Table of Contents

Ohulumeni basebenza njengezikhulu eziyinhloko zezifundazwe zabo, abaphethe igunya elilawula ngokuqondile indawo engokomthetho nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zamaMelika. E-United States, umbusi ukhonza njengomphathi omkhulu nomphathi-nhloko wesifundazwe ngasinye samashumi amahlanu nasemasimini amahlanu ahlala njalo, asebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni. Ukuqonda ubukhulu bamandla ombuso, ukusebenzelana kwawo namanye amagatsha kahulumeni, futhi ithonya lawo ekubekeni umthetho nasesimisweni sobulungisa libalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi ukubusa kukahulumeni kusebenza kanjani ngempela.

Nakuba umongameli ngokuvamile ebusa izihloko eziphambili zezwe, amaMelika amaningi agxila kumongameli lapho ecabanga ngegunya eliphethe, kodwa ezingeni likahulumeni, ababusi bangathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha futhi babhekane nezithiyo ezimbalwa ezingokwezinhlangano. Lokhu kwenza ababusi babe abantu abanamandla ayingqayizivele kuhulumeni waseMelika, nekhono lokusebenzisa izimiso futhi benze izinqumo ezithinta konke kusukela ekulungeni lobugebengu kuya empilweni yomphakathi, imfundo, nentuthuko yezomnotho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segunya Lobukhosi

Amazwe angamarepublic abusa kancane kakhulu ahlanganyela ubukhosi nohulumeni kahulumeni we-United States, futhi anamalungelo amaningana ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, njengokuqondisa ezentengiselwano ye-intratatetate, ukwenza okhetho, ukwenza ohulumeni bendawo, nokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo. Kulesi sakhiwo, ababusi basendaweni ekhethekile njengezikhulu eziphethe zemibuso yabo ehlukene.

Imithwalo yemfanelo kambusi iyahlukahluka ngokwesifundazwe, njengoba umthetho-sisekelo kazwe ugunyaza amandla kambusi. Lokhu kuhluka kusho ukuthi nakuba bonke ababusi behlanganyela imisebenzi ethile eyisisekelo, izinga nesimo segunya labo kungahluka kakhulu kuye ngomthetho-sisekelo nangomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe labo.

Izimfuneko Nemithetho Yasehhovisi

Imfuneko elinganiselwe yobudala kubabusi isukela elungiselelweni elingokomthetho kuya eminyakeni engu 35, imfuneko yokuba i-gabernator yabameleli be-U.S. isukela ekungabini khona kwelungiselelo elingokomthetho kuya eminyakeni engu-20, futhi indawo yokuhlala yombuso isukela ekungabini khona ilungiselelo elihleliwe kuya eminyakeni engu-7. Lezi zimfuneko ezihlukene zibonisa indlela ekhethekile kahulumeni ngamunye yokunquma ukuthi ubani ofanelekela ukukhonza njengesikhulu sakhe.

Bonke ababusi base-U.S. basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emine ngaphandle kwalawo ase-New Hampshire nase Vermont, asebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emibili. Izifundazwe eziningi zibeka futhi imingcele yegama, nakuba lamagama ehlukile kakhulu. Kuzo zonke izizwe, umbusi ukhethwa ngokuqondile, futhi ezimweni eziningi unamandla amakhulu asebenzayo, nakuba lokhu kungabekwa isilinganiso isishaya-mthetho futhi kwezinye izimo ezinye izikhulu eziphethe ezikhethiwe.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yamakhoba

Abalawuli basebenzisa imibuso eminingi ephethe ekwaziyo ukulawula uhulumeni wezwe, ukumisa imithetho, nokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo.

Ukusebenzisa Nokuphoqelela Imithetho KaHulumeni

Abalawuli banomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni nokwengamela ukusebenza kwegatsha eliphethe uhulumeni. Lomthwalo wemfanelo oyisisekelo udinga ababusi ukuba baqinisekise ukuthi umthetho odluliswa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukhishwa ngokufanelekile futhi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo.

Abaholi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni nokuqondisa umsebenzi wegatsha eliphethe isifundazwe, futhi bafeze imithwalo yabo yemfanelo yokuphatha nokuhola ngokusekela kwezikhulu zezinhlangano, eziningi zazo umbusi azimisayo.

Igunya lokunqumelana

Omunye wababusi abavelele kakhulu abanawo yigunya lokumisa izikhulu eziyinhloko kuwo wonke uhulumeni wombuso. Abaphathi abaningi banegunya elikhulu lokubeka izikhulu eziphethe igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi lombuso eliphethe ihhovisi legatsha.

Ababusi abaningi banegunya elikhulu lokumisa izikhulu eziphethe amagatsha, futhi bangamisa ukumiswa kwezindawo zombuso zokwahlulela imikhumbi, futhi ezizweni eziningi amalungu amabhodi (ezemfundo, umsebenzi, ezokuthutha, ezokusebenza nezinkonzo zabantu) abizwa noma amiswa ngumbusi. La manxusa avumela ababusi ukuba bahlele isiqondiso sikahulumeni futhi aqinisekise ukuthi isimiso sabo siza kuqala ezinhlanganweni naseminyango ehlukahlukene.

Ukumisa okuningi okungokwezikhundla kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kwemithetho. Lemfuneko isebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola amandla ombuso, iqinisekisa ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sinomfakela ogcwalisa izikhundla eziyinhloko kuhulumeni wombuso. Nokho, izinga lokuhileleka kwenqubo yokumiswa kwemithetho liyahluka ngokwezwe nangesikhundla.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa Namandla Aphuthumayo

Njengabaholi bezwe, abaHluleli baqhubeki phambili futhi baphishekele izimiso nezinhlelo ezintsha ezibukeziwe besebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, phakathi kwabo kusetshenziswa amathuluzi alawulayo, izimali zokulawula, izihlongozo zemithetho nezinqumo ze-vetoes. Iziqondiso zesikhulu simelela enye yezindlela eziqondile kakhulu ababusi abangasebenzisa ngazo isimiso ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho.

Ohulumeni basebenzisa iziyalezo eziphethe izinhlangano noma babhekane nobhadane lwezimo eziphuthumayo, futhi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOVAD-19, ababusi baseMelika bakhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu ezicishe zibe ngu-2 000 emasontweni ayishumi kuphela. Lesi sibonelo esiphawulekayo sibonisa indlela ababusi abangasebenzisa ngayo igunya lokuphatha ukuze babhekane ngokushesha nezimo ezishintshayo.

Abaholi futhi banamandla amakhulu aphuthumayo, ngokuvamile bathola igunya lokwenza imithetho yesikhashana, ukulawula izimali zikahulumeni, nekhono lokuvimbela ukunyakaza komphakathi noma kwezentengiselwano esifundazweni sabo.

Umyalo Wogada Besizwe

Umbusi angase futhi abe nezindima ezengeziwe, njengaleyo yomphathi-nhloko wombuso we-National Guard (lapho engalawulwa) kanye neyombuso ozimele (ongabuswanga uhulumeni). Leligunya lezempi lisiza ababusi ukuba bathumele amabutho phakathi nobunzima, izinhlekelele zemvelo, kanye neziphazamiso zomphakathi.

Bonke abalawuli bakhonza njengenhloko yesikhulu sombuso wabo wogada besizwe futhi bangathumela amabutho lapho kunezimo eziphuthumayo. Lombuso uye wasetshenziswa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekusabeleni eziphephweni nasemliloni wequbula kuya ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka phakathi nesiyaluyalu somphakathi.

Amandla Nethonya Lomthetho

Nakuba ababusi beyizikhulu eziphethe, banamandla aphawulekayo futhi ayithinta ngokuqondile inqubo yokushaya umthetho.

Igunya Le - Veto

Bonke ababusi abangu-50 bangakhipha umthetho, futhi abangu-44 banohlobo oluthile lwe-tem-fit venveto amandla abavumela ukuba bathathe izikweleti ezithile zemali ezithathwe emalini yokukhipha izicelo ngaphandle kokwenqaba lonke uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali. U-veto umelela omunye wababusi bamasheke ababaluleke kakhulu abanalo ngegunya lomthetho.

Nokho, uma isishaya-mthetho sidlulisa isikweleti somphathi ongavumi, singasivumela isishaya-mthetho ukuba sigumbuqele isishaya-mthetho ngevoti yombusi ephindwe kabili-sithathu. Imfuneko yokuba isikhulu esiphambili sithathe iveto sinikeze ababusi amandla aqinile enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, njengoba ukusekela okuhlanganisa ama-3 amabili kungaba yinselele, ikakhulukazi ezindlini zomthetho ezihlukene zezombangazwe.

Izimfuneko eziqondile zokulawula amavetos ziyahluka ngokwezwe. E-Alabama, e-Indiana, eKentucky, naseTennessee, i-veto kambusi ingangangachashwa ngevoti elivamile leningi, futhi eArkansas, i-gabernerator vento ingase ingathonywa yiningi kakhulu. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kuthinta amandla alinganiselwe ababusi abaphethe i-vis-à-virs.

Imithetho Nesimiso Se - agenda

Abalawuli bavame ukusebenzisa iZwe lemiyalezo yoMbuso ukuze bachaze iziteshi zabo zemithetho, futhi ohulumeni abaningi balungisa iziphakamiso ezithile zemithetho ezizongeniswa ngenxa yabo, kuyilapho iminyango kahulumeni nezinhlangano zingaphishekela izinyathelo zomthetho ngokuvunyelwa kwe-gubernator. Lo msebenzi wokumisa uhlelo uvumela ababusi ukuba bahlele impikiswano yesimiso futhi bafake kuqala izindaba ezithile.

Izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ngokuvamile zibizwa ukuba zifakazele ngezihlongozo zomthetho, futhi oMbusi nabanye abaholi bamagatsha abaphethe bayofuna ukubuthela umbono womphakathi kanye namaqembu anesithakazelo ukuze basekele noma baphikise izihlongozo ezithile zomthetho. Lelikhono lokuthonya umbono womphakathi futhi lihlele ukusekela noma ukumelana nomthetho lidlulisa amandla angaphezu kwegunya elingokomthetho.

Ukulawula Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Abalawuli bahlongoza indlela yokusebenzisa imali kahulumeni futhi bangathonya inqubo yokuhlela nge-vesto amandla abo kanye namathuluzi abo okuqondisa amanani. Lenqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali imelela enye yezinkundla ezibaluleke kakhulu zethonya lesimiso, njengoba izinqumo zokuhlelwa kwemali zinquma amazinga okusekela izinhlelo zombuso nezinto eziza kuqala.

La mathuluzi avumela oMbusi nezisebenzi zabo zemali ukuba bafeze indima eqinile ekuhleleni izinto eziza kuqala ekusebenziseni imithombo kahulumeni. Ngokulawula isihlongozo sokuqala sokuhlela uhlelo lwemali nangokuba negunya lokulawula i-fote-foto efingqiwe ezizweni eziningi, ababusi bangasebenzisa imali ephawulekayo ngisho nalapho kumelwe baxoxe nezishaya-mthetho.

Izinhlangano Ezikhethekile Zomthetho

Abanye ababusi futhi banamandla okumisa isimiso esikhethekile sokukhipha izikweleti ngesaziso esifushane. Leligunya lisiza ababusi ukuba baphoqelele ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho ezindabeni eziphuthumayo noma ezindabeni ezingabhekiswanga ezimisweni ezivamile. Amandla okubiza iziqephu ezikhethekile futhi kwezinye izindawo, ukumisa uhlelo lwalezo zinhlelo, kwenza ababusi basebenzise inqubo eyengeziwe yemithetho.

Amandla Okwahlulela: Ukumiswa Nozwela

Abaholi banendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni igatsha lokwahlulela ngegunya labo lokumisa nangegunya lokunikeza ukuzwela. Lamandla athinta ngokuqondile ukuphatha ubulungisa futhi angaba nethonya elihlala njalo esimisweni somthetho.

Ukumiswa Kokwahlulela

Abaholi banganikwa amandla okumisa imibuso. Izinga lalombuso liyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe, abanye ababusi abanegunya elikhulu lokumisa abahluleli kuyilapho abanye benezindima ezilinganiselwe kakhulu.

Kwezinye izifunda, njengeNew Hampshire neRhode Island, ababusi bangase futhi bathathe amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze bavunyelwe yibhodi yesifundazwe, ukumiswa kwekomiti yokwahlulela, noma iSishaya - mthetho. Lokhu kumiswa kungabumba ikomiti yejaji amashumi eminyaka, njengoba abahluleli ngokuvamile besebenzisa izinqumo ezinde futhi benze izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo ayisisekelo nezincazelo ezingokomthetho.

Umbusi uphethe igatsha eliphethe uhulumeni ezweni ngalinye noma insimu, futhi, kuye ngegunya ngalinye, angase alawule kakhulu ekuhleleni imali kahulumeni, amandla okumisa izikhulu eziningi (kuhlanganise namajaji amaningi), kanye nendima enkulu engokomthetho. Ikhono lokumisa abahluleli limelela esinye sezici ezihlala njalo zefa lombusi, njengoba izinqumo zokwahlulela ziqhubeka zithinta umbuso esikhathini eside ngemva kokuba umbusi eseshiye ihhovisi lakhe.

Amandla Onya: AmaPardon Namandla

Unya luwuhlobo lwegunya eliphethe elisetshenziswa nguMongameli nangababusi bombuso ngamunye ukuba bathethelele noma banciphise izijeziso ezithile zobugebengu noma bakhulule abantu emiphumeleni ethile engokomthetho yesiqinisekiso esithile.

Wonke umthetho-sisekelo wombuso ugunyaza uMbusi noma ibhodi lamaPardons ukuba anikeze ukuvumelana, nakuba amagama, inqubo, indlela, nokusetshenziswa kwalamandla kuhluka kakhulu kuye ngokwesifundazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintsha kudingekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ukushelela kusebenza kanjani ezimisweni ezihlukene.

Izinhlobo Zomusa

Ukuxolelwa kuwukuqedwa okungokomthetho kwemiphumela engokomthetho yobugebengu, futhi ukuvunyelwa kwentethelelo nguMbusi noma iSigungu esingokomthetho sasePardons kungase kubuyisele amalungelo athile omphakathi, njengelungelo lokuvota, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, noma ikhono lokubalekela isikhundla noma ukukhonza empini, futhi kungase kususe nemigoqo ethile engokomthetho emsebenzini nokuvimbela ukuvota.

Ukugunyaza kufinyeza isigwebo somuntu, futhi uma i-compostation ifingqa isigwebo somuntu ngesikhathi, kuphumela ekukhululweni komuntu. Imithetho ivumela ababusi ukuba banikeze ukukhululeka kubantu abakhonza izigwebo ezingase zidlulele noma zingabi nabulungisa ngaphandle kokuqeda ngokuphelele isiqinisekiso.

Izindlela zokukhipha isijeziso esibekwe ngokwesahlulelo, futhi ngokuvamile zenzeka ngomongo wesigwebo sokufa futhi ngokuvamile zinikezwa ezimweni ezinjalo ukuba zinikeze uMbusi isikhathi sokubukeza icala futhi anqume ukuthi uzolithethelela yini noma uzolikhipha.

Ukuhlukana Kwegunya Labefundisi

Ezifundazweni ezingu - 15, umbusi unegunya eligcwele futhi eliwukuphela kwalo lokunikeza imvume: i-Alabama, i-Arkansas, i-California, i-Colorado, i-Mississippi, i-New Jersey, i-New Mexico, i-Oregon, i-South Carolina, i-Virginia, i-Washington, neWyoming. Kulezi zifunda, amandla ombusi awabhekwa neze kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni.

Ezifundazweni eziyisikhombisa − i-Alizona, i-Delaware, i-Louisiana, i-Oklahoma, iPennsylvania, ne-Texas() umbusi kumelwe anconywe yibhodi noma iqembu lezeluleko. Lemfuneko ilinganisela ukuhlakanipha kobucukubhe, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezicatshangelwe zihilela ukufakwa komzamcolo kubenzi bezahlulelo eziningi.

EGeorgia, eNebraska, eNevada nase - Utah, ibhodi noma iqembu eliqaphile linendlela ewukuphela kwayo yokunikeza ukuphana. Kulezi zifundazwe, ababusi banendima encane noma abanayo nakancane engokomthetho ezinqumweni ezingokomthetho, ezimelela ukusuka okuphawulekayo esimweni esivamile sokulawula.

Ukucabangela Nokwenza Ngobuciko

Ngoba ukunikeza umehluko kuyilungelo loMbusi ne-/or Board, oMbusi bangahlaziya izimo ngazinye zesicelo futhi basebenzise ukuqonda kwabo lapho benza izinqumo. Lokhu kuqonda okungacatshangelwe kusho ukuthi izinqumo zingasekelwe ezicini eziningi nezicatshangelwayo.

Inani lokuthethelela nokukhipha izicelo unyaka ngamunye lihluka kakhulu kuye ngokwesifundazwe nangalé kwezindawo, futhi lingase lihlukahluke kakhulu unyaka nonyaka kunoma isiphi isifundazwe noma isifunda. Abanye ababusi basebenzisa amandla aqinile kakhulu, kuyilapho abanye benikeza ukungaboni ngaso linye noma hhayi nhlobo.

Muva nje, abanye oMbusi baye basebenzisa amandla abo okuthethelela ukuze baxolele abantu abaningi abanezinkolelo ezithile, ngokuvamile ezihlobene nokuthola insangu, futhi abanye oMbusi baye bakhipha iziyalezo eziphethe zokuthethelela abanye baye basungula izinyathelo zokusungula izinqubo zokufaka isicelo, kanye nezenzo eziningi ezihambisana nemizamo yokugunyaza insangu ngokomthetho.

Ama - check Nokulinganisela Kwamandla Okudla

Nakuba ababusi benegunya elikhulu, basebenza esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla nokuqiniseka kokulandisa. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubalulekile njengokuqonda amandla ombuso ngokwawo.

Iziphetho Zemithetho

Ababusi kumelwe basebenze nezishaya - mthetho zabo, nezinye izikhulu zamagatsha eziphethe, ngisho nabadlali bangaphandle kwezifunda zabo ukuze bafeze imigomo yabo. Lokhu kudinga ukuba ukubambisana kunciphise ikhono lababusi lokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngezimiso eziningi.

Ohulumeni basebenzelana nezishaya - mthetho zabo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala, imigomo, nokufezwa kwabo kuvezwa ngokunembile futhi kwamukelwe kahle phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala nezinye izinqumo zomthetho ezikhuluma ngezikhulu zezinhlelo nezinkonzo ezigunyazwe umthetho. Ukwengamela kwemithetho kunikeza ikheli elibalulekile ngesenzo sokuphatha futhi kuqinisekise ukulandisa.

Amandla esishaya - mthetho okususa ama-vetoes, ukulawula ukuphenya, nokwenza uphenyo konke kusebenza njengetshekisi egunyeni lombuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emazweni amaningi, izikhulu ezithile zegatsha zikhethwa ngokwazo kunokuba zimiswe umbusi, zidala lokho ososayensi bezombangazwe abakubiza ngokuthi "isikhulu esiphethe" esihlukanisa amandla esikhulu phakathi kwezikhulu eziningi.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingabukeza izenzo zomthetho-mthetho ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zivumelana nomthetho-mthetho wezwe nemithetho. Iziyalezo eziphethe, izimemezelo eziphuthumayo, nezinye izenzo eziphuthumayo zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo, futhi amajaji angashaya izinyathelo ezidlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo noma lomthetho. Le nqubo yokwahlulela isebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile emandleni okulawula.

Ukuzifunela

Zonke izifundazwe ngaphandle kwe - Oregon zinikeza ukungagunyazi kohulumeni, futhi njengasendabeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, inqubo yokungagunyazi iqala ngesiqu esiphansi sesishaya - mthetho futhi icala liqulwa isidumbu esiphezulu kuzo zonke izindawo kodwa e - Alaska (hhawu lapho lenqubo ishintshwa khona, neNebraska, enesimiso somthetho esimiswe ngenqubo ephelele yokungagunyazi.

Ezimweni eziningi, ukuyenga kudinga amalungu amaningi, kanti ukuqiniseka ngokuvamile kudinga ama-3,5 noma inani elikhethekile. Amandla amelela isheke lokugcina ekuziphatheni okubi okungalawuleki, nakuba kungavamile ukusetshenziswa.

Ukulinganiselwa Komthetho - sisekelo Nemithetho

Indima yababusi ngokuvamile iyaphikisana, ngoba amaMelika abelokhu engakhululeki ngamandla aphethe, njengasohlangothini olulodwa, umlando usitshela ukuthi amandla onakalisa futhi amandla aphelele onakalisa ngokuphelele, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, umlando usitshela ukuthi amandla aphethe adingekile uma ohulumeni bezosebenza nganoma yini esondelayo nephumelela.

Lokhu kuvumelana okungokomlando kuye kwaholela emalungiselelweni omthetho-sisekelo nawawomthetho - sisekelo ahlanganisa ngokucophelela igunya lombuso. Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso ubala amandla athile anikezwa ababusi kuyilapho ugcinela amanye amandla esishayamthetho noma ulinganise igunya eliphethe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Abaholi Abaqhathaniswa NoMongameli

Ukuqonda amandla obufundisi kudinga ukukuqhathanisa negunya lomongameli, njengoba lamahhovisi amabili ehlanganyela izinto ezithile ezifanayo kodwa ehlukile ngezindlela ezibalulekile.

Izindawo Zegunya Elikhulu Lokubusa

Abaholi, ngokuphambene, ngokuvamile babhekana neziphetho ezimbalwa, futhi ezizweni eziningi, izishaya-mthetho zengxenye, ukucusumbulwa kwemithombo yezindaba, kanye nezithiyo eziqinile zemidaba zivumela ababusi ukuba bahambe ngokushesha futhi bangasheshi. Lenkululeko elinganiselwe yokwenza izinto ingenza ababusi babe namandla kakhulu phakathi kwezimbulunga zabo kunaleyo umongameli engaphakathi kwesimiso sombuso.

Umongameli akakwazi ukukhipha imigqa yemali yomuntu siqu noma ukumemezela isimo esiphuthumayo eGeorgia, kodwa umbusi angasithola, futhi uma kuziwa egunyeni eliyisici, ababusi bavame ukujabulela imibuso angazange ayiphiwe amongameli. Ingxenye yento engaphakathi, ikakhulukazi, inikeza ababusi ithuluzi umongameli angenalo, elivumela ukuba balawule ngokunembile imali esetshenziswayo.

Njengoba abaphathi abakhulu bakahulumeni kahulumeni, ababusi basebenzisa amandla aphuthumayo angavamile angahlangene nakanye nawamandla ezombangazwe, futhi eqinisweni, amazwe amaningi asebenzisa isikhulu sawo esiyinhloko ngegunya elingaphezu kwalelo elanikeza umongameli wesizwe uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S.

Izindawo Zokudukisa Umongameli

Nokho, imibuso ebaluleke kakhulu enikezwa ngumongameli kuphela, njengezivumelwano zokuxoxa, ukuyala kwezempi, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle, nokuphatha isimiso sakwamanye amazwe, ingaphandle ngokuphelele kwegunya lababusi. La mandla akhethekile kahulumeni aqinisekisa ukuthi ababusi, naphezu kwegunya labo eliqinile ezindaweni ezigcinelwe uhulumeni.

Ukwehluka Kwamalungiselelo

Umongameli uhlanganyela igunya lokubusa nenhlangano enkulu kahulumeni futhi kumelwe asebenze neSishaya-mthetho esihlala unyaka wonke, kuyilapho ababusi abaningi behola imibuso kahulumeni enciphile futhi besebenza kanye nezishaya-mthetho zesikhashana ezihlangana izinyanga ezimbalwa nje unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kungafani kokwakha kuthinta indlela ababusi nomongameli abasebenzisa ngayo amandla kanye nemingcele ababhekene nayo.

Abaholi babhekana nokuhlola kwemithombo yezindaba engapheli, kuyilapho ababusi ngokuvamile besebenza ngaphansi kweradar, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezinezikhundla ezilinganiselwe zokunyathelisa. Lomehluko emithombo yezindaba ungathinta ukulandisa nemiphumela yezombangazwe yezenzo zokubusa.

Ithonya Ekweqisweni Komthetho Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Abaholi banendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni izimiso zokugcinwa komthetho nokwahlulela kobugebengu okuvela emazweni abo.

Ukuqondisa Umthetho Okuphoqelelwayo

Ezindaweni eziningi, amaphoyisa kahulumeni nezinye izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zibika ngokuqondile kumbusi noma kubaphathi abamiswe umbusi, okunikeza ababusi ithonya elikhulu ekuqinisweni komthetho nezinto eziza kuqala.

Abalawuli bangaqondisa izimali zokugcinwa komthetho ezinkingeni ezithile, bamise amabutho okusingatha izindaba ezithile, futhi bamise indlela izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho igcinwa ngayo emphakathini.

Umthetho Wokwahlulela Kobugebengu

Ngeziphakamiso zabo zomthetho, ukuhlela izinto eziza kuqala, nokumisa izikhundla zokwahlulela zobugebengu, ababusi bangahlela isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu ezifundazweni zabo.

Amandla onya anikeza ababusi indlela eqondile yokusingatha izindaba zomuntu ngamunye lapho bekholelwa ukuthi ubulungisa budinga ukungenela. Ezifundazweni eziningi umbusi futhi unamandla aphelele okunciphisa noma ukuthethelela isigwebo sobugebengu. La mandla avumela ababusi ukuba banikeze usizo emacalani okuqiniseka okungalungile, izigwebo ezidlulele, noma lapho ukuvuselelwa kuboniswe khona.

Ukusabela Ngokuphuthumayo Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Lapho kuphuthuma, ababusi banegunya elikhulu lokuthatha izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze bavikele umphakathi.

Isikhulu sezokulawula isimo esiphuthumayo sokuthi izimo eziphuthumayo "zisizwa ngokusizayo, ziphethwe uhulumeni, futhi zifelwe endaweni yakini" zibonisa iqiniso lokuthi inhlekelele ikhulunyelwa kangcono iziphathimandla eziseduze nabantu. Lesisimiso sibeka ababusi esikhungweni semizamo yokusabela ngokuphuthumayo, benegunya lokuhlela imithombo yombuso nezindawo futhi bacele usizo lukahulumeni uma kudingeka.

Ukuvela Kwamandla Okusungula Imvelo

Igatsha eliphethe emazweni aseMelika, njengamazwe ngokwawo, liye lashintsha kakhulu emlandweni wesizwe, njengoba ababusi besuka ekubeni abameleli bombuso waseBrithani bathathe izinduna ezinamandla okwenza okuhle noma okubi ngemibuso futhi kamuva basenze abaholi ababalulekile kokubili phakathi kwezifundazwe nasezweni lonke.

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika usuye waba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe futhi amathemba ezakhamuzi ngohulumeni bawo eseye akhula, imibuso iye yashukumiseleka ukuba ilethe abadlali bayo bakahulumeni ngokuvumelana namathemba ezakhamuzi, inike ohulumeni babo amandla, futhi ngokuqinisekile ababusi baye bazuza kulezi zinguquko futhi manje bangasebenza ngempela njengabaholi ezindaweni zabo.

Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa ukushintsha kwezimo zengqondo ngamandla okuphatha nokuqaphela okukhulayo okudinga ukuhola abaphethe abanamandla. Ababusi banamuhla banegunya elikhulu kunalabo ababandulelayo, ngamagama amade, amandla okumisa amakhudlwana, namathuluzi amaningi okuthonya isimiso.

Ubuhlobo Obuhlangene Behulumeni

Ohulumeni abasebenzi bebodwa kodwa kumelwe balawule ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi nohulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo.

Isimo sobuhlobo

Ababusi abaningi balondoloza ukuxhumana njalo nohulumeni, ngokuyinhloko ngezithunywa zikahulumeni eziya eSigqumeni, futhi bangahlanganisa futhi nge-National Guvernals Association, iqembu lezempango zesizwe elimelela ababusi abahlanganyela imigomo efanayo. Lobu buhlobo benza ababusi bakwazi ukusekela izithakazelo zemibuso yabo, ukusekela izimali zikahulumeni, nokuhlanganisa izimpikiswano ezinqamule umbuso nemibuso.

Ngokuvamile abaholi basebenza njengabashushisi abayinhloko phakathi kwemibuso yabo nohulumeni, baphikisana ngemithetho kahulumeni, bafuna abaxoshi ezimisweni zikahulumeni, futhi basebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zikahulumeni zihlangabezana nezidingo zikahulumeni nezinto eziza kuqala.

Ubuhlobo Bezigaba

Ohulumeni basebenza futhi nezinye izifundazwe ezithintana nezindaba ezivamile. Ama-interstate communet, izivumelwano zokubambisana kwezifunda, nokubambisana ngokwethukela konke kudinga ukuhileleka nokuhola kobufundisi. Impikiswano enjengamalungelo amanzi, izakhiwo zokuthutha, kanye nentuthuko yezomnotho ngokuvamile idinga ukubambisana okumelwe kube lula kubabusi bezwe.

Ubuhlobo Basendaweni YoMbuso

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwababusi nohulumeni bendawo buyahlukahluka ngokwezwe kodwa bubalulekile njalo. Kwezinye izifundazwe, ababusi banegunya elikhulu kohulumeni bendawo, kuhlanganise namandla okungenela ezindabeni zendawo noma ukuqeda imithetho yendawo. Kwamanye, ohulumeni bendawo bajabulela ukuzibusa okuqinile, futhi ababusi kumelwe basebenze ngokuthonya nangokubambisana kunokuba basebenzise igunya eliqondisayo.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ababusi banamuhla babhekana nezinselele eziningi lapho besebenzisa igunya labo, futhi ukusebenzisa kwabo amandla ngokuvamile kubangela impikiswano nempikiswano.

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nemithetho Ewumshikashika

Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamandla aphuthumayo phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19 kwaqokomisa kokubili ubukhulu begunya le-gabernonarial kanye nezingxabano ezingabangelwa yiyo. Ukusetshenziswa kohulumeni abaphethe ngaphansi kwezimemezelo eziphuthumayo kuye kwawaphakamisa aba negalelo elibonakalayo kakhulu esigabeni sezombangazwe lapho izindaba zikahulumeni zivame ukufinyelelwa khona embusweni wezwe wonke owenziwe ngokuhlukana kweqembu elihlukene eWashington kanye ne-Trump yesifunda sesifunda se-CHOVID-19.

Lokhu kubonakala kwabangela futhi isithiyo esikhulu emazweni amaningi, nezishaya - mthetho zifuna ukulinganisela amandla aphuthumayo. Ukucindezela phakathi kwesidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo sokuqondisa phakathi namakhambi kanye nokukhathazeka ngegunya lokuqondisa elingalawulwa kuseyinselele eqhubekayo emazweni amaningi.

Uvivinyo Lwegunya Lendawo

Nakuba ukwanda kwegunya lokuphatha kuhulumeni kuye kwadonsela ukunakekela, izenzo eziningi ezithathwa abaqondisi abakhulu bakahulumeni phakathi nosizi lwe-COVOVAD-19 bekuwukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwegunya lokuphatha ohulumeni bendawo ekuvaleni — noma ekuhlulekeni ukuvala — amabhishi, izibhamu, namanye amabhizinisi phakathi nombuso 'ohlala ekhaya'. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwamandla e-gubernator ukuqeda izinqumo zendawo kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwezwe negunya lendawo.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukwanda kokuhlanganisa amaqembu kuthinta amandla ahlukene nokuphumelela. Abalawuli ababhekene nezishaya - mthetho ezilawulwa yiqembu eliphikisayo bangase bathole ukuthi izinhlelo zabo zivaliwe futhi ukumiswa kwabo kwenqatshwe.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi Nezabathelisi

Ukuqonda amandla ombuso kuthinta ababambisi bezimali abahlukahlukene, izakhamuzi ezivamile kuya emabhizinisini, amaqembu ombuso, nochwepheshe bezomthetho.

Izakhamuzi

Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde ukuthi ababusi banegunya eliqinile lokuthinta ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke ngezinqumo zezimiso, uhlelo lokuhlela izinto eziza kuqala, nokumisa. Ukuhlanganyela nokhetho olungokweziqu, ukuxhumana namahhovisi ababusi, nokuqonda izinga legunya lombuso kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kombuso.

Labo abafuna ukuphaphama kufanele baqonde izinqubo nezimfuneko ezisezindaweni zabo, baqaphele ukuthi ukukhalipha kobucukuthwane kunendima ebalulekile ezinqumweni zobungane.

Ezebhizinisi Nezinhlangano

Amabhizinisi nezinhlangano kumelwe zisebenzise igunya lobucukubhezi ezindaweni ezinjengemithetho, intuthuko yezomnotho, nokuphathwa kwesimo esiphuthumayo. Ukuqonda indlela ababusi abazenza ngayo izinqumo, abathonya lezo zinqumo, nokuthi imiphi imigoqo engokomthetho esetshenziswayo kungasiza izinhlangano ukuba zisekele izithakazelo zazo ngokuphumelelayo.

Amandla okumisa asho ukuthi ukwakha ubuhlobo nezinhlangano eziphethe izakhiwo kungaba okubalulekile ezinhlanganweni ezifuna ukuthonya ukumiswa kwezimiso.

Ochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Ochwepheshe bezomthetho kumelwe baqonde ubukhulu begunya lobukhoma lapho beluleka amakhasimende, bebekela iziphithiphithi zezikhulu inselele, noma befuna ukuqashelwa. Ulwazi ngomthetho womthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, izinqubo zokuphatha, kanye nemibuso ethile enikezwa ababusi ezifundazweni ezithile kubalulekile ukuze umkhuba ongokomthetho uphumelele.

Ukuqonda inqubo yonya kanye nezici ababusi abacabanga ngazo lapho benza izinqumo zokuvumelana kungaba okubalulekile kubameli abamelela amakhasimende afuna ukuthethelelwa noma ukuxolelwa. Ngokufanayo, ulwazi ngegunya lokumisa lombuso lubalulekile kubameli abahilelekile ekukhetheni okwahlulela noma ekumiseni izikhundla zokuphatha.

Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zokuqonda Igunya Eliyisikhulu

  • I-Constitugation: Amandla e-Gubernator ayahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe kuye ngokwemithetho esekelwe emalungiselelweni omthetho-sisekelo nasemthethweni. Ukuqonda uhlaka oluqondile esifundeni esithile kubalulekile ekuqondeni lokho umbusi angakwenza nangeke akwazi ukukwenza.
  • Formal vs. Amandla ethukela: Nakuba amandla angokomthetho omthetho-sisekelo nangokomthetho ebalulekile, ababusi futhi basebenzisa amandla angahleliwe ngokuhlela izinto, ukuthonya komphakathi, nokuhola kwezombangazwe. Ababusi abaphumelelayo basebenzisa kokubili igunya elingokomthetho nethonya lesikhashana.
  • Isikhombo noMaphakathi: Naphezu kwegunya elikhulu, ababusi basebenza phakathi kwesimiso se-checks nezilinganiso ezihlanganisa ukuqondisa umthetho, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, futhi kwezinye izimo, izikhulu eziphethe ezikhethwe ngokuzimele. Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukulandisa futhi kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.
  • Igunya lobungcono: abalawuli banamandla aphuthumayo abanzi angandisa kakhulu igunya labo phakathi nezinhlekelele. Ukuqonda ubukhulu nemingcele yalamandla kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezimpikiswano zamuva ngokusetshenziswa kwawo.
  • Impact Impact:[ Amandla okumisa amajaji, amanxusa, kanye namalungu amabhodi avumela ababusi ukuba bamise ukumiswa kwezimiso kanye nokuchazwa okungokomthetho esikhathini eside ngemva kokuphuma kwehhovisi. Lokhu kumisa kumelela esinye sezici ezihlala njalo zethonya le-gubernator.
  • Ikhono lokulawula: Amandla onya anikeza ababusi abanokuqonda okukhulu ukuze bathinte amacala abantu ngabanye phakathi kwesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Ukusetshenziswa kwaleligunya kuyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwababusi nemibuso.
  • Ukulawula komthetho we-BMPT: Ngezihlongozo zohlelo lokuhlela nokulawula i-fomethi, ababusi basebenzisa ukulawula okuqinile ekusebenziseni izinto eziza kuqala zombuso. Lo mbuso umelela elinye lamathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni izihleli.
  • [ Ithonya elisemthethweni: Abalawuli bathonya umthetho ngamandla, iziphakamiso zomthetho, nobuholi bezombangazwe. Ukuqonda indlela ababusi abasebenzelana ngayo nezishaya-mthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni izimiso zikahulumeni.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kohulumeni: Ohulumeni kumelwe baqondise ubuhlobo nohulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo. Ukuphumelela kwabo kuxhomeke ekhonweni labo lokuxhumana kulamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni.
  • Political Context: Isimo sezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nokulawula kweqembu lesishaya-mthetho, umbono womphakathi, kanye nokunaka kwemithombo yezindaba, kuthinta kakhulu indlela ababusi abangasebenzisa ngayo igunya labo. Imibuso elawulayo kumelwe iqondwe emongweni wabo wezombangazwe.

Imithombo Yokwaziswa Okwengeziwe

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngemibuso yezikhali nohulumeni kahulumeni, imithombo eminingana yengcebo inikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo:

I- i-National Gurrutors Association inikeza imithombo emikhulu yamandla ombuso, imisebenzi engcono kakhulu, nezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo. Iwebhusayithi yabo ihlanganisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezinqubo eziqinile, amandla aphuthumayo, kanye nezinye izici zegunya le-guberneralial.

Ikhokhi yombuso wezwe ikhipha "Incwadi yamazwe," enikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngokwesifundazwe ngemibuso ye-gubernerator, amagama, izimfuneko, nezinye izici zikahulumeni.

Imithetho kahulumeni ngamunye nezimiso zinikeza imithombo enegunya lokuqonda amandla ombuso ezifundazweni ezithile.

Izinhlangano ze-academic ezinjenge- eSikhungweni soMbusi waseMelika eRutgers University zicwaninga ngababusi futhi zinikeze ingcebo yemfundo ngehhovisi namandla alo.

Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni ngokuvamile ahlanganisa ukwaziswa ngemibuso yezikhulu, inqubo yokuzivumelanisa nendlela yokuhlanganyela nehhovisi likambusi ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene.

Isiphetho

Abalawuli basendaweni ekhethekile nenamandla kuhulumeni waseMelika, besebenza njengabaphathi abakhulu bezwe labo abaphethe cishe zonke izici zokubusa kombuso nezakhamuzi ukuphila. Ukusukela ekusebenziseni imithetho nasekuqondiseni izinhlangano zikahulumeni kuya ekumiseni abahluleli nasekunikezeni imvume, ababusi basebenzisa amandla alawula indawo engokomthetho futhi athinta izigidi zabantu.

Ukuqonda igunya lobuphathi kudinga ukuqaphela kokubili amandla angokomthetho anikezwa umthetho-sisekelo nezimiso kanye nababusi abanethonya ngokwethukela abasebenzisa ukuhola kwezombangazwe nokuhlela. Kudinga futhi ukwazisa amasheke nezilinganiso ezicindezela amandla ombuso kanye nokwehlukahluka okukhona phakathi kwezifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu.

Njengoba ohulumeni bezwe beqhubeka befeza izindima ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusingatheni izinselele ezinkulu zesimiso somthetho, kusukela kwezempilo yomphakathi kuya kubulungisa bobugebengu nokukhula kwezomnotho, ukubaluleka kokuqonda amandla e-gubernera kwanda kuphela. Uma uyisakhamuzi esifuna ukuthatha iqhaza ngokuphumelelayo ekubusweni uhulumeni, isimiso sokuqondisa, noma umuntu nje onesithakazelo ekutheni uhulumeni waseMelika usebenza kanjani, ulwazi lwegunya lombuso lunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ekutheni izimiso ze-gubernerneria zenziwa futhi zisetshenziswe kanjani ezingeni likahulumeni.

Isikhundla sombusi siye sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo emlandweni waseMelika, ukuzuza amandla negunya njengoba imibuso iye yalawula ohulumeni nezakhamuzi zayo zanamuhla iye yafuna ukuhola okuphumelela ngokwengeziwe. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyaqhubeka namuhla, njengoba ababusi bezivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha nezimpikiswano ngobukhulu obufanele begunya lokubusa kweziphathimandla eziphethe ziyaqhubeka. Ngokuqonda ababusi bemibuso abanawo, imingcele yalawo mibuso, nendlela abasetshenziswa ngayo, singahlaziya kangcono ukuthatha inqubo yobuphathi, babambe ababusi ukuba babhekane nesibopho sombuso, futhi bahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi yeningi enqubeni yombuso.