniseki [ njengezinkampani ezimisa futhi noma zikhiphe izisebenzi
  • [ ukuhluleka kwezebhizinisi kumakheni amancane angenayo imikhawulo
  • Ukukhokha amaphutha ezibolelweni, emakheni, nakukhokha umthelisi

Okunye ukuhlola kwathola ukuthi izisebenzi zokwakha zalahlekelwa imali elinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 2,5 zama - dollar phakathi nokuvalwa komsebenzi wonyaka ka - 2018 - 2019 kuphela, imali engakaze ibuyele emnothweni.

Abathengi Bachitha Imali Ngokufa

Ikhomumu elisetshenziswayo phakathi nokuvalwa kukahulumeni lehla ngokuphawulekayo ezindaweni ezithintekile. Izisebenzi zomphakathi kanye nezakhi ngokuvamile zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngo-50-75% phakathi nokuvinjelwa, ukudala amagalelo asheshayo:

I-shashington D.C. indawo yemetro (nezisebenzi ezingamashumi amahlanu nane% emsebenzini kahulumeni) iyabona:

  • Ukudayisa ngamathilomu kwehla ngama - 20 kuya ku - 30%
  • Ukudayiswa kwemali kuyancipha 15 - 25%
  • Amabhizinisi enkonzo alahlekelwa amaphesenti ayishumi kuya ku-20 emali
  • Ukuthengiselwa kwezakhiwo

Amakhomuni eduze kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni abhekene nokuncipha okufanayo:

  • Amadolobha ayisisekelo sezempi abona izindleko zendawo zehla ngama - 30-40%
  • Imiphakathi yamasango epaki lesizwe ilahlekelwa inzuzo engu-50-80%
  • Izindawo zokucwaninga zesifunda seFederal zibhekana nokuwohloka kwezomnotho okungu - 20-30%

Lokhu kuncipha kwemali esetshenziswayo kwakha isilinganiso esibi senani, lapho i - dollar ngalinye lomholo kahulumeni olahlekile linciphisa khona umsebenzi wezomnotho ngo - R2,50.

Impi Yebhizinisi Emincane

amabhizinisi amancane phakathi nokuvinjelwa kukahulumeni abhekene nezinselele eziningi ezisongela ukuphila kwawo:

Ama-direct okwakha kahulumeni kumelwe aqhubeke ekhokha izisebenzi nangaphezulu ngaphandle kwenkokhelo:

  • Izinkinga zokuhamba kwemali ziphoqelela ukuba kusetshenziswe i - will convert ngamazinga enzalo
  • Ukulibala kwemali ekhokhwa abahwebi, ukubangela ukuba kube nzima ukuthengiselana
  • Izikweletu ziyawohloka, izindleko ezikhulayo zokuboleka imali esikhathini esizayo
  • Abanye abalulami, kanti abakwazi ukumelana nobunzima obungu-20-30% phakathi nonyaka wokuvala isikhathi eside

ABABOLELI bemali [ abakwazi ukufinyelela ukuxhasa ngemali okwamukelekayo phakathi nokuvala:

  • Ukwanda kwamabhizinisi kumisa iprojekthi yamaphakathi
  • Ukuphuza ukuthenga izinto ezisetshenziswayo, okuthinta umkhiqizo
  • Ibutho elisebenza ngokuswelakala kwezakhiwo liphola
  • Kuvela izinkinga ezihambisana namabhizinisi asekelana nezimali zangasese

Imvume esemthethweni kanye nelayisensi yamabhizinisi ancike ku ubuso obunesimiso sokugogeka:

  • Umkhiqizo omusha uthatha isikhathi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yiFDA
  • Ukungeniswa/ukuthunyelwa kwamabhizinisi ethekishi kutebhuki ngaphandle kokulungisa amabala
  • Imisebenzi yokwakha imisa ukulindela imvume kahulumeni
  • Imithombo yezindaba neminikelo yezimali kuhlehliswa ngaphandle kokubukeza i - SEC

Ukusabela Kwezezimali: Wall Street Watchs Washington

Ukwanda Kwezentengiselwano Zamastock

]

Imiphumela yezentengiselwano [ ihlanganisa:

  • S& P 500 ngokomlando ilahlekelwa 0.1-0.2% ngesonto lokuvala
  • Volatility Index (VIX) yandisa 15-25% lapho kuvinjelwa
  • Ukukhuhla imisebe kwehlisa 10-15% njengoba ukungaqiniseki kukhuphuka
  • Izimakethe zomhlaba wonke ngokuvamile zidlula izimakethe zase - United States

Imiphumela eqondile [ ihluka kakhulu:

  • Izisebenzi zamasosha zibhekana nokucindezela okusheshayo kokuthengisa
  • Ukuvakasha nokungenisa izimpahla zokungenisa izihambi kuncipha ngo - 5-10%
  • Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zikahulumeni zehlisa 8-12%
  • I - inshorensi yezentengiselwano e - D.C. iphansi ngamaphesenti angu - 10-15
  • Imikhiqizo kanye nokudla okuyinhloko kwabathengi kuvame ukuzuza njenge "zindawo zokukhosela ezilondekile"

Ukudayisa Isibopho Nesithakazelo

Umbuso uvala umphumela wenzalo emazingeni udala amandla ayinkimbinkimbi:

[ Imiphumela yezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano [:

  • Umkhiqizo wesikhathi esifushane wesisekelo ukhuphuka amaphuzu ayisisekelo ka-5-15
  • Isikhashana sokuvuleka singase sehle njengoba amathemba okukhula encipha
  • Ukuhlanganyela kwezentengiselwano zezimali kuyancipha ngaphandle kwabathengi bakahulumeni
  • Kuphakama imibuzo efunwa kwamanye amazwe mayelana nokuzinza kwe - U.S.

imiphumela yezentengiselwano zeCredit:

  • Isibopho somxhumanisi sinwebeka isisekelo esikhuphukile samaphuzu ayishumi-20
  • Uhulumeni unezibopho ezindaweni ezizimele kuhulumeni
  • Ukungalingani kwamanani okushintshana okungalingani ngesikweletu eU.S.
  • Izinhlangano ezilinganiselayo zikhipha izixwayiso ngokubusa kwezezimali

Imiphumela Engokwezimali Neyamazwe Ngamazwe

I U.S. dollar phakathi nokuvalwa kukahulumeni ngokuvamile ilulaza ngokumelene nemali enkulu:

  • Inkomba yamadollar ivame ukuwa u-0.5% kulelo nasonto lokuvala
  • Ukugeleza okuphephile kuthuthelwa eSwitzerland franc naseJapane i - yen
  • Ama - short crencle abhekene nomfutho obangelwa ukushendeka
  • Imiqulu ye - cryptocurrency yanda njengenye imithombo yenani

Imiphumela yezomnotho yomhlaba wonke ihlanganisa:

  • Ukunciphisa ukutshala imali eqondile kwamanye amazwe eU.S.
  • Izivumelwano nezingxoxo zezohwebo zamazwe ngamazwe kulindelwe
  • Imibuzo ephathelene nokuhola kwe - United States ezinhlanganweni zezomnotho zomhlaba wonke
  • Izinzuzo ezitholakalayo zezinye izikhungo zezimali

Imiphumela Engokomnotho Ewuhlobo Olukhulu: Abanqobi Nabalahlekelwayo

Ukuvakasha Nokungenisa Izihambi: Ukuphela Okusheshayo

imboni ye-TYS phakathi nokuvala ibhekene nokulahlekelwa okubhubhisayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezixhomeke ekuthandeni kukahulumeni:

ipaki lesizwe lokubuka amazwe [ ikhiqiza amadollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 ngonyaka futhi isekela imisebenzi engu-311 000. Phakathi nokuvala:

  • Imiphakathi ehamba ngezinyawo ilahlekelwa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 740 ngosuku
  • Amahhotela abona amanani okuncishiswa kwama-60-80%
  • Abavakashi balahlekelwa yiyo yonke imali etholakala ngezinkathi ezithile
  • Amaresitore nezitolo kunciphisa izisebenzi 30 - 50%

I-Shashington D.C. indawo yokuvakasha [ (izivakashi eziyizigidi ezingu-24 zaminyaka yonke) zihlupheka ngokungavamile:

  • Ukuvalwa kweSmithsonian kuthinta ukuhambela kwaminyaka yonke okuyizigidi ezingu - 30
  • Ukuvalwa kwezakhiwo zasendulo kudumaza izigidi zezivakashi
  • Uhambo lwasesikoleni luqeda ukusha kwentwasahlobo nezinkathi zasotho
  • Iminyaka yesikhathi esizayo izincwadi ezisemhlanganweni ziyancipha

[ Izindawo zokuvakasha zezizwe zonke zibhekene nomonakalo ohlala njalo:

  • I Visa ibambezela ukunciphisa izinombolo zezivakashi ezivela kwamanye amazwe 15 - 20%
  • Izinkampani zokuhamba ezivela kwamanye amazwe azikukhuthazi ukuvakasha
  • Izikhungo zokuyohweba zithola imali yokuthenga
  • Umonakalo wesibindi uyaqhubeka ngemva kweminyaka eminingi uvinjelwe

Ifa Langempela: Izimakethe Ezimayini

Imakethe yezangaphandle yangempela phakathi nokuvala ibhekana nokuphazamiseka okukhulu:

[[[UMTL:0] Izakhiwo nendawo [[[QULT:1] ibhekene nezinselele eziningi:

  • IFA neVA ezibolekwayo (i - 30% yemakethe) azikwazi ukupholisa
  • Imali ebolekwayo ekhokhwayo yasemaphandleni e - USDA imiswa ngokuphelele
  • UKUSEKELA ukukhokha intela kuvimbela ukuqinisekiswa kwemali
  • Umshuwalense we - FEMA uvela ku - FEMA awukwazi ukukhishwa

Lokhu kuphazamisa kubangela:

  • Ukudayiswa kwasekhaya kwehla 10-15% phakathi nokuvinjelwa
  • Ukuvaleka kwejubane elidlula emaketangeni okuthengwa
  • Ukuncishiswa kwamanani njengoba abathengisi bephelelwa ithemba
  • Imali eningi ethengiswayo isekela abathengi abacebile

[[UMTH:%0] Ifa nendawo [ ikhona:

  • Inkokhelo yentela ebambezelayo noma enqandayo
  • Isidingo esincishisiwe ezimakethe ezizimele zikahulumeni
  • Imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa ibambezeleka kulindelwe imvume
  • Ukukhokha izinselele zemali - nsomi yeSBA akutholakali

Ezolimo: Ubuhlungu Bezomnotho Ezindaweni Zasemaphandleni

Ingxenye yezolimo phakathi nokuvalwa kwe- ibhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele ezithinta umnotho wasemaphandleni:

[[INDAWO] Imali kanye nemali ebolekiwe [ kuyayeka ukuhambisa:

  • Ukulibala kwemali ekhokhwa ngonyaka okuyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 20
  • Ukusebenzisa imali ebolekiwe ngenkathi yokutshala ingekho
  • Ukumiswa kwemali ekhokhwayo yosizo enhlekeleleni
  • Ukumiswa kwenkokhelo yohlelo lokulondolozwa

Imininingwane yezolimi nemibiko[ ukuma:

  • Imibiko yezitshalo zaseUSDA yokuthi izimakethe eziqondisa imikhiqizo iyayeka
  • Ukuhlola ukudla kuncipha kancane
  • Izitifiketi ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zibambezele, zithinte ukuthengiswa kwemali emhlabeni wonke
  • Ukucwaninga ngokunqandwa kwezinambuzane nezifo kuyanqamuka

Imiphumela engokomnotho[ iyanda:

  • Imishini yokudayisa yasemapulazini incipha ngama - 20 kuya ku - 30%
  • Amabhange asemaphandleni abhekene nezikweletu ezikhushuliwe zezikweletu
  • Amabhizinisi okunikeza izinto zezolimo anciphisa inani lazo
  • Amabhizinisi amancane asemadolobheni alahlekelwa inzuzo ewu - 15-25%

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubuyiselwa: Intuthuko Eqinile

Ithonya lezesayensi yokuvala ingxenye ye-technology [ lidlulela ngalé kwezivumelwano zikahulumeni eziseduze:

[[UKWENZEKA:0] ukucwaninga nokuthuthukisa [ ukuphazamiseka:

  • I - NSF neNIH kunikeza imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 50 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,2) ngonyaka
  • Izinhlelo zokucwaninga zaseYunivesithi zimisa ukuvinjelwa
  • Izitishi zokulungisa nezimpawu
  • Ukuthunyelwa kobuchwepheshe kusuka elabobhrafini zikahulumeni kuyayeka

[[Umthetho:0] imvume elawulayo ibambezeleka[[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Imvume yezidakamizwa nemishini yeFDA ihlehlisiwe
  • Izindawo zokudayisa nokugunyaza i - FCC ziyama
  • I - EPA ivumela ukuba izindawo ezizungezile zenziwe zibe sezibambezele
  • Ubuchwepheshe bokuphehla amaza bumisa izitifiketi

Lokhu kulibala kubangela:

  • Isilinganiso samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,2 masonto onke enzuzoni eshaqisayo
  • Izimo ezilimazayo ezimelene nezimbangi zamazwe ngamazwe
  • Ukungabaza inhloko - dolobha ezimbonini ezilawulwayo
  • Ukuthuthela emazweni ahlelekile

Imiphumela Emide Yezomnotho: Ama - carcar Angelapheki

Ukulahlekelwa Imikhiqizo Neziqongo

[[UMTL:0] Umkhiqizo wombuso ngemva kokuvala awubuyeli ngokugcwele:

[[UMTL:0] Umkhiqizo ukulahlekelwa [:

  • Isonto lokuqala emuva ubona umkhiqizo ovamile 60-70% kuphela
  • Umkhiqizo ogcwele awubuyi amasonto amane-6
  • Eminye imisebenzi ayiqali phansi ngemva kokulahlekelwa amandla
  • Ulwazi lwezinhlangano lulahlekelwa izisebenzi ezihambayo

Ukuqoqa i-parlog kudala izihudu ezihlala njalo:

  • Ukulungisa ama-passport abuyela emuva kuhlala izinyanga ezintathu-6
  • Izinga lokukhokha intela lidlulela ngesikhathi sokulayishwa
  • Imvume kanye nezincwadi zokubuyisela emuva kubambezele ibhizinisi izinyanga eziyi-6-12
  • Izifo zesifo sokufuduka kwezilwane zinezela iminyaka yokulinda izikhathi

IHulumeni I - Accounting Office ilinganisela ukuthi usuku ngalunye lokuvala ludinga izinsuku ezintathu nanhlanu zomsebenzi wokululama, okusho ukuvalwa kwemisebe yezinsuku ezingu - 30 kwakha izinsuku ezingu - 90 -50 zokuphumelela okuncishisiwe.

Inhloko - dolobha Yomuntu

[[[Imisebenzi:0] Ukugcina izisebenzi ezisebenza ngezikhathi ezithile ngemva kokuvala kuba yinselele eyandayo:

Ukufuduka okungaguquguquki kuyashesha ngokuvala ngakunye:

  • Izinga lokuthatha umhlalaphansi landisa 15-20% ngemva kokuphuma
  • Abasebenzi abaphezulu bayahamba baye endaweni eqinile
  • Ukubuyisela ubunzima kwandisa 30-40%
  • Ulwazi lwezinhlangano lulahleka unomphela

Izisebenzi zomkhandi ziphazamisa:

  • Amakhenikha anekhono athola izindima ezihlala njalo ezingxenyeni ezizimele
  • Amabhizinisi amancane aseduze kunokuba avimbele isimo sezulu esikhathini esizayo
  • Izisebenzi zomhlaba wonke zibuyela ekhaya noma zithuthele kwenye indawo
  • Amandla okuvuselela aphela unomphela

Ithemba Lebhizinisi Nokutshala Imali

Ukwenziwa kwebhizinisi phakathi nokucima ukungaqiniseki kuyancipha kakhulu:

Ukutshala ikhampathi [ kuyalibalisela noma kunciphe:

  • Ukutshala ibhizinisi kwehla 0.5% ngesonto
  • R& Ukuchitha imali kunciphisa i 10-15% ezingxenyeni ezithintekile
  • Amaqhwa okuvimba adlula isikhathi sokuvalwa
  • Amapulani okwandayo ashintshela kwamanye amazwe

Ukuphazamiseka kwesikhathi eside :

  • Amapulani ahlelekile acabanga ukuthi kunezingozi zokuvala izikhali
  • Izivumelwano zikahulumeni zikhokhelwa ngemali engaqinisekisiwe
  • Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyakugwema ukuhileleka kukahulumeni wase - United States
  • Ukutshala izimali kabusha kuyiswa endaweni ehleleke kakhudlwana

Ukucwaninga ngeSikole seBusiness kubonisa ukuthi ukungaqiniseki kwesimiso sokuvinjelwa kunciphisa ukutshala imali nge 15-20% ezingxenyeni ezizimele zikahulumeni, imiphumela ehlala iminyaka engu-2-3.

Ukwanda Kwezomnotho Nomphumela We - GDP

Imiphumela yemfucumfucu kahulumeni yokuvala i yezakhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi:

Ukulahlekelwa kwe-GDP :

  • Isonto ngalinye lokuvala linciphisa iGDP nge 0.1-0.2%
  • Imiphumela eminingi yokukhulisa izindleko eziqondile ngo 1,5-2x
  • Izomnotho zezifunda zilahlekelwa isilinganiso sesibili-3x sezwe lonke
  • Ukululama kuthatha izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu

[[UMTH:% 0] Ukulahlekelwa okungokwezomnotho okungalawuleki[[QUL:1]:

  • ICBO ilinganisela ukuthi amaphesenti angu - 30 okuvimbela ukulahlekelwa awabuyi
  • Imiphumela yokukhula ecishe ibe yingxenyana inciphisa amathuba esikhathi eside
  • Izinga lokuzivuselela lidala izinkinga ezihlala njalo zokuncintisana
  • Ukulahlekelwa inhloko - dolobha kwabantu kunciphisa ukukhula kwemikhiqizo

Imishini yezomnotho isikisela ukuthi ukungaqiniseki kokuvala kuye kwanciphisa ukwanda kwenqubo ye - United States ngo - 0,2% ngonyaka kusukela ngo - 2010, okumelela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezigidi zokuchuma okulahlekile.

Umehluko Wesifunda Nesokuhlukaniswa Kwezenhlalo: Ubuhlungu Obungalingani

Ukugxilisa Imingcele Yendawo Yonke

umphumela wezezomnotho wokuvala uhluka kakhulu ngokuba khona kukahulumeni:

Izindawo ezinamandla kakhulu[:

  • I-Yashington D.C. Metro: 30% yomnotho kahulumeni ozimele
  • Imigwaqo yeHampton, VA: Ukusetshenziswa kwempi kubusa
  • , AL: NASA kanye nezisebenzi zokuzivikela
  • Izindawo ze-Colorado Springs, CO: Ukufakwa kwezempi
  • San Diego, CA: imisebenzi yemikhumbi nemingcele

Lezi zindawo zibhekana nakho:

  • Ukungasebenzi kwandisa amaphuzu angamaphesenti amabili-3
  • Amanani ezindlu ehla 5-10%
  • Ukudayisa kwehla ngama - 20 - 30%
  • Izintela zendawo zenza i - 15-20%

[[UMTH:0] Izindawo ezinamandla[:

  • Izomnotho zezingxenye ezizimele zaseNyakatho - mpumalanga
  • Izikhungo zobuchwepheshe ezingenawo uhulumeni
  • Izindawo zezolimo eziphakathi kwemijikelezo kahulumeni yokukhokha imali
  • Izindawo ezikhiqiza amandla ngokuthuthukisa intuthuko yangasese

Umehluko Okhona Phakathi Kwabantu

[[Umthetho:0] Ukwehluleka kwemiphumela ebangelwa inani labantu [ kwembula imiphumela engalinganiyo:

izinga lokufika konyaka linemiphumela:

  • Izisebenzi zikahulumeni eziholayo phansi ziswele izikhawu zemali
  • Izisebenzi ezikhokhela abantu abasebenza nabo (ngokuvamile ezikhokhelwa kancane) azitholi nhlawulo wamuva
  • Izisebenzi ezihola imali eningi zinezindawo zokuhlala nezinye izinto ezidingekayo
  • Ukungalingani kwengcebo kwanda lapho kuvinjelwa isakhiwo ngasinye

[[Umthetho:0] Izindawo nomehluko wohlanga[[Umthetho 1]:

  • AmaMelika ase - Afrika amelela izisebenzi zikahulumeni (18% vs. 13% ezweni lonke)
  • Ama - Spanya abakhi athinteka ngokungenakulinganiswa
  • Amabhizinisi amancane awakwazi ukuthenga ngesikweletu
  • Umphakathi ugxila ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zasemadolobheni

Age-imiphumela ehlobene:

  • Izisebenzi ezisezincane azinazo izinqolobane zemali
  • Izisebenzi ezinakekela abaphakathi zibhekana nokucindezela kwesibambiso sendlu nokukhuthuka
  • Izisebenzi eziseduze ezithukuthelisayo zihamba ngokushesha
  • Owesilisa oncike ezinkonzweni zikahulumeni ubhekene nenkinga

Ukuhlukana kwasemaphandleni

Izindawo ze-Urban phakathi nokuvala ubuso obugxile kodwa obubonakalayo bunemiphumela:

  • Izakhiwo zehhovisi elingamele azinalutho
  • Izimiso zokuthutha zilahlekelwa inzuzo yokugibela
  • Amabhizinisi asedolobheni alahlekelwa isixuku sasemini
  • Izinhlangano zamasiko ziyavalwa

Izindawo ezivamile phakathi nokucisha okuhlangenwe nakho okusakazekile kodwa okujulile okuthinta kakhulu:

  • Ukulibala kwemali yokulima phakathi nezinkathi ezinzima
  • Ukukhula kwemali ebolekiwe emaphandleni kuyanqandwa
  • Ukungaphathi indawo okuhlangene kuyanqamuka
  • Amabhizinisi amancane asemadolobheni alahlekelwa imali yokusebenza kahulumeni

Izindleko Ezifihliwe: Ukulinganisa Okungenakubekezeleleka

Imiphumela Yempilo Yomphakathi

Impilo ye-Public phakathi nomthetho ovalayo iyawohloka ngezindlela ezingenakulungiseka:

[[UMTL:0] Ukuhlola kwe-Dispease [ kuyancipha:

  • Ukugadwa komkhuhlane CDC kunciphisa 40%
  • Ukuhlolwa kokudla kwehla ngama - 60%
  • Ukuqubuka kwezifo kubambezela
  • Ukubambisana kwempilo emhlabeni wonke kuyanqamuka

Izinkonzo zeHealth ukuphazamiseka:

  • Ukuhlolwa kwezifo kuyeka ukuba khona
  • Izinkonzo zenkonzo yezempilo yaseNdiya
  • Uhlelo lokudla okunomsoco lweWic lubhekene nokungaqiniseki
  • Impilo yengqondo ebangelwa ukucindezeleka okungokwezimali iyakhula

Ukuhlola kubonisa isonto ngalinye lokuvala lihlangene na:

  • Ukwanda okungu-1-2% ekuvakashelweni kwasendlini okuphuthumayo
  • 3-5% ukwanda kwezingcingo zempilo engokwengqondo
  • Ukwanda kwemibiko yobudlova basekhaya okungu - 2-3%
  • 5-10% ukwanda kwezidingo zokwelapha ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa

Izindleko Zendawo Ezungezile Nezokulondeka

[ Isivikelo se-Environ trial phakathi kokucima inqanyulwe kakhulu:

[[Umthetho:0] Imithetho yokuphoqelela iyama:

  • Ukuhlolwa kwe - EPA kumisa izitshalo zamakhemikhali
  • Ukuhlola ukuphepha kuyayeka
  • Ukwengamela izakhiwo zenuzi kuyancipha
  • Ukugada udoti okuyingozi

[[UMTL:0] Umonakalo we-Environral uyanqwabelana:

  • Ukulahla okungekho emthethweni kwanda 20-30%
  • Ukucekelwa phansi kokungcola akubonwa
  • Ukuzingela kwamahlathi kwanda ngokuphawulekayo
  • Imininingwane yezindawo ezinamagebe okuhlola isimo sezulu

[[Umthetho:0] Ukuphepha kwe-Public kuyawohloka:

  • Ukudla kulibala
  • Ukuphenya ngokuphepha kunqanyulwa
  • Ukuhlola ukuphepha emsebenzini kumisa
  • Ukubukeza ukuphepha kokuhamba kuhlaba ikhefu

Imiphumela Yemfundo Nokucwaninga

Isimiso sokuvala imiphumela [ sidlulela ngalé kweminyuziyamu evaliwe:

K-12 ukuphazamiseka kwemfundo:

  • Izikhawu zosizo lwemfundo
  • Isimiso sasesikoleni sokudla kwasemini sixhasa ngokungaqiniseki
  • Izinkonzo zemfundo ezikhethekile ziyancipha
  • Izikole zomdabu zaseMelika zibhekene nokuvalwa

[[Umthetho:0] Izinselele zemfundo ephakeme:

  • Ukucwaninga kunikeza iqhwa leprojekthi eliyiqhwa phakathi
  • Umfundi oneziqu zombili ulibala
  • Izinkinga ze - visa yabafundi yomhlaba wonke
  • Izinga lokuzilibazisa kwabafundi bosizo

[[UKUFUKELELA:0] uphakamiso lwemiphumela [ lwenza ukulahlekelwa okuhlala njalo:

  • Ukuhlola okuthatha isikhathi eside kulahlekelwa ulwazi olungenakuthathelwa indawo
  • Ukubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Kuyaphela
  • Izinkinga ezihambisana nokuncintisana namanye amazwe
  • Ukuphazamiseka kombhobho wokususa uketshezi

Ukuhlolwa kweNational Science Foundation kulinganisela usuku ngalunye lokuvala lubambezela intuthuko yesayensi ngesonto elilodwa, ngokunye ukucwaninga kuhlehliswe ngokuphelele.

Ukuphikisana kwezizwe zonke: Amanxeba okuzilimaza eMelika

Ukuma Kwezomnotho Emhlabeni Wonke

U.S. ukuncintisana kwembulunga yonke phakathi nokucima kukhuphula ngokungenangqondo:

Umonakalo wokuqonda wezwe lonke:

  • Izinhlangano ezilinganisela ukuthenga ngezimali zikhipha izixwayiso
  • Ukutshala imali kwamanye amazwe kuyancipha 10-15%
  • Imibuzo yesimo semali yodollar
  • Ukukholeka kwabaholi okungama - G7 kuyancipha

[[Umthetho:0] Imiphumela ye-Trade[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Izincwadi zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe zibambezele ukubiza izinkulungwane zezigidi
  • Izingxoxo zezohwebo zihlehliswa noma zibhuntsha
  • Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ziyakugwema ukusebenzelana ne - United States
  • Izinkinga ezihambisana nokuncintisana kwamazwe

Umncintiswano wezezimali phakathi kwesikhungo:

  • ILondon neSingapore azuza ibhizinisi lezimali
  • Uhlu lwezizwe zonke lugwema ukushintshisana kweU.S.
  • Amabhange akwamanye amazwe anciphisa ukuhlinzwa kweU.S.
  • Ukutholwa komntwana ovundile kuyashesha

Ukuzivuselela Nobuholi Bobuchwepheshe

U.S. umphumela osungulekayo wokuvala [ usongela ukuhola kwezobuchwepheshe:

  • IChina neYurophu kuzuza ukucwaninga
  • Ikhono lomhlaba wonke likhetha amazwe aqinile
  • Inhloko - dolobha ye - vontact igelezela ezimakethe ezinqunyiwe
  • Izinguquko zezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe ekuthuthukeni kwamanye amazwe

Ukuvala ngakunye kwenza iMelika ingathandeki kangako:

  • Ukubambisana kokucwaninga komhlaba wonke
  • Abafundi bakwamanye amazwe
  • Ukufuduka okunekhono
  • Ukutshala izimali kobuchwepheshe

Isivikelo Nokulondeka Kwezomnotho

isisekelo sezezimboni esiqinile phakathi nokuvala sibhekene nezinselele ezihlukile:

  • Ukucwaninga okuhlelwe ngokwezigaba kuyanqamuka ngokushesha
  • Izitishi zokulungisa ukuphepha
  • Ukwephuza ukudayisa izikhali emhlabeni wonke
  • Ukuhlomela impi kuyahlaza

Imiphumela engokomnotho ihlanganisa:

  • AmaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 260 nsuku zonke ezinkokhelweni ezibambezelekile
  • Abakhi abancane bokuzivikela bayahluleka
  • Abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe bafuna ezinye izindlela
  • Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe ziyancipha

Amakhambi Nezinyathelo Zokuvimbela

Izindululo Zomthetho

Ukusungula uhulumeni ukuvala [ ngokuguqula izishayamthetho:

izinqumo eziqhubekayo ezizenzakalelayo zingalondoloza ukuxhasa ngemali emazingeni angaphambili:

  • Izikhishi ezicinywa njengesikhali sezombangazwe
  • Kunikeza Ukuzinza Ekuhleleni
  • Kunciphisa ukungaqiniseki kwezomnotho
  • Ukulondoloza izinkonzo ezibalulekile

Umthetho wokuvimbela osufakwe nguGovernment Prevention Act iziphakamiso zihlanganisa:

  • I - Congress ikhokhela izintambo lapho kuvinjelwa
  • Izimfuneko zesiqephu sokuyala kuze kube sisombululo
  • Uphahla lwangaphakathi oluzishintshayo lwenza kube nezikweleti eziningi
  • Imijikelezo yeminyaka emibili yokuhlela imali

Isitatimende ukungenela kwezinga lokuphakama:

  • Ukuxhasa Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni Ngezimali
  • Izinzuzo zokuswelakala komsebenzi okuphuthumayo
  • Imali ebolekiwe ebolekwa abakhi bakahulumeni
  • Abaholi bentela yempahla bezisebenzi ezithintekile

Ukuhlela Ukuzimisela Kwebhizinisi

Uhlelo lwebhizinisi lokucima luba lubalulekile:

[[UMTL:0] Amasu ezimali:

  • Gcina imali egciniwe izinsuku ezingu - 90
  • Ukuhlukanisa ngenzuzo kahulumeni
  • Misa imigqa yokuthenga ngesikweletu ngaphambi kokuvala
  • Cabangela imikhiqizo yomshuwalense wokuvala imishini

[[Umthetho:0] Uhlelo lokulungisa[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Yakha amaqembu asabelayo
  • Yenza izinhlelo zosizo zesisebenzi
  • Thola imithombo yemali ehlukile
  • Yakha ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu nengxenye

[[Umthetho:0] Ukuphathwa kwe-Risk[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Imali evimbela ingozi ukuba ibe izivumelwano
  • Hlanganisa namagijimi anamandla
  • Londoloza ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo
  • Yakha amacebo anele okusebenza

Ukulungiselela Imali Ngamunye

Izimali zomuntu siqu phakathi nokuvala zidinga ukuhlela:

[[[UMTL:0] Abasebenzi bezemisebenzi kufanele[:

  • Yakha izimali eziphuthumayo eziyinyanga ezintathu-6
  • Qonda izivikelo zabakweletu
  • Izindleko zentela ezibhaliwe
  • Hlola uhlelo losizo lokucisha

[[I-FLT:0] Imidlalo kufanele[[[QUL:1]:

  • Gcina imali enkulu edinga usizo oluphuthumayo
  • Yakha imifudlana yeholo eminingi
  • Ukuqonda ukuphelelwa umsebenzi
  • Inethiwekhi ngaphandle kokufinyelelwa kukahulumeni

Amalungu omphakathi kufanele[:

  • Ukusekela kwathinta amabhizinisi endawo
  • Abasekeli bamakhambi ezombangazwe
  • Zimisele ngokuzithandela ukunikeza usizo
  • Hlela ukuhamba ngezingozi zokuvala imishini

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukunqanda Ukucimeka

Ukuncishwa Kwezomnotho Zezombangazwe

Ukuqonda kungenxa yesizathu sokuba uhulumeni uvimbe kwembula ukungaqondi kwezomnotho:

izisusa zezentengiselwano zidlula ukuqonda kwezomnotho:

  • Ukusongela kokuvala kunikeza indlela yokuxhumana
  • Ukuzilungiselela ngokulwa
  • Ukunakwa kwemithombo yezindaba kwezikhundla zezombangazwe
  • Amathuba okusheshisa ukusolwa

Izindleko zezomnotho[ azivumelani nezindleko zezombangazwe:

  • Abezombangazwe ababekezeli ukulahlekelwa okungokwezimali
  • Izinzuzo ezicacile zihambisana nezindleko.
  • Izombangazwe zesikhashana zilandelana. Izomnotho zesikhathi eside
  • Ukuncibilika kwe - asmmet kubangela ukuwohloka kobudlelwano

Ukwakha Ukululama Kwezomnotho

Ukukwazi ukuvala imishini kudinga izinguquko ezihlelekile:

Izinguquko ezibanzi[[[FTL:1]:

  • Ukunciphisa ukunakekelwa kwezomnotho kukahulumeni
  • Ukuqinisa isimo nendawo
  • Yakha ezinye izindlela zokwelapha esikhundleni sezinkonzo zikahulumeni
  • Yenza izinto ezizinzile

[[UMTH:0] Ishikisha eliculiwe[[UMTL:1]:

  • Ukubekwa kwamandla okubusa kuqala
  • Izenzo zebhizinisi ezimelene nokuvinjelwa
  • Imithombo yezindaba igxila ethonyeni lezomnotho
  • Ukucindezela komhlaba wonke kokuzinza

[[UMTH:0] Amakhambi okulungisa [:

  • Isithiyo sokukhokha imali kahulumeni
  • Injongo yokuqhubekisela phambili inkonzo
  • Izimiso ezisakazweyo zokuzimela
  • Ubudlelwano bomphakathi obuyimfihlo

Ukuhlaziya Kwangempela Okubiza Izindleko

Lapho uhlola [[QL:0] kwezomnotho zikahulumeni zivala [, izinombolo zilandisa indaba ecacile:

[[Umthetho:0] Amacebo[[Umthetho:1]:

  • U - R14 000 000 000 kulahlekelwa iGDP ngokuvala okukhulu
  • Umonakalo ohlala njalo wezomnotho uyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 35 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 180)
  • Izinkulungwane zamabhizinisi amancane abhuntshayo
  • Ukulahlekelwa okungenakuqhathaniswa ekwethembeni nokuncintisana

[[UMTH:0] IBenefit[[FL:1]:

  • Izinzuzo ezingokwezomnotho ezifakazelwe
  • Akukho konga imali (amanani adlula noma iyiphi imali elondoloziwe)
  • Azikho izintuthuko ezinkambisweni zomsebenzi wokusebenza ohlangothini
  • Ayinakuphumelela okuthuthukisiwe kukahulumeni

Isinqumo sezomnotho sicacile: Ukuvalwa kwezindawo kumelela ukulahlekelwa okumsulwa komthwalo womuntu emnothweni waseMelika.

Isiphetho: Izomnotho Ezingasebenzi Kahle

Izentengiselwano zikahulumeni ezivimbelayo zembula ukwehluleka okuyisisekelo ekubuseni kwaseMelika okuguqula ukungavumelani kwezombangazwe kube yizinhlekelele zezomnotho. Ukucima ngakunye kususa amabhizinisi, kuphazamisa ukuphila, futhi kwenze isimo sembulunga yonke sezomnotho zaseMelika zingawufinyeleli umphumela ongcono wezomnotho.

Izinombolo zilandisa ingxenye nje yalendaba. Ngalé kwazo zonke izinombolo kunezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezikhetha phakathi kwentela nokudla, umnini webhizinisi omncane ebuka amashumi eminyaka enyamalala, umcwaningi ebona ukuhlola okuthuthukisiwe kubhujiswa, noma umphakathi ubukela isisekelo sawo sezomnotho siwohloka. Lezizindleko zabantu, ezandisiwe ezigidini zamaMelika, zimelela inani langempela lezenzo ezingasebenzi ngokwezombangazwe.

Ukuvalwa kwemithetho kuthinta imisebenzi nomnotho ngezindlela ezidlulela kude kakhulu kukuphazamiseka okusheshayo. Zidala izibazi ezihlala njalo ekukhiqizeni, ukulahlekelwa okuhlala njalo ekwakheni kabusha, nomonakalo ohlala njalo ekwakheni amandla kahulumeni. Ukuvala isakhiwo ngasinye kwenza okulandelayo kube nokwenzeka kakhulu ngokususa ukungahleleki nokuxosha italente emsebenzini womphakathi.

Indlela engaphambili idinga ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuvinjelwa akuzona nje izenzakalo zezombangazwe, − ziwumonakalo wezomnotho owehlisa ukuchuma kwaseMelika, ukuncintisana, nokulondeka. Ikhambi aliyinkimbinkimbi: izinqumo ezizivelelayo eziqhubekayo, imithetho yokuvimbela, noma ezinye izinqubo ezisunguliwe eziye zaqalwa. Okuntuleka akukona ulwazi kodwa intando yezombangazwe.

Kuze kube iMelika inquma ukuthi ukuzinza kwezomnotho kungaphezu kwenkundla yezezombangazwe, ukuvalwa kwezindawo kuzo kuyoqhubeka kulanda inani labo ekwandeni okulahlekileyo, emabhizinisini acekele phansi, nasemathubeni anciphile. Umbuzo awuthi singakwazi yini ukuvimbela ukuvalwa kwezindawo (hight’s jomes). Izomnotho zisobala: usuku ngalunye lokuvinjelwa kwenza iMelika ibe mpofu, ibe buthaka, futhi inciphene kakhulu. Umbuzo wangempela uwukuthi ekugcineni sisho ukuthi kwanele.

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