Imvelaphi Engokwenkolelo Yegunya Likahulumeni

Umphakathi ngamunye umisa uhlelo lwemithetho nezinhlangano ukuze ulawule izindaba ezihlangene futhi uxazulule izingxabano. Lesisakhi — esaziwa ngokuthi uhulumeni — sinamandla amakhulu phezu kwezakhamuzi, kusukela ezintela ezizikhokhayo ezizikhokhayo ezizijabulelayo. Ukuqonda ngokuqondile ukuthi imibuso kahulumeni iyini, lapho ivela khona, futhi yimiphi imithwalo yemfanelo eziyiphethe eyisici esibalulekile sesizwe esisebenzayo kuhulumeni wentando yeningi. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukuhlolisisa ngokucubunga okubanzi kulemiqondo yesisekelo, inikeza ukucacicici onzulu ngabafundi, abafundisi, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda imishini yokubusa.

Ngaphambi kokuhlola amagunya akhethekile ezwe, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda imvelaphi yalo. Imibono yezombangazwe yaseNtshonalanga ilandela kakhulu ukufaneleka kukahulumeni wesivumelwano sezenhlalo. Abacabangi abanjengoThomas Hobbes, emsebenzini wakhe Leviathan[, iphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kukahulumeni, ukuphila kungaba yi- &ldo; ukulwa kwakho konke kumelene nakho konke, i-” ukuholela abantu ukuba banikele inkululeko ethile enkosini ukuze bashintshele ukulondeka. UJohn Locke wathuthukisa lesi sakhiwo, eqinisekisa ukuthi indima eyinhloko kahulumeni iwukuvikela amalungelo emvelo e&mdash, ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla. Uma uhulumeni uhluleka kulokhu kusebenza noma amandla awo asebenzayo, uLocce, uveza ukuthatha indawo yaso.

Lomqondo washintshela esimisweni se- “ ukuvunyelwa kwe-athom, i-” umbono wesisekelo obekwe e-United States Declaration of Independence. Igunya likahulumeni, ngalombono, alizukuzalwa noma limiswe ngokwaphezulu kodwa linikezwe ngaphezu kwabantu. Laba bathunywa banikezwa umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni, onikeza amandla kumbuso kanye kanye kanye kanye futhi ubeke imingcele eqinile kuwo. Ukubusa komthetho kuvela kulesivumelwano: akukho muntu, ngisho nesikhulu sikahulumeni esiphakeme kakhulu, ngaphezu komthetho. Lokhu kuphambene ngokuqondile ne “ ukubusa kwabantu, i-” lapho amandla esetshenziswa khona ngokusemthethweni futhi ngaphandle kokucindezelwa.

Amandla Okhora Anikezwa Ohulumeni Ababusayo

Nakuba amandla akhethekile kahulumeni engahlukahluka ngokusekelwe ehlelweni lwawo lomthetho - sisekelo, amandla athile azalwa nawo kanye umqondo wombuso wobukhosi.

Amandla Amaphoyisa

Naphezu kwegama lawo, amandla amaphoyisa abhekisela kuhulumeni i-’ ugunya elikhulu lokulawula ukuziphatha nokuphoqelela ukuthunywa phakathi kwendawo yayo ukuvikela impilo, ukuphepha, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi. Lamandla ayisisekelo semithetho yempilo yomphakathi, izimiso zokwakha, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nezimfuneko ezingokobuchwepheshe. Esimisoni esisemthethweni wase-U. Amaphoyisa agcinelwe ngokuyinhloko ohulumeni bezwe.

Amandla Okukhokha Intela

Igunya lokukhokha izintela liyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni. Linikeza inzuzo edingekayo ukuze kuqoqwe yonke imisebenzi kahulumeni, kusukela ekuvikeleni kwesizwe kuya ezikoleni zomphakathi. Isimiso se-Fiscal i-— ukusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kwemali kahulumeni nentela i-— iyithuluzi elinamandla lokulawula. Lingasetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza umnotho ontengayo, ukusakaza ingcebo ukuze kuxazululwe ukungalingani, noma ukunqanda ukuziphatha okuthile ngokukhipha izintela ezintweni ezinjengogwayintuthu notshwala. Ikhokhiso lokukhokha intela yikhokha amandla okuthuthukisa umphakathi nokubeka izinto eziza kuqala emphakathini.

Umkhakha obalulekile

Imibuso eqinile i-Eminetive i-arendment kahulumeni ukuba ithathe impahla eyimfihlo ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi, uma nje kukhokhelwa i-” leligunya libalulekile ekwakheni izakhiwo zezakhiwo ezinjengemigwaqo emikhulu, izitimela, izikole zomphakathi, nemishini esebenzayo. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu e-U.S. somthetho-sisekelo sidinga ukuba ukuthathelwa indawo i-“ umphakathi usebenzise i-” futhi u-&lquo; imbuyiselo ngokulungazelele i-” inikezwe, izindinganiso eziye zabekwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nemisebenzi yentuthuko edluliselwa ezweni kumnini womuntu oyedwa.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Langaphandle Nezokuzivikela Kwezwe

Ohulumeni banegunya elikhethekile lokuqhuba isimiso sakwamanye amazwe, ukungena ezivumelwaneni, ukumemezela impi, nokuphatha ukufuduka. Lemibuso ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulondeka kwesizwe nasekuhlanganyeleni nomphakathi wembulunga yonke. Ubukhosi bunikeza ohulumeni ilungelo lokuvikela imingcele yabo futhi bamelele isizwe sabo ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Ukuvimbela Ukugxilisa Igunya

Ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwamandla aphelele, imibuso eminingi yanamuhla ebusa ngentando yeningi ihlukanisa igunya likahulumeni laba ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: ukuhlukanisa imithetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela. Lesimiso saziwa njengokuhlukanisa imibuso futhi sipheleliswa isimiso esiqinile sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wokwakha imithetho, igatsha eliphethe lokuzimisa, negatsha lokwahlulela lokuzichaza.

Amandla Okushaya Indiva

ISishaya-mthetho i-— i-Conrest e-United States — isebenzisa amandla okwenza imithetho. Imelela intando yabantu ngabameleli abakhethiwe. Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukudlulisa uhlelo lwemali, ukumisa iziphathi nokwahlulela, ukumemezela impi, nokuqondisa igatsha eliphethe. E-U.S., i-Breaderal ihlukaniswa yaba yiNdlu yabameleli neSigele, ngalinye elinezindima negunya elihlukile.

Amandla Abaqondisi

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokuqondisa imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Leligatsha lisebenzisa isimiso somphakathi futhi lihlanganisa nesifundazwe esikhulu i-— i-practiorm ‐ elawula yonke into kusukela emapaki esizwe kuya ezimisweni ezinzuzo zikahulumeni. Umphathi futhi uqondisa isimiso sangaphandle, usebenza njengoMyali-mkhandi-mkha-simende wamabutho ahlomile, futhi unamandla okulawula umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress Congress.

Amandla Okwahlulela

Ijaji lichaza imithetho futhi liyisebenzise emacaleni angokomthetho akhethekile. Ngamandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ngaphandle komthetho, zizeqekeze ngokuphumelelayo. Lamandla enza ukuba ijaji libe yi-akekeli elibalulekile emagatsheni emithetho nakwezobuphathi. Iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nomthetho ophakeme wezwe.

Isimiso Sokuhlola Esixhunyiwe

Amagatsha awasebenzi ngokuzihlukanisa. UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa lowo mthetho ngevoti enkulu. UMongameli umisa abahluleli bakahulumeni, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sibaqinisekise. UKhongolo lungayenga futhi lususe uMongameli noma ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ingashaya imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolo futhi isayiniwe nguMongameli. Lesimiso sokwengamelana siklanyelwe ukuphoqelela ukwakhiwa kwesivumelwano nokuvikelwa ubushiqela. Isikhulu i-USA.goval inikeza incazelo ephakeme yendlela amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni asebenzelana ngayo.[FLT]

Uhulumeni: Ukwehlukana Okuphakeme Kwamandla

Ngalé kokuhlukaniswa okuqondile kwemibuso emagatsheni, uhulumeni wombuso wahlukanisa amandla aqonde phezulu phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni besifundazwe. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ukuzibusa kwezindawo ezindabeni eziningi kuyilapho silondoloza ubunye besizwe ezindabeni ezikhathazanayo. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa isimiso sokubusa okumbaxambili lapho uhulumeni wezwe kanye nemibuso inegunya elizimele khona.

Amandla Angalawuleki, Agciniwe, Namanje

Kumthetho - sisekelo, amagunya awehlela ezigabani ezintathu ezibanzi. Amagunya awenziwe anikezwa ngokuqondile uhulumeni wezwe ngoMthetho-sisekelo, njengamandla okukhokha imali, ukulawula ezohwebo zesifundazwe, futhi aphakamise ibutho. Imibuso egciniwe, evikelwe yiSichibiyelo seshumi, yileyo enganikezwa uhulumeni wezwe noma enqatshelwe ezwe; lezi zihlanganisa amandla emfundo, uhulumeni wendawo, namaphoyisa endawo. Amandla akhona yilawo kokubili asebenzisa intela nemibuso yesizwe, njengamandla okwakha intela, nokwakha imigwaqo.

Amandla Asetshenziswayo NoKhisimusi Odingekile Nofanele

Nakuba ingashiwonga ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo, imibuso eshiwoyo ithathwa njenge “ edingekile nefanele i-” ukuze ifeze amagunya adwetshiwe. Icala leNkantolo ePhakeme lisuka eSiqeshini seNkantolo I, i- Mcloch v. Maryland[ [1819]] iqinisekisa lemfundiso, isebenzisa ukumiswa kwebhange lesizwe njengesibonelo esiyinhloko. Igunya lala mandla livela eSiphakathini I, i-gabeni le-Scolace I, i-Sce 8, 18 ye-Constitution, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-Ellaclaus Claus.

UClaus Onedumela Elibi

Uma umthetho kahulumeni nomthetho kahulumeni uphikisana ngokuqondile, umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo we-Supremacy Claus wase-U.S.. Umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. eNational Archives[ umniningwane wendlela lesi sigqebhezana esimisa ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni eyenza ukuba i-pulsuse njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe. Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi kombuso nombuso buhlala buvumelana, kuholela ezimpini eziqhubekayo nasezimpini ezingokomthetho eziqondene ngokulingana okulungile kwegunya.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo KaCore Yasezweni Lanamuhla

Ukusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kwamandla kahulumeni kuxhomeke ekugcwalisekeni kokwethembeka kwemisebenzi yawo ezakhamuzini zawo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuwohloka Kwasekhaya

Umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wanoma yimuphi uhulumeni ukugcina umthetho nokuhleleka phakathi kwemingcele yawo. Lokhu kuhilela ukusungula isimiso semithetho, ukumisa amaphoyisa ukuze aqikelele, nokugcina izinkantolo nezimiso zokulungisa ukunqabela nokujezisa ukuphulwa. Lokhu kuqina kwasekhaya kuyindlela ekwakhelwe kuyo umsebenzi wezomnotho nokuphila komphakathi.

Ukuvikela Abantu Bonke

Ukuvikela isizwe ekusongelelweni okungaphandle kuwumsuka kahulumeni wezwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugcina amabutho ahlomile, ukuqhuba ubuhlobo obungokwenhlalo nezinye izizwe, nokwengamela izinhlangano zobuhlakani. Umgomo uwukuvikela isizwe i-’ ubukhosi futhi uvikele izakhamuzi zaso ekuvukeleni noma ekuphoqeleleni kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuthuthukisa Inhlalakahle Evamile

Lomthwalo wemfanelo obanzi uhlanganisa izinkonzo eziningi. Ohulumeni bakha futhi balondoloze isisekelo esibucayi njengemigwaqo, amabhuloho, ne-radio kagesi. Basekela imfundo yomphakathi, banikeza izinhlelo zokuvikela umphakathi ngezinhlelo ezinjengomshuwalense we-Social Security nemisebenzi, futhi baqondise izimboni ukuze bavikele abathengi, izisebenzi, nendawo ezungezile. Ngale misebenzi, uhulumeni usebenza njengomnikazi oyinhloko wezentengo yezentengo yezwe i-’ unikeza impilo nempumelelo yesikhathi eside.

Ukuthola Izibusiso Zenkululeko

Mhlawumbe omunye wemisebenzi engcwele kakhulu kahulumeni emphakathini okhululekile ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Lokhu kusho ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, kanye nezindaba. Kuhlanganisa futhi ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi amaqembu amancane ekucwaseni nasekuqinisekiseni inqubo efanele yomthetho ukuze uhulumeni angakwazi ukuncisha noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engenazo izinqubo ezingakhethi. [ACLU] inikeza iziyalezo ezibanzi eziqondisa amalungelo ezakhamuzini ngalinye ezisiza ukuba ziqonde izinga lalesivikelo.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yobuhlalo ERepublic Yentando Yeningi

Uhulumeni i-“owabantu, abantu, kanye nabantu i-” idinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezakhamuzini zayo. Amalungelo esinawo ahlanganiswa nemithwalo yemfanelo esiza ekusekeleni isimiso sentando yeningi sezizukulwane ezizayo. Ukuba yingxenye yesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngolwazi

Imisebenzi yentando yeningi ingcono kakhulu uma izakhamuzi zayo zitshelwa. Lokhu kusho ukudlulela ngalé kwezihloko eziphambili ukuze baqonde izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, abazohlola kanye nezikhundla zabo zezimiso, futhi babuze imithombo yokwaziswa. Ukhetho olungenalwazi lungasetshenziswa kabi futhi lungakhethwa ngokungafanele. Othisha bafeza indima ebalulekile ekuhlomiseleni abafundi amakhono abucayi okucabanga adingekayo ukuze bahlole ukwaziswa kwezombangazwe.

Imisebenzi Emisha

Imisebenzi ethile ifunwa umthetho noma ibalulekile ukuze isimiso sisebenze. Ukusebenza ejajini kuyinhlolo - vo yokuhlola okugxekayo emandleni kahulumeni phakathi egatsheni lokwahlulela. Ukukhokha intela kuyintengo yokuvunyelwa komphakathi wanamuhla osebenzayo. Ukulalela umthetho kuyisivumelwano esiyisisekelo sesivumelwano senhlalo. Lemisebenzi, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi inzima, iyiminikelo edingekayo yezakhamuzi embuthweni womphakathi wokuzilawula.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi engokomthetho, izakhamuzi ezisebenza ngokuzithandela emiphakathini yazo, ziya emihlanganweni yedolobha, zithintana nabameleli bazo abakhethiwe, futhi zihlanganyele ekukhokheleni izimbangela ezizikhathalelayo. Lokhu kungasiza ngokwazo ukuba kuthole isikhundla sendawo. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yabesifazane ikhuthaza ukuthatha iqhaza likahulumeni ngolwazi nangokukhuthele ngemfundo nomqhubi. [Lolu vumelo olusebenzayo] luqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka esabela ezidingweni ezishintshile nasezingenisweni ezisebenzayo kubantu abawukhonzayo.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Kuhulumeni Onegunya Nokuphumelela

Ikhulu lama - 21 linikeza izinselele eziyingqayizivele ezivivinya isimiso esingokwesiko semibuso kahulumeni nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Imingcele Yamanani Nendawo Yokuba Wedwa

Amandla kahulumeni okuqongelela ukwaziswa kwezakhamuzi zakhe akhula ngendlela engcono. Ukulinganisela isidingo sokulondeka kwesizwe nokugcinwa komthetho kanye nelungelo lokuzifihla komuntu ngamunye kuwumbango wanamuhla oyinhloko. Ngokufanayo, ukuqondisa izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ezinamandla nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kuletha izinselele ezintsha zemikhakha yomthetho kanye nezokuphatha ezaklanyelwa inkathi yangaphambi kwesigaba.

Amandla Kahulumeni Ophethe

IziKhomishane zivame ukudlulisela imithetho emikhulu futhi zidlulisele izincazelo eziqondile ezinhlanganweni eziphethe. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekukhuleni kwenhlangano enamandla, engahleliwe edala imithetho ngegunya lomthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa lokhu ngokuphula isimiso sokuhlukanisa imibuso, futhi izinkantolo zibuzwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuba kuphendulwe imibuzo yegunya lezinhlangano kanye nemingcele yamandla aphethe.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokubusa Kwezizwe Zonke

Ezweni elihlangene, izinkinga ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, nezinkinga zezomnotho azinakuxazululwa yisizwe esisodwa esisebenza sodwa. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekusungulweni kwemikhakha yomhlaba wonke efuna izizwe ukuba ziqondise isimiso futhi zifake ubukhosi obuthile. Lokhu kudala ukungezwani phakathi kwezinqubo zentando yeningi nesidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo esihlangene somhlaba wonke.

Isiphetho: Ukuphakama Okuhlala Njalo Kokuqonda

Imibuso nemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni ayiyona imiqondo eguquguqukayo. Imelela uhlaka olunamandla, oluxutshwe nomlando, umthetho, ezombangazwe, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. kusukela ezimfundisweni zesivumelwano somphakathi sokukhanyiselwa kuya ezimpikiswaneni zobuchwepheshe zanamuhla, imibuzo eyinhloko yokubusa ikhona: Yini okufanele yenziwe uhulumeni? Amandla angakanani? futhi yini okufanele siyenze njengezakhamuzi?

Ukuqonda lezi zizathu eziyisisekelo kuyikho kokubili ukuvivinya ingqondo nesidingo esiwusizo. Ukuthembisana nokwaziswa kuyi-archy i-ecodel ihlola ekugcineni ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwegunya. Ngokufunda ngamagatsha kahulumeni, izimiso zombuso, namalungelo aqinisekiswe umthetho-sisekelo, abantu bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuvikela inkululeko yabo futhi banikele empilweni yentando yeningi yabo. Abaqeqeshi benza indima ebucayi kulenqubo ngokunika isizukulwane esilandelayo amandla okucabanga, akhuthele, kanye namalungu anomthwalo wemfanelo ekuzameni okuqhubekayo kokuzivivinya kobuzwelakhela.