Isisekelo Somthetho Ophoqelelwayo Nokulandisa

Umthetho ukhona ukuze kusungulwe ukuhleleka, uvikele amalungelo, futhi uchaze ukuziphatha okwamukelekayo emphakathini. Kodwa yini eyenzekayo uma leyo mithetho iphulwa? Impendulo ayivamile ukuba ihlanganise ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zomthetho eziqashelwayo, izimiso zokwahlulela, izinhlangano zokuqondisa izigwegwe, nezimiso zezenhlalakahle ezihlela ukulandisa. Kubafundi nabafundisi abafunda izakhamuzi, ukwahlulela okungathandeki, noma izimiso zokuziphatha, ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izinhlangano zanamuhla zigcina kanjani ukuhleleka kuyilapho ukulinganisa ubulungisa, ukungaguquguquki, namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono ogcwele ekubekeni imithetho egcinwayo, imikhakha yemiphumela yokujekethaza, kanye nendima ebucayi yokulandisa komthetho, futhi neyokwephula imithetho kanye nezimiso ezigunyaziwe.

Indima Yanamuhla Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho zisebenza njengomthetho ophambili. Umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukuvimbela ubugebengu, ukuhlola ukuphulwa komthetho okusolwayo, izigebengu eziboshelwe ukuboshwa, nokusekela umthetho. Nokho, ukumiswa komthetho kuye kwanda kakhulu kulelikhulu leminyaka elidlule. Namuhla, izikhulu zilindeleke ukuba ziphendule yonke into kusukela ezingxabanweni zobudlova kuya ezinkingeni zempilo, ukujeza kwezimoto kuya ezingxabanweni zasekhaya. Lo myalo obanzi udinga ukuxubana kolwazi olungokomthetho, amakhono okulwa, nokuhlangana komphakathi.

Imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuxosha ubugebengu ngokuhlola abantu ababonakalayo kanye nokusiza umphakathi
  • Ukusabela ezingcingweni eziphuthumayo nokunikeza usizo olusheshayo
  • Ukuhlola: ukuqoqa ubufakazi, ukuxoxa nofakazi, namacala okwakha
  • Ukuboshwa lapho kungenzeka kubangelwe yilokho
  • Ukufakazelwa Enkantolo
  • Ukushaya imithetho yezimoto nokugcina ukuphepha komphakathi
  • Ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni zokuvimbela ubugebengu nasemkhakheni womphakathi

Ukusebenza komthetho kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuthembekeni komphakathi. Ngaphandle kokubambisana nomphakathi, ukuxazulula ubugebengu kuba nzima kakhulu. Yingakho amaphoyisa anamuhla egcizelela kakhulu ukulunga kwezenqubo yomthetho, umqondo wokuthi indlela izikhulu eziphatha ngayo abantu njengomphumela wobudlelwane. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi ziye zaphathwa ngokufanele, zisengozini kakhulu yokuvumelana nomthetho futhi zisebenzisane neziphathimandla. Uma zifuna ukusekela i-procedtura bulungisa, bona i - National Institute of Justice

Izinhlobo Zomthetho Eziphoqelelwayo

Ukugcinwa komthetho e-United States kuncishisiwe kakhulu. Akukho butho elilodwa lamaphoyisa ezwe; kunalokho, imithwalo yemfanelo ihlukaniswa phakathi kwamazinga amaningi kahulumeni. Uhlobo ngalunye lwenhlangano lunegunya elihlukile, izimfuneko zokuqeqesha, futhi lunezindawo ezigxile kuzo.

Izinhlangano Zamaphoyisa Endawo

Iminyango yamaphoyisa kahulumeni iyindlela ebonakala kakhulu yokugcinwa komthetho. Isingatha ubugebengu phakathi kwemingcele yedolobha, kuhlanganise nokugada, ukugcinwa kwezimoto, nokuhlola kokuqala. Izehlakalo zezehlakalo zezehlakalo zezehlakalo eziningi zisuka emadolobheni amancane anezikhulu ezimbalwa kuya emadolobheni amakhulu anjenge New York noma iLos Angeles. Amaphoyisa endawo ngokuvamile ayiziphenduli zokuqala ezehlakalweni eziningi.

Amahhovisi esifunda sesifunda se-sheriff

Ezindaweni eziningi, isikhulu sesifundazwe sikhonza njengesikhulu esiphethe amaphoyisa ezindawo ezingafakwanga mthetho futhi singase siphathe ijele lesifunda. Amaphoyisa ngokuvamile ayizikhulu ezikhethiwe, eziqala uhlu oluqondile lwezintambo zentando yeningi. Imisebenzi yabo ingahlanganisa ukulondeka enkantolo, ukunikeza imvume, nokuphatha amaphepha enqubo yomphakathi.

Amaphoyisa Kahulumeni Nomgwaqo Ophakeme

Izinhlangano zezezinga eliphansi likahulumeni zimisa imithetho yezimoto emigwaqweni emikhulu ephakathi kwesifundazwe, zisiza iminyango yendawo ngezenzakalo ezinkulu, futhi ngokuvamile zisingatha uphenyo lobugebengu olunqamula izifunda. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengePennsylvania neMichigan, zinebutho likahulumeni elinikeza ukugcinwa komthetho okuyinhloko ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezingenayo iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo.

Izimo Eziphuthumayo

Izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zisebenza ezweni lonke futhi zigxile ezinhlotsheni ezithile zobugebengu. I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) isingatha amacala kahulumeni angathi sína njengobuphekula, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, nobugebengu nge-inthakthi. I-Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) imisa imithetho elawula izinto ezisetshenziswayo. I-Bureautaria of Alcohol, i-Tobacco, i-Firsomings ne-Ecoplosis (ATFFF) ilawula izibhamu nezinganiso ze-atlectivel. I-Actives of Homeidation and Custommentment (ICP). Ukuwohloka kwemisebe lokulawula umthetho kahulumeni, ukuhambela kwe-[FOLD]

Imiphumela Yokwephula Umthetho

Uma umuntu etholakala ephule umthetho, imiphumela idlulela ngalé kwesijeziso esilula. Ihamba phakathi kwesimiso somthetho, ithinta ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu, futhi ibangela imiphumela engokwenhlalo nengokomnotho. Imiphumela ivame ukwehlela ezingxenyeni eziningana.

Imiphumela Engokomthetho

Isimiso somthetho simisa uhide lwezijeziso kuye ngobukhulu becala, umlando wobugebengu womenzi wobubi, kanye nombuso. Lokhu kungahlanganisa:

  • [ Isijeziso sezentengiselwano ezikhokhwayo kuhulumeni noma ezisulwini. Isiyalo sokubuyisa sidinga ukuba isoni sikhokhe izisulu ngokulahlekelwa.
  • Isivumelwano: inkathi yokukhululwa okungaqondiswa emphakathini, ngokuvamile enezimo ezinjengokuhlola njalo, ukuhlolwa kwemilaliso, izimfuneko zomsebenzi, kanye nemingcele ekuhambeni noma ekuhlanganeni.
  • Inkonzo ye-community: umsebenzi ongakhokhelwanga wenhlangano engazuzi nzuzo noma kahulumeni, ehloselwe ukubuyisela umphakathi.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Jail (isikhathi esifushane, ngokuvamile isifundazwe sesifunda) noma ijele (isikhathi eside, isifundazwe noma uhulumeni). Izigwebo zasejele zingaqala kusukela ezinyangeni kuya ekuphileni, futhi ezinye izifunda zisavumela isijeziso sentambo yobugebengu obungathi sína kakhulu.
  • [[QURT:0] Isigwebo esingcono: Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, noma izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa ezisingatha izindaba ezicashile kunokuthembela kuphela esijezisweni.

Lemiyalo ihloselwe ukufeza izinjongo eziningi: isijeziso (ukulunga izingwadule), ukunqanda (ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo), ukucasha (ukususa isigebengu emphakathini), nokubuyisela (ukuziphatha okusha). Ukulinganisela phakathi kwalemigomo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ezikhundleni zemingcele nasesikhathini esidlule.

Imiphumela Engokwenhlalo

Ngaphandle kwesijeziso senkantolo, ukwephula umthetho ngokuvamile kubangela izijeziso zezenhlalakahle ezinamandla. Irekhodi lobugebengu lingadala izithiyo emsebenzini, izindlu, imfundo, nokuqashwa komsebenzi. Abaqashi abaningi baqhuba amasheke, futhi ukukhohliswa okungagunyazi kungamenza umuntu angafaneleki emisebenzini eminingi. Iziphathimandla zezindawo zomphakathi zingaphika ukuthi akakho. Ngisho nangemva kokuqeda isigwebo, abantu abanamarekhodi obugebengu bangabhekana nokucwasa nobandlululo olungokomthetho [

Imiphumela engokwenhlalo ihlanganisa nalokhu:

  • [[QULT:0] Izikhala zedumela:[ Abangane, umkhaya, namalungu omphakathi angazahlulela noma aqhele.
  • [[[QL:0] Ukuqeqesha ubuhlobo:[ Ukuhlukanisa kuhlukanisa imikhaya, futhi ukucindezeleka kwezenkantolo kungalimaza imishado nobudlelwane.
  • Imiphumela engokomzwelo nengokwengqondo:[[FLT] ihlazo, umuzwa wecala, ukukhathazeka, nokucindezeleka kuvamile. Ukuchayeka ohlelweni lokwahlulela kobugebengu kungaba buhlungu, ikakhulukazi kubantwana.
  • Izikhala zamalungelo omphakathi:[ Kwezinye izifundazwe, amafelome alahlekelwa ilungelo lokuvota, ukusebenza ezinkantolo, noma ukuba nezibhamu. Lemithetho ingaqhubeka isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba isigwebo sikhishwe.

Imiphumela Engokomnotho

Imiphumela engokwezimali yokwephula umthetho inkulu. Imali engokomthetho, izindleko zenkantolo, inhlawulo, nokukhokhwa kungafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni zamaRandi. Ukuhlawulwa kuholela ekulahlekelweni umsebenzi futhi ngokuvamile kuholela ekulahlekelweni umsebenzi. Ngisho nangemva kokukhululwa, ihlazo lomthetho wesigebengu linciphisa amathuba alinganiselwa ku-10-30% kumadoda, futhi ngaphezulu kwabesifazane. Ingqikithi emphakathini (kuhlanganise amaphoyisa, izinkantolo, namajele)

Ukulandisa EMthethweni

Ukulandisa kungumgwaqo ohamba ngezindlela ezimbili. Nakuba izakhamuzi zinecala lokwephula imithetho, izikhulu zomthetho ngokwazo kumelwe zilandise ngendlela ezisebenzisa ngayo igunya lazo. Ukulandisa kwamaphoyisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zithatha isinyathelo ngokomthetho, zihloniphe amalungelo azo omphakathi, futhi zisebenzise amandla azo ngokwezimiso. Lapho ukulandisa kuwohloka, ukwethemba umphakathi kuyaphela, futhi ukufaneleka kwayo yonke isimiso sobulungisa kuyangatshazwa.

Izindlela Zokulandisa

Izinhlangano eziningi zamaphoyisa zinengxenye yezindaba ezingaphakathi ephenya izikhalo ezimelene nezikhulu. Uma kutholakala ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi kulungile, kungasukela ekusoleni okubhaliwe kuya ekuthuleni, ekuqedweni, noma ekuqedweni. Nokho, uphengululweni kwangaphakathi kuye kwagxekwa kaningi ngokuzethemba nokungabonakali. Izinguquko eziningi zifuna ukuqinisa ukulandisa kwangaphakathi ngokufuna ukushesha, ukuhlola okucophelela nokungaqondisi.

Ukuqondisa Kwangaphandle

Amabhodi aqondisa umphakathi, aziwa futhi ngokuthi amabhodi okuhlola okungekho emthethweni, anikeza isheke emaphoyiseni. La mandikimba, akhiwa amalungu omphakathi noma ochwepheshe abazimele, abukeze izikhalo, atuse ushintsho lwezimiso, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abe negunya lokuyala izikhulu.

Ukubona Kahle Nemininingwane

Umbiko womphakathi uyithuluzi elinamandla lokulandisa. Izinhlangano eziningi manje zinyathelisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezenzakalo zempi, ukuboshwa, ukumiswa, nokukhononda. I-Bureau of Justice Statistics iqoqa futhi ihlaziye imininingwane yezwe, kuyilapho i-FBI’s FBI’s FREF Ex Crime Reporting program ilandela izilinganiso zobugebengu. Amakhamera omzimba aveza izibalo ezivamile, anikeza ubufakazi bevidiyo obungaxazulula izimpikiswano nokunqanda ukuziphatha okubi. Nokho, izikhalo zemfihlo nezimiso ze-mfastry zihlala zisekhona.

Ukuqeqesha Nemfundo

Ukuthuthukisa kuyindlela eyinhloko yokulungisa. Izihloko zihlanganisa amasu okungaguquguquki, ubandlululo olucacile, ukungenela kwenhlekelele ezingcingweni zempilo yengqondo, nokulungisa okungokomthetho. Iminyango eminingi manje idinga ukuqeqeshwa okusekelwe esimweni esihlelekile kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwaminyaka yonke. Ukubheka ngokubhekisa phambili ezindinganisweni zokuqeqesha kwamaphoyisa, ukucwaninga kokulawula i-FORM

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukuphoqelelwa Nokulandisa Kuyaboniswa

Izibonelo zezwe zangempela zicacisa kokubili intuthuko nezinselele zokulinganisela ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu nokulandisa.

Ukuhlola Icala 1: Ukushintsha Kwamaphoyisa E - United States

Ukufa kukaMichael Brown eForguson, eMissouri (2014, uGeorge Floyd eMinneapolis (2020), nabanye abaningi babangela ukubhikisha kwezwe lonke kanye nemizamo yenguquko.

  • Amakhamera eBody-worn: Manje asesilinganisweni eminyangweni eminingi, lamakhamera abonisiwe ukunciphisa ukukhononda nokusebenzisa amandla. Nokho, izimiso ziyahlukahluka uma izikhulu zimelwe zibhale phansi futhi zibukezwe kanjani.
  • Sebenzisa-imposiso yenkambiso: Iminyango eminingi iye yavala iminyango enciphisiwe nezindawo zokumisa, idinga ukususwa kwemisebe ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amandla, futhi i-athonsi eligunyaziwe lapho isikhulu sibona amandla eqile.
  • I-communiy policy:[ Ukwakha ubuhlobo ngokuqapha izinyawo njalo, imihlangano yomphakathi, kanye nokubambisana nezinhlangano zendawo kuhloselwe ukwandisa ukwethembana nokuhlanganyela ulwazi.
  • Imithetho yoku-'FLT': UMnyango wobulungisa ungangena ezivumelwaneni eziphoqelelwe enkantolo neminyango yamaphoyisa ekhathazekile, idinga izinguquko ezithile ngokuhlola okuzimele. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izimemo zemvume eSeattle, eNew Orleans, nase Chicago.

Lezinguquko ziye zaveza imiphumela exubile. Amanye amadolobha aye abona ukwehla kokusebenzisa izenzakalo nezikhalo; amanye aye alwa nokusetshenziswa nokungavumelani kwezombangazwe. Ukuphumelela kwalezi zinyathelo isikhathi eside kusahlolwa.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 2: Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokulandisa

Ukuqhathanisa amazwe ahlukahlukene kwembula ezinye izinhlobo zamaphoyisa nokulandisa.

  • Amazwe ase-Scandinavia (i- Norway, Finland) agcizelela ukuvuselelwa ngenxa yesijeziso. Amaphoyisa awo mancane futhi athembeke kakhulu. Izigwebo zasejele zimfushane, futhi ukugxila ekubuyiselweni kabusha. Izinga lokubuyisela i-Recifivism liphansi.
  • u-United Kingdom usebenza ku-"umthetho ngokuvuma" isiko, lapho ukuvunyelwa umphakathi kubhekwa njengokubalulekile khona. Abaphathi ngokuvamile abaphethe izibhamu, futhi kugcizelelwa kakhulu ekubopheni umphakathi. I-Ependent Office for Police Epial ihlola izikhalo ezingathi sína.
  • Izindawo ezinenkohlakalo enkulu zibhekene nezinselele ezinzima zokulandisa. Kwamanye amazwe, amaphoyisa akhokhelwa kancane futhi awaqeqeshiwe kahle, kuholela ekufumbathiseni nasekuphangeni. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge-Ofisi yezidakamizwa ne-Crime zisebenza nohulumeni ukuze ziqinise izinyathelo zokulwa nokonakala.
  • i-potoli ye-community esekelwe engxenyeni enjenge-Japane (nenenethikithone lamabhokisi amancane amaphoyisa abizwa ngokuthi koban) ikhuthaza ukusondelana phakathi kwabaphathi nezakhamuzi. Abaphathi bezikhulu ngokuvamile bayazi imikhaya engxenyeni yabo futhi bahileleke emisebenzini yokuvimbela ubugebengu engaphaya komthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokulandisa Ngomphakathi Olungile

Kungani ukulandisa kubaluleke kangaka? Ekujuleni kwayo, ukulandisa yikho okuhlukanisa umthetho nokubusa kwabantu. Uma abantu ngabanye `izakhamuzi noma izikhulu] bethatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokujeziswa, isimiso silahlekelwa ilungelo laso. Ukulandisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi:

  • [ amahhovisi abekwa icala lokuziphatha okubi. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kwesikhathi esizayo futhi kunikeza izisulu ubulungisa.
  • Amakhomu azizwa ephephile futhi ehloniphekile. Imali yokusebenza kwamaphoyisa. Ngaphandle kwayo, ukubambisana kuyancipha nobugebengu kuba nzima ukuxazulula.
  • Ukuziphatha okulungile kuyaboniswa futhi kulungiswe. Izimiso zokungenela zakuqala zingamisa izikhulu ngezindlela zokukhononda, ezenza ukuqeqesha noma ukuyala ngaphambi kokuba izinkinga zikhule.
  • [ Ukuthembela komthetho kugcinwe. Uma abantu bekholelwa ukuthi lesi simiso silungile, basengozini kakhulu yokulalela imithetho, ukubika ubugebengu, futhi bakhonze njengofakazi.

Ekugcineni, ukulandisa akukona nje ukujezisa ukuziphatha okubi; kungokokwakha isimiso esifundayo nesithuthukisayo. Lokhu kudinga ukuba nokwaziswa, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, ukuqondisa okuzimele, nokuzimisela ukushintsha izimiso ezingasebenzi.

Isiphetho: Ngasendleleni Elinganiselwe Yokuphoqelelwa Nokulandisa

Ukuqonda okwenzekayo lapho imithetho iphulwa kuhilela okungaphezu kokugcina uhlu lwezijeziso. Kudinga ukulwa nezinjongo zesijeziso, imingcele yokugcinwa kwemithetho, nendima ebalulekile yokulandisa kubo bonke abadlali esimisweni sobulungisa. Kubafundi nabafundisi, lena akuyona imiqondo engaqondakali − ithonya ukuphila kwansuku zonke, ukulondeka komphakathi, nempilo yentando yeningi ngokwayo.

Ukugcinwa komthetho okuphumelelayo kuvikela imiphakathi futhi kusekele umthetho. Kodwa ngaphandle kwezindlela eziqinile zokulandisa, amandla asetshenziswa amaphoyisa angalulaza bona kanye ubulungisa afungwe ukuba abusebenzise. Izimiso ezingcono kakhulu zihlanganisa izindinganiso ezicacile zomthetho nokuqeqeshwa, ukuqondisa, nokuzimisela ukuthuthukisa okuqhubekayo. Bayaqaphela ukuthi wonke umthetho ophukileyo uwehluleka ngohlobo oluthile oluthile, ngezinye izikhathi inqubo esilungisa ngayo nokulungisa ukuhleleka.

Ngokuhlolisisa lezi zinqubo, singanikela ezindleleni ezilungile neziphumelelayo zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho emiphakathini yethu.