Ukuhlakanipha kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, njengoba kushiwo nguJames Madison kuFederalist No. 51, kusekwehlukaniseni kwakhe umbuso ngamabomu. Kuzakhamuzi, lokhu kuhlukana kudala amaphuzu amaningi okungena. Ukuqonda amasu ahlukene ethonya akhona kumthetho, kumphathi, namagatsha okwahlulela kuguqula umvoti okhungathekile abe umbambiswano onamandla. "Ukwethembela kubantu, akungangabazi ukuthi ukulawulwa okuyinhloko kukahulumeni," u-Madison, "kodwa kufundise isintu isidingo sezeluleko zezekelo zezeluleko zesiza." lezo zixwayiso zezisebenzi zesikhathi ezisizayo ziguqula umuntu ukuba asebenzise amasu amacebo ahlukene egatsheni ngalinye.

Ukwakheka Kwethonya: Isizathu Sokuba Icebo Libaluleke

Ukuphatha wonke amagatsha kahulumeni njengokungathi asebenza ngendlela efanayo kuyindlela yokuvimbela ukuphatha okungaphumeleli. Incwadi eya kumahluleli ithwala isisindo esihlukile kunencwadi eyisa kummisi-mthetho. Ukukhulumela komphakathi engosini elawulayo kulandela inqubo ehlukile engokomthetho kunevoti eMkhandlwini. Isimiso siklanyelwe ngalendlela ukuvimbela noma yimuphi umkhandlu ukuba umlawuli owenziweyo angayilawuli kalula yonke imishini. Kusesakhamuzi, lokhu kusho ukuqapha imithetho ekhethekile yegatsha ngalinye ukuze kubonakale imiphumela. Icebo elinolwazi lihlonipha indima ekhethekile yomthetho wegatsha ngalinye kuyilapho lifaka ukuxhumana phakathi kwawo.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: I - Arena of Favor

Igatsha lemithetho liklanyelwe ukuba libe yintando ethandwa kakhulu. Indlu yabameleli, nemijikelezo yayo yeminyaka emibili yokukhetha, yayihloselwe ukuba ithinteke kakhulu emzwelweni womphakathi. ISigele, ekuqaleni esasikhethwe izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, saklanywa njengendikimba ekhubazekayo, kodwa iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye sasenza salandisa ngokuqondile ngokuvota. Ithuluzi lakho eliyinhloko lapha liyinhlangano yezombangazwe.

Iwuphawu Oluyisisekelo, Hhayi Ukweba

Nakuba ukuvota ummeleli wakho kuyisenzo esibaluleke kakhulu, kumane kuyindawo yokungena. Ukhetho lwama-mincter, lapho kuncipha khona ngokomlando ngeminyaka engu-30-40% uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka yobumongameli, kulapho kuvame ukunqunywa khona. Ukuqonda izabelo zekomiti yommeleli wakho kubucayi. Ilungu le House Agriculture Committee lisabela kakhulu kakhulu emfunweni wezepulazi kunomuntu ohlala ekomitini yezindaba zamazwe angaphandle. Imikhankani yokhetho, izinselele eziyinhloko, nokuzinziswa kwendawo kuyizimiso eziphakamisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe phakathi kokhetho.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngokuqondile Nabameleli Nabasizi

Ngokuphambene nenkolelo ethandwayo, amahhovisi e-cornionational alandela zonke izihlomelo zomuntu oyedwa. Ucingo oluhlonishwe kahle, uhlamvu, noma ucingo luvame ukuthwala ubunzima obungaphezulu kunophawu olukhiqiziwe olusuka eqenjini lezemfundo. Amalungu abasebenzi, ikakhulukazi umqondisi we-Legislative and Councip, yizazi ezihlolayo ezifingqa ilungu ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukwakha ubuhlobo obunenhlonipho, obuqinile nala zisebenzi kungakunika umugqa oqondile enqubweni ye-injini ye-ia. Imihlangano yaseTown ihlala iyindawo enamandla yokuphendulela impela lapho imibuzo iqonde futhi iphenywa kahle.

Amandla Okubusa Okuhleleka

Kunomehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kokuveza umbono nokuhlanganisa ukubambisana. I- Grassroots inyakatho ebonisa ububanzi, ukusekela okunentshiseko esifundeni ingasusa isikhundla sommeleli eqenjini lomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iNhlangano yabesifazane inikeza amathuluzi angadiliniki okuqonda inqubo yomthetho, kuyilapho amaqembu aqondeneyo (njenge-ACLU noma i-NRA) enikeza ulwazi olujulile nemizamo ehlangene. Isihluthulelo yinhlangano: iqembu lezakhamuzi ezihlangana njalo futhi zixhumane nokuhlanganisa ukubopha okungavumelani kwazo imvume njalo, kuyoba ngcono kakhulu ukudlula abantu abahlukene abangu - 500 abathumela ama-imeyili.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngokuqondile Enqubweni Yomthetho

Izakhamuzi eziningi aziqapheli ukuthi zingahlanganyela enqubweni yomthetho ngokwayo. AmaKomiti athatha ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi emthetho ohlongozwayo (izigebengu). Lokhu kulalela kuvumela ufakazi ongochwepheshe namazwi omphakathi. Ukunikeza incwadi ebhalwe erekhodini lekomiti kuqinisekisa ukuma kwakho kuyoba yingxenye yomlando wemithetho ye-zishaya-mthetho. Kuhulumeni abaningi, ungabhalisa ukuma kwakho emthethweni we-i-international. I-Library of Congressly ilondoloza isiqondiso esibanzi enqubwelweni yemithetho ye-agist, futhi Conrever.[FLT]

Igatsha Eliphethe: I - Engine of Administration

Lapho igatsha lezemithetho libhala imithetho, igatsha eliphethe lifaka ukuphila kuwo ngokuqinisekisa nokuqondisa. Inhlangano kahulumeni, ehlanganisa iminyango enjengeHealth neHS (HHS), i-Nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), kanye noMnyango wezemfundo, iveza izinkulungwane zemithetho unyaka ngamunye. Lemithetho ithonya lezakhamuzi lapha lilawulwa yi-productal ne-remostal, kunokuba likhethwe kuphela.

Ithonya Elikhulu Lokuqondisa

Ukhetho lukamongameli nolwe-gubernary lunquma ukuhola kwezindawo eziphakeme zezinhlangano eziphethe. Umongameli omusha umisa abaqondisi nabaqondisi abamisa ukugcinwa komthetho okuza kuqala. Yingakho ukukhetha abaphethe kuncintiswa kakhulu, banquma ukuthi umthetho uphoqelelwe ngonya, ngempoqo, noma cha. Nokho, iningi lezisebenzi zomphakathi ezisebenzayo lihlala lisendaweni yabanye abaphethe, linikeza ukuqhubekela phambili nobuchwepheshe. Ukuqhuba umholi wenhlangano kudinga ukuqonda lokhu kuhlakanipha.

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho

Lokhu kuyinto enamandla kakhulu, kodwa engaphansi kakhulu, ithuluzi lezakhamuzi eliyithonya kuwo wonke uhulumeni wombuso. I-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) idinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zikhiphe imithetho ehlongozwayo kuyi-Federal Register futhi zamukele ukukhulumela komphakathi ngaphambi kokuyiqeda. Lokhu akuyona ibhokisi lokusikisela okungokomthetho; kuyimfuneko engokomthetho. I-Adimension kumele ifunde futhi iphendule ezitathwini. I-data-drivedn ingaphoqa i-mza i-imviza ukuba iphinde iphinde ithathe umthetho noma ibekwe i-mthethweni ngenxa yokuba "irrary ne-sting.""""

I-platform i-project.gov iyindawo ephethe inqubo. Ungafuna imithetho ehlongozwayo ngezihloko ezisukela ekungathathi-hlangothini kwenethi nezokuphepha ezibulala izinambuzane. Ukubhala impendulo ephumelelayo kuhlanganisa ukucaphuna izingxenye ezithile zomthetho ohlongozwayo, ukunikeza ubufakazi, nokuchaza ithonya elisebenzayo lesimiso somthetho. Lena yindawo yokubusa ngentando yeningi esebenzayo, icwengisiwe ngesimiso sezomthetho.

Izimemo, IFAIA, Nokuhlola Obala

Ngaphandle kokubeka imithetho engokomthetho, izinhlangano eziphetheyo zivame ukuba nemihlangano yasobala futhi zilalele izikhawulo. Ukufaka isicelo enkampanini kuyisicelo esingokomthetho sokuthatha isinyathelo. Inkululeko yolwazi (FOIA) ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zicele izincwadi ezivela egatsheni eliphethe, zikhanyisele indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo. Ukusebenzisa i-FOIA ngokusemthethweni kungaveza ukwaziswa nezingxoxo zangaphakathi ezisekela imigomo yakho yobufundazwe.

Amagatsha Aphethe Uhulumeni

Ababusi bakahulumeni nezinhlangano zikahulumeni (ingxenye yemfundo, ezokuthutha, izinga lendawo ezungezile) bavame ukuba nethonya eliqonde kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukubekwa kwezimiso zikahulumeni kubonakalisa isimiso sikahulumeni. Inhlangano kahulumeni emisa izindinganiso ezintsha zamanzi anezinga eliphezulu kumelwe futhi yamukele izinkulumo zomphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela ezingeni likahulumeni kungaphumelela kakhulu ngoba ukuthatha iqhaza kuphansi kakhulu, okusho ukuthi izwi lakho likhulu ngokwesilinganiso.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Umgadi Wezimiso

Igatsha lokwahlulela, elichazwa u-Alexander Hamilton njengegatsha eliyingozi "eliyingozi" ngoba alilawuli isikhwama noma inkemba, linamandla amakhulu ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, “‘ ikhono lokushaya imithetho ephula umthetho. Ithonya lezakhamuzi lapha aliqondile kodwa alifani. Igatsha lokwahlulela liklanyelwe ukuvikelwa ezindaweni ezinkulu zezombangazwe ezithatha isikhathi eside, okusho ukuthi ukubhanana kumelwe kube nokuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kube isikhathi eside.

Ithonya Eliqondile Ngokumisa Nokuqinisekisa

Ngoba amajaji kahulumeni asebenza ekumisweni kokuphila konke, inqubo yokukhetha iyimpi ephakeme yezombangazwe. Abameli bahluleli abathatha imingcele yethonya labo elingokomthetho, futhi iSigele siyabaqinisekisa. Lena iyindlela eyinhloko yokufakwa kwezakhamuzi ejaji. Ukunikeza umongameli ngokusekelwe ekumisweni kwabo kokwahlulela, kanye nokucindezela abasizi ukuba baqinisekise noma bavimbele ama-mine, kuyindlela engokomthetho yethonya elide lesikhathi eside. Abahluleli bahulumeni bavame ukukhethwa ngokuqondile, bavumele ukuba baphendulelwe ngokushesha.

Ukuhlanganyela Okuqondile: AmaJuries, Amafingqi, Nokuma

Izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuqondile egatsheni lokwahlulela ngokusemthethweni ngenkonzo yamajaji. IziNguqulo zeSithandathu nezeSembete ziqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu nasecaleni lomphakathi. Ngalé kwecala lomthetho, "umngane wenkantolo" (akekeli) uvumela abantu ngabanye, amaqembu ozakwabo, nochwepheshe ukuba banikeze izimpikiswano enkantolo ngecala elithile abangewona iqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusekela amalungelo enzuzo eyimfihlo kungabangela ukuba kungabi lula ukuqulwa kwecala elikhulu lobuchwepheshe.

Ukuze ilethe icala, isakhamuzi kumelwe sibe nokuma `ukulimala kokhonkolo okungalapheka inkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu endawo ezungezile avame ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezihambelanayo emithethweni njenge-Cecter Act ku-'ilces's orsue ongcolise noma i-EPA' ngokuqondile.

Ukukhohlisa, Umbono Womphakathi, Nezinselele Ezingokomthetho

Nakuba amajaji ezimele, awasebenzi endaweni ekhululekile emphakathini. Icala lamalungelo omphakathi (njengale Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo noma Obergefell v. Hodges) yandulelwa amashumi eminyaka ezehlakalo zomphakathi, i-ligation, kanye nezimiso eziguquguqukayo zomphakathi. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-NACPCCLF I Fund yezempi yasemthethweni ne-Innocence Project isebenzisa i-ligio recurectiontion ukuze ishintshe indawo engokomthetho. Shading commentations i-mediation ngemithombo yezindaba ne-octivetic.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamagatsha Okuhlelekile: Ukusebenzisa Wonke Amagatsha Ndawonye

Imizamo yokuthungatha amagatsha ephumelela kakhulu isebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa kuwo womathathu amagatsha.

  • [ Igatsha elinomthetho: Izakhamuzi zicindezela umthetho kahulumeni wemfihlo obanzi. Zinxusa abameleli bazo, zifakaza enkantolo, futhi zihlela abavoti kulokhu kukhipha impikiswano.
  • Igatsha eliphethe kahle: Ngenkathi iziKhomishane zikhomba ngamabomu, izakhamuzi zicindezela iFederal Trade Commission (FTC) ukuba isebenzise igunya layo elikhona ukuze ilawule imisebenzi yemininingwane engalungile noma ekhohlisayo. Zifaka izinkulumo eziningi ze-FTC ngemithetho ehlongozwayo yemfihlo.
  • Igatsha le-Judicial:[[[FTC:1] Ngemva kokukhipha umthetho we-FTC, imboni ifuna ukukuvimbela. Amafayela ezakhamuzi asekela umthetho. Uma uKhongolo ludlulisa umthetho onephutha, izakhamuzi zisekela inselele engokomthetho ephikisanayo ephula amalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala.

Lendlela ebanzi ebhekisa phambili ibangela ukudamba. Uma igatsha elilodwa lingasabeli, ungaguqula iso ubheke kwelinye. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akusona isithiyo sokuthatha isinyathelo; kuyisimiso esihlelekile sokuthembisana okuqhubekayo.

Izithiyo Zanamuhla Zokuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini

Kungaba ubuwula ukuxoxa ngethonya lezakhamuzi ngaphandle kokwamukela izinselele zokwakha. Ukuhluka kwemali ekhona kwezombangazwe, kulandela izinqumo ezinjenge .Citizens United v. FEC, kukhulisa amazwi ezisebenzi ezicebile nezinkampani. Ukuhlukanisa okukhulu kudala "ukulondeka" amasifunda lapho abameleli besaba kakhulu inselele eqenjini labo kunasemphikweni wempi evamile, ukunciphisa ukusabela kwabo evotini. Ekugcineni, ukuyinkimbinkimbi okukhulu kwendlela yokuhlela imali nezimiso zokulawula.

Ukunqoba lemingcele kudinga ukuzibophezela emfundweni nasebunhlanganweni. Kusho ukusekela izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo okuvota nokumelelwa kahle. Kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi uhulumeni wendawo (izindawo zomphakathi) amabhodi, amakomiti esikole, imikhandlu yedolobha (indawo efinyeleleka kakhulu nenemiphumela engcono kakhulu ku isakhamuzi esivamile. Izwi elilodwa engqungqutheleni yesikole lingashintsha isimiso.

UHulumeni Nohulumeni Bendawo: Izinhlangano Zokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seshumi asizange sinikezwe uhulumeni kahulumeni. Lokhu kudala izinkundla ezihlukene ezingu - 50 zokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Uhulumeni woMbuso uvame ukuba umqondisi oyinhloko womshuwalense, imfundo, ukusetshenziswa kwezwe, nokhetho lwendawo. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni, enganikeza isivikelo esibanzi kunomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni.

Uhulumeni wendawo uhlangana nomthetho wezemfundo. Izinqumo, imali esetshenziswa amaphoyisa, isikole sesikole, imicimbi yezindaba zedolobha, amakhomishane esifundazwe, namabhodi esikole. Lezi zindikimba zihlangana njalo, futhi ukukhulumela umphakathi kuvunyelwe njalo. Isithiyo sokungena siphansi. Ukujaha ihhovisi lendawo noma ukuya emhlanganweni wesigungu sedolobha kungenye yezindlela eziqonde kakhulu zokusebenzisa izwi lakho.

Isiphetho: Ukuba Umphathi Okhuthele Wesimiso Esiyinkimbinkimbi

James Madison waphikisa kuFederal P. 51 ukuthi "kumelwe kuqala uvumele uhulumeni ukuba alawule ababuswayo; futhi endaweni elandelayo ubophe ukuzilawula." Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyindlela yokuzilawula. Kodwa lendlela idinga ukuthembisana nolwazi lwezakhamuzi ukuze isebenze kahle. Izwi lakho alilona incwajana eyodwa ehholo elisendaweni ezungezile. Kuwumnikelo ohlukile esimisweni esishukumisayo, esihlanganisanayo.

Ukwazi imvume ephumelelayo esimisweni samandla ahlukene kusho ukwazi [ lapho ukuvota, lapho kupho kuphi lapho kudinga khona icebo, ukuphikelela, nokuzimisela ukufunda imithetho ye-procratic yegatsha ngalinye. Isimiso sasiklanyelwe ukucotha nokuvikela inkululeko. ukukunika amandla nokuqondisa okuvumelana nenkululeko. Ifuna inkululeko enikezwayo. I-i-agnobon'insed, ukuphikelela, nokuzimisela ukufunda imithetho yegatsha ngalinye. Isimiso sasiklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko.