ISigqi Somthetho - sisekelo Sendawo Yehhovisi

Isifungo sobumongameli siyimfuneko engenakuthathwa ngokomthetho-sisekelo. ISiqendu II, Ingxenye 1, u-Claus 8 woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sithi: "Ngaphambi kokuba angene ekuphathweni kweHhovisi lakhe, uthatha i-Oath noma i-Afting." Lo mbhalo awushiyi indawo yokungaqondi: akukho muntu ongase asebenzise amandla ombuso ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda isifungo sokuqala samashumi amathathu nanhlanu. Isifungo sisebenza njengesithembiso sasobala sokulondoloza, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo, futhi uphawula ukudluliswa okungokomthetho kwegunya lempathi yesikhulu. Ngaphandle kwawo, umongameli-qhinga akanakukhipha iziyalezo ezingokomthetho, umyalo wezempi, noma angene nohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe. Abameleli babheka lemfuneko njengesemthethweni wokuqala ekulondolozeni uhulumeni futhi bavimbeleni kwemfutho wezikhulu eziyinhloko zekhulu.

Isifungo sinikezwa uMahluleli oMkhulu wase-United States ngoSuku lokuHlaziya, ngoJanuwari 20, njengoba samiswa yiSichibiyelo samashumi amabili. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, lomkhuba uye waba isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Nokho umbuzo uyaqhubeka: Kwenzekani uma umongameli owenezelwe engakwazi ukwenza isifungo ngendlela ehleliwe? UMthetho-sisekelo awusho ngokuqondile icebo lokuvumelana, kodwa amanye amalungiselelo nezenzakalo ezingokomlando zinikeza uhlelo lokuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kukahulumeni.

Izenzakalo Ezingokomlando: Lapho Isigodlo Silitshalwa Noma Kubuzwa

Ukuvuselelwa Kokuqala KwaseGeorge Washington (ngo - 1789)

UGeorge Washington wafunga ihhovisi ngoApril 30, 1789, eDolobheni laseNew York, inhloko - dolobha yesikhashana. Lomkhosi ekuqaleni wawuhlelelwe uMarch 4, kodwa ukubambezeleka kwesivumelwano somthetho (kuhlanganise ukumiswa kwesivumelwano okuthatha kancane kweSishaya-mthetho esisha) cishe ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili. Nakuba iWashington yayingakwazanga ukuthatha isifungo, lokhu kulibala kwabonisa ukuthi isikhathi esiqondile sasingavumelana neRiphabliki yakuqala. Iphuzu elibalulekile laliwukuthi isifungo sathathwa ngaphambi kokuba iWashington iqale ukusebenzisa imibuso yobumongameli. Akukho muntu owabuza ilungelo lokuphatha kwakhe ngenxa yokuthi ekugcineni lesifungo senzeka, futhi igebe yagcwala uhulumeni ophumayo ngaphansi kweZiphakatho Zomphakathi.

UWilliam Henry Harrison (1841): Ukufa Ngemva Kommbila

UWilliam Henry Harrison wanikeza ikheli lokuvulwa kwamahora amabili kuphela esimweni sezulu esibandayo ngaphandle kwebhantshi noma isigqoko, waphathwa yi-pneumonia, futhi wafa ngemva kwenyanga eyodwa. Nakuba uHarrison enza isifungo ngoMashi 4 1841, ukufa kwakhe waphonsa isizwe emanzini angenamthetho. Ngalesosikhathi, uMthetho-sisekelo washo kuphela ukuthi uMongameli uPresidenti wayeyothatha “amandla neMibuso” ye-Daphonsisten. Umongameli uJohn Tyler wathatha isifungo, kodwa wayengaphoqeqeleli nje ukuba enze umongameli kodwa umongameli wangempela. Incazelo yesibindi kaTyle yamisa isenzakalo kamuva esiqinisekisiwe kuyi-Applief. UHarrison uveza ukuthi ngisho nangemva kokuthatha umongameli i-demo, noma ukukhomba kwakhe. Umthetho wawungaxakali kahle ngenxa yokulandela umthetho.

Ukuwohloka Kuka - Abraham Lincoln Ngo - 1861: Ukusongelwa Kwezokulondeka

NgoFebruary 1861, uAbraham Lincoln waya eWashington, D.C., phakathi nezinsongo ezikholekayo zokubulawa. Ngosuku lokumiswa kwakhe, abahlaseli abakhaliphile babedwebela ophahleni lwaso eduze kwePennsylvania Avenue, futhi amasosha babeqaphe iCapitol. Naphezu kokucindezeleka, uLincoln wafunga ngaphandle kwesehlakalo. Ukuba wayebulawe noma akhubazeke ngaphambi koSuku lokubulala, uMthetho-sisekelo ngalesosikhathi wawungenalungiselelo elicacile lokufa kukamongameli osemthethweni. Isizwe sasizobhekana nenhlekelele engokomthetho. Lokhu kwacishe kuphuthelwe ukucela imithetho ecacile kamuva.

IRoosevelt ka - 1933 Ukukhuliswa: Umzamo wokubulala

Izinsuku eziyishumi nanye ngaphambi kokunikezelwa kukaFranklin D. Roosevelt, umbulali ogama lakhe linguGiuseppe Zangara wadubula isibhamu eRoosevelt eMiami, eFlorida. Inhlamvu yaphunyuka iRoosevelt kodwa yabulala iChicago Mayor Anton Cermak. Ukube umzamo wokubulala wawuphumelele, i-United States ibiyobhekana nesenzakalo esingakaze sibonwe somkhethi kamongameli ofa ngaphambi kokuba enze isifungo. Ngalesosikhathi, iSiphendulo se-interlinthth (esiso sikhuluma ngokuqondile ngalesimo (samukelekile kamuva lowo nyaka). Ukuphunyuka okuncane kwaqokomisa isidingo somthetho obhaliwe. Isigaba se-1970 sesigaba 3 manje sinikeza ukuthi uma umongameli ofa ngaphambi kokuba umhleli wezwe, umongameli we-deacense waba umongameli we-profe.

ISiphakamiso sikamongameli Ongazange Abe uMongameli: “Ingabe Izenzakalo Ezithi“ Bezikhona”

Akekho umongameli okhethwe u-Inaugration Day owake wafa ngaphambi koSuku Lokuthola Inaugration, kodwa abathathi-nxaxheba abaningana baye bafa ngemva kokunqoba kweqembu labo kodwa ngaphambi kokhetho oluvamile. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhethi weDemocratic Horace Greeley wafa ngokushesha ngemva kokhetho luka-1872, kodwa amavoti akhe akhethiwe ahlakazeka. Ngo-1912, uTheodore Roosevelt wasinda emzamweni wokubulala phakathi nomkhankaso. Lezi zenzakalo azihlobene ngokuqondile nesifungo sobumongameli, kodwa zibonisa ukuthi isizwe sibhekene − nehredentiumholi. Uphahla ongokomthetho wokulandela izinhlulo wakhiwa ngesikhathi esilandelanayo waze wathatha isikhathi ukudlula ukusabela ekubhujijekeni kanye nasezinhlekeleleni.

Ngobubanzi besikhathi sokushintsha kukamongameli nezenzakalo zokulondeka, i-National Archives Monical Library [[[FLT: 1] inikeza imilando eminingi.

Imibono Engokomthetho: Uthini UMthetho - sisekelo Lapho I - oath Ingenakuthathwa?

ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili: Ukufa KukaMongameli - Obengalahli

ISichibiyelo sonyaka ka-1970, esagunyazwa ngo-1933, sigcwalisa igebe elikhulu kakhulu eMthethweni woMbuso wokuqala. Ingxenye 3 ifundeka kanje: “Uma, ngesikhathi esimisiwe sokuqala kwegama likaMongameli, uMongameli okhethiwe uzakufa, uMongameli ongumongameli okhethiwe uzoba nguMongameli." Leli lungiselelo liphendula ngokuqondile ukuthi kwenzekani uma umongameli womphathi engakwazi ukwenza isifungo ngenxa yokufa. Umongameli-practice uphazamisi uphazanyiswa ngokushesha, futhi isifungo sesikhundla sibhekiswe kulowo muntu. Umongameli uphinde ahlanganise izimo lapho umongameli-sanqhinga angakafaneleki ukulingiswa, uma impikiswano ehlawulwa yivoti eyenzeka.

Ingxenye ye-4 yeSichibiyelo samashumi amabili yenezela enye isivikelo: "Icala lingase linikeze noma yimuphi umuntu ozofa ngokusemthethweni, lowo iNdlu yabameleli ingakhetha uMongameli noma nini lapho ilungelo lokuzikhethela liyosuswa phezu kwabo, futhi uma kwenzeka kufa noma yimuphi umuntu iSigele esingakhetha kuye noma nini uma ilungelo lokuzikhethela liyohlukaniswa kuye. Lokhu kunikeza iSishaya-Mkhandlu amandla okugcwalisa izikhala ezingabhekiswe ngokuqondile. Ngakho isiphetho siqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho noma umongameli wokhetho efa noma engafaneleki, izwe ngeke lishiywe ngaphandle komphathi wosuku lokulungisa.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili Namashumi Amathathu: Ukugogeka Ngemva Kwesikhala

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1967, sisebenzelana nokungahlangani komongameli ngemva kokuthathwa kwesifungo. Simisa izinqubo zokuba uMongameli ongummeli ophethe i-Accel asebenze uma uMongameli engakwazi ukukhipha amagunya nemisebenzi, futhi agcwalise isikhala eqenjini likamongameli. Nakuba singesifaneleki ngokuqondile esikhathini sokufunga, lokhu kuphelelisa uhlelo lokulandelana. Kuhlangene neSinyusi se-195, kwakha umugqa ongenawo wokulandelana kusukela ngesikhathi sokhetho kuya phambili. Izazi ezingokomthetho zibheka ukubuyiselwa kokushendedwa okubili njengokuvumelana: igebe yangaphambi kokumiswa kwezwe ngenkathi yokuhlanganisa, i-20-F55 iphethe igementation post-ult.

I-Cornell Legal Information Institute inikeza imininingwane yokubhalwa kwe Isichibiyeli se-Treeth kanye ne-FTY-FIT [.

UMthetho Kamongameli Ofezwe Ngo - 1947

Ngalé kwalezi zinguquko ezimbili, uMongameli we-Frandment Act ka-1947 uhlela uhlu lokulandelana ngemva kukaMongameli. Uma kokubili umongameli nosekela umongameli bengakwazi ukukhonza − ngokwesibonelo, uma bobabili befa ngaphambi kwesifungo , uSwebi weNdlu uba ngumongameli, olandelwa nguMongameli weSigele, futhi kamuva izikhulu zekhathebe ngokulandelana kwendalo. Lomthetho awukaze uhlolwe emongweni wokwehluleka kukamongameli ongumbeki wesifungo, kodwa kungenzeka ungenele uma umongameli ongumsizi womphathi-sahluleki efile futhi noma engakwazi ukumelana. Isenzo sinikeza ukumiswa ngemva kweSigebetho seNkampathi yemithetho yendalo.

Izincazelo Zezazi: Ingabe I - Oath IwuMandation Ngempela?

Ochwepheshe bezomthetho bavumelana kakhulu ukuthi isifungo siyimfuneko. Akukho mongameli owake wathatha isikhundla ngaphandle kokusiphindaphinda. Okuwukuphela kwephuzu okungaphikiswa ngalo ukuthi umongameli angakhonza isikhashana ngaphandle kwesifungo esiphuthumayo . njengokuhlasela kwenuzi eSukuni lokuTshabhisa. Umbono owandile uwukuthi umongameli okhethayo akanakungena ekufezekeni kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wesifungo wasemthethweni kuze kube yilapho isifungo sithathwa. Isifungo asisona nje isiqinisekiso somthetho nje kuphela; siyisimo sokusetshenziswa kwegunya lobuphathi. Inkantolo Ephakeme ayikaze ithathe ngokuqondile kulendaba, kodwa izinkantolo eziphansi zikhombe imfuneko lapho ihlola ukufaneleka kwezenzo zikamongameli. Ngokwesiko, umongameli ngamunye uye wasenza isifungo ngokushesha, futhi isimiso asikaze sibekwe ekuhlolweni.

Ukuze ungene ngokujule kakhulu olwazini lomthetho-sisekelo, bheka umbiko we-Congressional Research Service we-Profential Transfusion[[FLT: 1]].

Izinhlamvu Zangesikhathi Nokuhlela Ukuzihlela

Ukuphuthuma Kezokwelapha Ngosuku Lokuqala

Kuthiwani uma umongameli okhethwe uthola unhlangothi noma isifo senhliziyo imizuzu ngaphambi kwesifungo esihleliwe? Isiphendulo sekhulu lekhulu leshumi nambili asisho lutho ngokukhubazeka kwesikhashana ngaphambi kokuba kuqale leli gama. Nokho, inkambo enengqondo ingaba ukunikeza isifungo ngokushesha nje lapho umuntu esezinzile ngokwezokwelapha, ngisho noma lokho kusho ukulibala amahora noma izinsuku. Okwamanje, umongameli ophumayo uhlala ehhovisi kuze kube yilapho umongameli omusha ethatha isifungo. Izwe ngeke libe namholi ngenxa yokuthi isikhululo siyaqhubeka. Lesi sigcizelela ukuthi lesifungo siyisihluthulelo esivula ihhovisi. Kuze kube yilapho kuthathwa isifungo, umongameli ophethe umongameli ogcwele.

Ukwenqaba Ukuthatha Indibilishi

Uma umongameli okhethwe uhulumeni enqaba ngokuqondile ukusho isifungo, isimo singaba sisiphithiphithi esingakaze sibonwe futhi sibe ngokomthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo awunikezi umsebenzi ojikelezayo. Ihhovisi liyohlala lingagcwaliswa. Ilungiselelo leSichibiyelo se-1970 le-Exchange lisebenza kuphela uma umongameli okhethayo efa. Ngokungathi umongameli noma ukwenqaba. cishe uKhomishani ingase idlulise umthetho ophuthumayo ukuze igcwalise izikhala, kodwa leyonto engenzeka ibhekane nezinselele zomthetho-mshicisholo-m sisekelo. Isinqumo esilindelekile kakhulu singaba ukucindezela kwesekela umongameli ongathandiyo ukuba abe ngumongameli owenziwa yindlu (noma ummeli owenziswa umsebenzi wenkonzo). Ekupheleni, ukwenqaba kungaphoqesha umongameli obekiwe ukuba athi ihhovisi likamongameli "ulungiselwe" ngaphansi kwesigaba sesine sokunciphethi se-Gregile." lesi sigaba esisemthethweni sezehlulelelo esingokomthetho.

Izindawo Ezisongela Ukuphepha Nezindawo Ezihlukile

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, ukuhlelwa kwe-Inaugtion Day kwakhula. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ziye zaveza izindawo ezilondekile lapho umongameli-omkhethi engafunga khona uma umkhosi wesiko eCapitol uphazamiseka. Ngokwesibonelo, esimweni sosongo lwamaphekula, isifungo singanikezwa egumbini lokugquma noma ekufakeni ibutho lezempi. Usuku lwesifungo [“isifungo, NW] . [1] January 20 [“isimiswa ngokomthetho se-Grandmentermenter kodwa indawo ayikho. Inkonzo yeSisekelo neNhlokosi ye-Shovisi ye-Staff ye-Promps ye-Promfo iqukethe ukugcinwa kwezimiso ezisheshayo zokufuyalwa kwe-onqaliwe nomthetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufakwa komyalo owenziwe ngemvume.

IWhite House Historical Association ikhuluma ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kokulondeka kokumisa [[FLT: 0] ekwakhiweni komongameli [[[FLT: 1]].

Indima Yomahluleli Abayinhloko Nabanye Abaphethe

UMahluleli oMkhulu unikeza isifungo, kodwa asiyona imfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo. Omongameli abaningi baye bafungela abanye abahluleli noma izikhulu ngezikhathi eziphuthumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uCalvin Coolidge wafunga isifungo emphakathini obala ekhaya likayise ngemva kokufa kukaMongameli. Uma uMahluleli oMkhulu engekho e-Inaugation Day, noma umahluleli othile wamazwe angasikhipha isifungo. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi isifungo siyaphindwa ngomthetho; umuntu osishoyo sibuye sibuye sibuye sibuye sibuye sibuye. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwelashwa noma ukuphuthuma okuphuthumayo akukuvimbele ukudluliselwa kwamandla.

Isiphetho: Ukuguquka Kwesimiso Somthetho - sisekelo

Ikhono le-United States lokusingatha ukuhluleka komongameli ukuthatha isifungo lisekelwe ekwakhekeni okuqinile kombhalo womthetho-sisekelo, ukulungisa, izimiso, nesibonelo esingokomlando. ISichibiyelo se-1970 sinikeza impendulo ecacile ngokufa kukamongameli obekiwe. ISichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Amahlanu esihlanganisa ukudlula kwe-Pregmentation ngemva kwesifungo. Umthetho we-Presidential Frandment ugcwalisa izikhala ezisele. izenzakalo ezingokomlando zicishe zigcwalise izikhala ezisele. ISivumelo sezwe esiwujubele phambili sokubulala uRoselt, futhi isimiso sokubulala iRoseRoselt siyokwahluleka isikhathi eside. Nakuba kungekho sisekelo esikhona esikhona, indingahlobana nemithetho ecacile ne-Praegamentergion.