IPhalamende laseNdiya lisebenza njengendikimba ephakeme yomthetho kahulumeni we-Union, ihlanganisa umoya wentando yeningi wesizwe ngesakhiwo se-bidal. Lesi simiso sihlanganisa izindlu ezimbili: iRajeya Sabhaha (ISidlo Sase-Indiya) neLok Sabhaha (Indlu Yabantu). Nakuba zibalulekile ekwenzeni umthetho nokubusa, zisebenza ngemibuso ehlukene, imiklamo, nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ukuqonda okucacile kwalokhu kungafani akubalulekile kubafundi bezakhamuzi kuphela kodwa futhi nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda indlela idemokramethi ye-democracy yaseNdiya esebenzayo ngayo.

I-bidamaral yathathwa abahleli bamabhulane baseNdiya ngemva kokuhlola kabanzi ezinye izimiso zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise neSigebengu sase-United States neNdlu yaseBrithani yoMbuso. Babecabanga ngeRajiya Sabba njengegumbi lokuqinisa, isifunda sezwe esimele izifunda, kuyilapho i-Lok Sabhaha yayizoba igumbi labantu, liyolandisa ngokuqondile ngokukhetha. Lengxenye yabekwa eZiphakalweni 79 kuya ku 122 zoMthetho-Mthetho-mthetho waseNdiya. Namuhla, umdlalo ophakathi kwezindlu ezimbili uqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uvikelwe kahle, izithakazelo zombuso zivikelwe, futhi uhulumeni usasabela ngokuqondile entando ethandwayo.

Ukubuka iRajiya Sabha

IRaje Sabra iyindlu ephezulu yePhalamende, ebizwa futhi ngokuthi uMkhandlu waseMelika. Ngokungafani neLok Sabha, iyindikimba ehlala njalo enganyakazi. Ukuba khona kwayo kuyaqhubeka, amalungu ayo athatha umhlalaphansi njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Lomklamo uqinisekisa inkumbulo nokuzinza, uvumela iRajiya Sabbaha ukuba isebenze njengegumbi lokulungisa igumbi elinikeza umqondo onengqondo wesibili ngomthetho.

Ukuhlelwa Nokukhethwa

I-Raje Sabra manje inamandla amakhulu angu-250 amalungu, angu-238 awo angabameleli bezifundazwe namasifunda ahlangene, futhi angu-12 abekwa nguMongameli. Amalungu angempela ayizi-245. Abameleli bezifunda bakhethwa amalungu emihlangano yomthetho ekhethiwe esebenzisa isimiso esisodwa sokuvota esidluliselwa ngokulingana. Lenqubo yokukhetha engaqondile isho ukuthi abaqambi be-Rapya Sabha bavame ukubonisa ukulingana komthetho ezindlini zikahulumeni, okungahluka kweningi kwe-Lok Sabab.

Amalungu akhethiwe phakathi kwabantu abaye bazihlukanisa ngezindlela ezinjengezincwadi, isayensi, ubuciko, inkonzo yezenhlalo, nezindaba zomphakathi. Lelilungiselelo lalihloselwe ukuletha amazwi okuhlakanipha nochwepheshe enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngaphandle kokuzibopha kwezombangazwe ezikhethiwe.

Isiqu Nesitsha

Ilungu ngalinye leRaje Sabha lisebenzisa igama elithatha iminyaka eyisithupha. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, indlu ishaqeka ukuze ilungu elilodwa lesithathu liqede igama lalo njalo eminyakeni emibili, liqinisekisiwe ukuthi liyaqhubeka. Alikho ilungiselelo lokudilika, nakuba iNdlu ingadukiswa nguMongameli. Iminyaka engaphansi yelungu ineminyaka engu-30, ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-25 yeLok Sabha, ibonisa ukukhula nokuhlangenwe nakho okukhulu.

Ababusi Abakhethekile BeRaje Sabha

Nakuba i-Rajiya Sabra ihlanganyela imibuso eminingi yomthetho ngokulinganayo ne-Lok Sabbaha, inamagunya athile akhethekile. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 312, i-Rajiya Sabra ingadlulisa isinqumo − ngesithathu esibili − ukugunyaza iPhalamende ukuze kusungulwe iMinyango ye-Indiya yonke efana ne-Union nezwe. Lombuso awuhlali ne-Lok Sabba kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Rajaya Sabhaha unikwe amandla okuqala ukususwa koMongameli we-Mongameli (omkhulu wayo we-ficio Chaieman) ngesinqumo esidluliswa yiningi yamalungu onke futhi wavumelana ne-Lokha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRajiya Sabba inegunya lokushintsha igunya leUnion Public Service Commission (UPSC) ngenani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu. Phakathi nesimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe, iRajiya Sabhaha inganweba futhi igama elivamile elithatha iminyaka emihlanu leLok Sabba ngalé konyaka ngesikhathi (uMchakelo 83). Lemibuso ekhethekile igcizelela indima kaRajiya Sabba njengomgcini kahulumeni kanye nomgcini wezimo phakathi nezikhathi zezinhlekelele.

Ukubukeza I - Lok Sabha

ILok Sabha, noma iNdlu yabantu, iyindlu ephansi yamalungu ePhalamende nendikimba eyinhloko yemithetho eNdiya. Ikhethwa ngokuqondile izakhamuzi zaseNdiya nge-uffaged profecence yendawo yonke, iyenza ibe yizwi eliqondile labantu. Amandla amakhulu kakhulu eLok Sabhaha angamalungu angu 552 (kuhlanganise namalungu amabili aneziqu ze-Anglo-Indian, nakuba leli lungiselelo laqedwa yiSimemezelo somthetho-Mthetho-sisekelo sa 104 ngo-2020). Amandla angempela angamalungu akhethiwe avela kumalungu angu-553 asebenzisa isimiso sokuqala se-partus-prese-prest.

Inkulumo Nempicabadala

Igama elivamile leLok Sabha liyiminyaka emihlanu, ngaphandle kokuba lincishiswe ngaphambili nguMongameli. Ukungalungi kungavela lapho uhulumeni uphelelwa ukwethemba, noma lapho uNdunankulu eluleka ngokhetho lokuqala. Ngokungafani no-Rajiya Sabba, i-Lok Sabhah iyakwazi ukuqeda ukushwabadela, okuthi ngemva kwalokho kuthathelwe ukhetho olusha. Ubuncane beminyaka yobulungu buyiminyaka engu-25.

Indima Ekuklameni Uhulumeni

ILok Sabha indlu enquma ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu noma umfelandawonye owakha uhulumeni. UMphathi-mikhosi ophethe noMkhandlu Wezikhonzi unomthwalo wemfanelo njengeqembu kuyiLok Sabhaha. Uma uhulumeni elahlekelwa ivoti yokuqiniseka kuyiLok Sabhaha, kumelwe ashiye. Ngokungafani, iRajiya Sabba angeke adlulise ukunyakaza okungavunyelwayo ngokumelene nohulumeni, njengoba uMkhandlu Wabefundisi unomthwalo wemfanelo weSiphakashi Sabhaha (iSife 75) kuphela. Lokhu kwenza iLok Sahahabab ukuba inkundla eyinhloko yezokulandisa kwezombangazwe.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi kukaRaje Sabra noLok Sabha

Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zindlu ezimbili ufinyelela ngalé komehluko oyisisekelo wendlela yokukhetha nowokukhetha.

  • [ I-Mod of Evolution: Amalungu kaRajeya Sabba akhethwa ngokungaqondile ngemihlangano yesizwe yezomthetho esebenzisa ukumelelwa komthetho (ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo). Amalungu eLok Sabha akhethwa ngokuqondile abantu baseNdiya kusukela kuma-consituence usebenzisa isimiso sokuqala sezwe sangaphambili semithetho.
  • Ubude be-Term no-Connuity: i-Ravya Sabha iyindlu ehlala njalo enamagama eminyaka eyisithupha anyaka exegayo, “‘ isithathu selungu elilodwa lithatha umhlala-mnyaka ngamunye. I-Lok Sabha inegama elimisiwe elithatha iminyaka emihlanu kodwa lingancibilika ngaphambi kwesikhathi, liholela okhethweni olusha kuzo zonke izihlalo ezingu-53.
  • Amalungu ubungakanani: Ravya Sabha inamalungu angu 245 (kuhlanganise 12 u-athonsiwe). ULok Sabha unamalungu akhethiwe angu-55 kanye namalungu amabili ahlukene ahlanganisa namalungu ama-Anglo-Indian (manje aphunyukile). I-Lok Sabhaha's iveza indima yayo njengegumbi lommeleli.
  • Age Qualiation: Iminyaka enciphile yamalungu eRajeya Sabha iyiminyaka engu-30; ye-Lok Sabhaha iyiminyaka engu-25. Lenkathi ephakeme yeRajiya Sabhaha ivumelana nohlobo lwayo oluhloselwe ukuba luyindlu yolwazi nokuhlakanipha.
  • Amandla phezu kwemali: Imali amaMali (njengoba ichazwe esiQinganisweni 110) angavela kuphela eLok Sabhaha. Ngemva kokudluliswa yiLok Sabhaha, athunyelwa kuyiRajiya Sabba, okumelwe ayibuyise ngezinsuku eziyi 14 noma ingatuswanga. ULok Sabha angakwamukela noma alahle noma yikuphi ukutusa, futhi uma iRajisha Sabba phela ukubuyisa isikhangiso phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-14, kungathiwa ukuthi sidlulisiwe. Ngakho, i-Rajiya Sabba i-ha i-ahha i-suspendingschetoto thizemali.
  • Control phezu koMphathi-Mphathi: UMkhandlu Wezikhonzi unomthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene kuphela kuyiLok Sabha. IRajiya Sabra ayikwazi ukudlulisa ukunyakaza kokungaqiniseki noma ukuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba ashiye, nakuba ungagxeka futhi uxoxe ngezimiso zakhe.
  • Ezinzibeni zomthetho-mthetho: Zombili izindlu zinamandla alinganayo ekulinganiseni uMthetho-sisekelo (ngaphandle kwemigomo efuna ukuhlaziywa kukahulumeni). Isivumelwano sokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kumelwe sidluliswe ngengxenye enkulu yendlu ngayinye ngokwehlukana. Uma kuphikisana, alikho ilungiselelo lokuhlala ndawonye; ukuwa komthetho-mthetho.
  • I-Impetance: I-Lok Sabha ingaqala ukuphikisa uMongameli ngokophulwa komthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho i-Rajiya Sabhaha ihlanganyela ekuphenyeni nasekuvoteleni. Ngokufanayo, zombili izindlu zingasusa abahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme neziNkantolo Eziphezulu ngenqubo edinga inani eliyizi-3 ezimbili endlini ngayinye.
  • I-Disolution: i-Raje Sabha ayinyakazi; iyindikimba eqhubekayo. I-Lok Sabhaha ingancibilika nguMongameli ngokweluleko loMphathi omkhulu, iholela okhethweni olusha.
  • [[NTL:0] Indima emelelayo: IRaje Sabha imelela amazwe namasimu e-Istation, iqinisekisa ukuthi izithakazelo zawo zicatshangelwa ngokwesizwe. ILok Sabha imelela abantu ngokuqondile, ngobulungisa ngabunye obulinganayo emphakathini.

Imisebenzi Namandla Ezindlu Ezimbili

Zombili izindlu zisebenza ndawonye enqubeni yokushaya umthetho, kodwa ukugcizelela kwazo ukusebenza namandla akhethekile kuyahluka kakhulu. Ukuqonda lemisebenzi kwembula ukulingana phakathi kwesimiso se-indiya.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Umthetho − ngaphandle kwezindleko zemali . Uma idlula ngakunoma yimuphi umndeni. Uma indlu yesibili inqaba ukuthatha umthetho noma ihlongoza ukungamukeleki endlini eqalileyo, i-fleck iyavuka. Uma izimali ezivamile, ukuhlalisana kwazo zombili izindlu kungabizwa uMongameli ukuxazulula isondo lokufa. Nokho, ukuhlala ndawonye akuvamile ukusetshenziswa; owokugcina wenzekile ngo-2002 ukuvikelwa komthetho wobuphekula. I-Rajiya Sabra yenza imisebenzi njengegumbi lokulungisa, isebenzisa uhlelo lwayo oluncane lokuhlola umthetho.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

I-Lok Sabha iphethe kakhulu ezindabeni zezimali. Imali yaminyaka yonke inikezwa kuyi-Lok Sabha, futhi izikweletu zemali zingaqala lapho kuphela. IRajiya Sabba angeke akwazi ukuqeda izikweletu zemali; ingamane ikwenze ukutusa ukuthi i-Lok Sabhaha ingakhetha ukwamukela noma ukunganaki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Lokha Sabha inamandla okuvumela izingcingo zikahulumeni zokusebenzisa imali. URajiya Sabbaha ufeza indima elinganiselwe: ingaphikisana ngemali kodwa ayinakuvotela imvume yokukhokha. Lelilungiselelo liqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwezezimali zomphakathi ngegumbi elikhethwe ngokuqondile.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Zombili izindlu zibheka izikhulu njengezokuziphendulela ngemisebenzi enjengemibuzo, izimpikiswano, kanye nokuhlola ikomiti. Nokho, amandla eLok Sabha okuphoqelela ukuyeka uhulumeni ngevoti engenamvume ayinikeza ithuluzi elikhaliphile lokuqondisa. Imibiko evela ekomitini enjenge Komiti Yomphakathi ne-Arestances ingabuza abefundisi, iqale izimpikiswano ezindabeni zomphakathi, futhi ibhekise izikweleti kumakomiti azimele. Ikomiti, lapho zombili izindlu zihlanganyela khona, ivumela ukuhlolwa okuneyo kwemithetho nemali echithwayo. Imibiko evela ekomitini enjenge-Akhawuntial Office ne-Arection Committee ithuthukisa ukuhlolwa kwezindleko zomphakathi.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Amalungu ePhalamende avela kuzo zombili izindlu ahlanganyela ekukhetheni kukaMongameli waseNdiya (kanye namalungu akhethiwe emihlangano yombuso). IRaje Sabha ukhetha noSekela wayo siqu uSihlalo futhi ahlanganyela ekukhetheni kukaMongameli. Amalungu azo zombili izindlu ayingxenye yekholiji elikhethwe ngumongameli waseNdiya, kodwa amalungu akhethiwe kuzo zombili izindlu avotela uMongameli.

Amandla Akhethekile Endlu Ngamunye

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi ehlanganyelwayo, indlu ngayinye inemibuso ethile ekhethekile. IRajiya Sabha ingaqala ukususwa kukaMongameli onguMongameli; i-Lok Sabhaha ingaqala ukususwa kukaMongameli. i-Rajiya Sabhaha ingagunyaza ukusungulwa kwaso sonke iSinkonzo saseNdiya; i-Lok Sabhaha iyodwa ingadlula ngokuvota kokungakholeki ngokumelene noMkhandlu Wabefundisi. I-Rajiya Sabhaha futhi inendima ekhethekile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 312: Ingadlulisela izihloko ezisuka kuLuhlu Lwezwe lweSizwe ukuya ku-Union, kanjalo idlulise ukumiswa kwemithetho ye-mthetho.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwezindlu Ezimbili Nesimiso Se - Baramal

Isimiso se-bidamaral saseNdiya asilingani ngokuphelele; sinikeza i-Lok Sabba indawo evelele, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zezimali nasekwakhekeni kukahulumeni. Nokho, i-Rajiya Sabhaha ayisona isitembu senjoloba. Amandla ayo okulibala nokulungisa izikweleti ezivamile, amazwi aso alinganayo ekulungiseni okulawula izithakazelo zombuso anikeza ukulingana. Isimiso sivimbela umthetho osheshayo, sikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwesivumelwano, futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ezindawo ezihlukahlukene zizwakala ngokwezinga lesizwe.

Ukuhlala kwelungu kuyindlela yomthetho-sisekelo yokuxazulula ukuphehlwa kwemithetho. Kwenganyelwa uSithethi weLok Sabba, futhi izinqumo zithathwa yingqikithi yamalungu akhona navota. Ukuhlala ndawonye akuvamile ukubizwa ngoba zombili izindlu zithanda ukuxoxisana. Nokho, ukuba khona kwazo kugcizelela ukubusa kokugcina kweLok Sabba uma kwenzeka amalungu amakhulu eLok Sabba (cishe ngokuphindwe kabili kweRjajiya Sabra) kunikeza inzuzo engokwenani.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwalezi zindlu zombili bubuye buthonywe yizinto ezingokoqobo zezombangazwe. Ngokuvamile, iqembu eliphethe isifundazwe phakathi lilawula futhi i-Lok Sabba, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi alinabaningi eRaje Sabhaha. Lesi simo siphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba axoxe namaqembu aphikisayo kanye namanxusa asekelwe kuhulumeni, umthetho wokucwenga nokusekela ukuphambanisa. Ngakho, isimiso se-bidamaral sisebenza njengesehlo kumphathi owesikelele futhi siqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ijabulela ukwanelisa okusemthethweni.

Isiphetho: Indima Ebalulekile Yomibili Izindlu

Ngamafuphi, i-Rajiya Sabba ne-Lok Sabha iyizinhlangano ezisekelanayo phakathi kwentando yeningi yase-Indiya. Ukhetho lwe-codec lwamaphalamende oluqondile, isikhathi esifushane, kanye nobukhulu bezimali kwenza kube yisikhungo esiyinhloko sentando ethandwayo nesikhulu sokulandisa. U-Rajiya Sabba's ukhetha ngokungaqondi, izinkulumo ezinde, kanye namandla akhethekile avumela ukuba imelele izithakazelo zikahulumeni, ilungiselele ukuzinzile, futhi ithuthukise izinga lemithetho ngokubukeza ngokucophelela. Izakhiwo zabo ezihlukile nendima ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho awuphumi, ukuthi izifunda zezwe zinezwi, nokuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka usabela kokubili kukhetho olunokhetho nohulumeni obanzi.

Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda lokhu kungafani akuyona nje imfundo; kubalulekile ekuhloleni izimpikiswano zephalamende, ukuqaphela ukuthi yiyiphi indlu esho okokugcina endabeni ethile, nokwazisa amasheke akhiwe eqenjini le-Indiya. Isimiso se-bidamaral, kanye nakho konke okuyinkimbinkimbi, sihlala singenye yezisekelo zesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi saseNdiya, silinganisa ukuphumelela ngokuhlela, nokumelela ngokuzinza.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngePhalamende laseNdiya, ungavakashela ingosi engokomthetho ye- Raja Sabba ne Lok Sabha[. Imininingwane eyengeziwe ngezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ingatholakala kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kumthetho-mthetho we-sishaya-mthetho we-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho ikhasi[.