Ukubaluleka Kokulawula Ngokusemthethweni Embusweni Wentando Yeningi WaseMelika

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza futhi iSishaya-mthetho amandla ezimalini ezifanele, ukuqinisekisa izimali eziphetheyo, ukuqinisekisa izibopho zomthetho, ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano ze-ravizence, kanye nezikhulu ezibusayo. Ngamunye walemibuso usikisela isidingo esifanayo sokwaziswa. Ngaphandle kwekhono lokubukeza indlela imali esetshenziswa ngayo, indlela izikhulu ezisebenza ngayo, nendlela izimiso ezisetshenziswa ngayo, iSishaya-Phondo ngeke isebenzise eminye imisebenzi yaso engokomthetho. Ngakho ukulawula akuyona indima ecatshangelwayo; kufakwa ekwakheni kwemibuso ehlukene. Indlu yabameleli, nomjikelezo wayo weminyaka emibili yokukhetha, isabela ngokukhethekile ekuphatheni komphakathi futhi iye yahola ngokomlando emisebenzini. ISishaya-mthetho, ngemiciko yayo emide neyamukeleni yayo, kunikeza umbono ohlukile, ngokuvamile obhekiswe ezindabeni zezimiso zezimiso kanye nezinquiso.

Ukwengamela kwanamuhla kudwetshwa nakuziphathimandla ze-Breautemporary Act ka1921. I-Balbate and Accounting Act yakha i-Accouncing Accounting Office (manje i-Hulumeni ye-Hulumeni e-Oficial Accounting Office) ukuze ihlole izinhlangano zezikhulu. I-Congregational Ballegational Drial ne-Impoundment Control ka-19767 yamisa uMthetho wokulawula i-Congress Commoral Baclate futhi yaqinisa ikhono le-Congress Congress Collegionsting Act ka-1978 yasungula izinquisite ezimeleni ezizimele phakathi kwezinhlangano. Lemithetho, ihlangene nesimiso somthetho womthetho womthetho, inikeza i-onkethi ye-om ye-art (iexample) i-arts.

Imishini Yokuqondisa: Indlela Ingqungquthela Elinganisela Ngayo Isigungu Esiphethe

ISishaya-mthetho sisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwengamela. Okubonakalayo kakhulu ukuqulwa kwezindaba nokuphenywa kwamakomiti, kodwa ukuqondisa kuhlanganisa nokuhlola, imibiko, izinhlelo, ukuqinisekiswa, nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano ezizimele njenge Office ye-Hulumeni Accounting (GAO) ne-Congregational Baccouncial Office (CBO). Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kubalulekile ukuze siqonde ukujula nobubanzi bobuphathi.

Isimiso Sekomiti

AmaKomiti angamabhodi asebenzayo okuphathwa kwemithetho. Kokubili iNdlu neSigeqe ineziphathi eziphethe izindawo ezithile zesimiso somthetho − njengeziButho ze-Admittery, i-Jediary, iMayester and Commerce, kunye ne-Adroprication. Lamakomiti aqhuba ukuthethwa, amapeadena, futhi aveze imibiko engaholela ekuthatheni umthetho noma izigebengu. IKomiti yendlu ephethe i-Oversigrality ne-Rhulumenti Reformation (manje iKomiti ye-Oversalight and Commistration) inegunya elikhulu phezu kohulumeni wonke futhi ihola ukupheka okuphakeme. I-Generallandland Security ne-Pugement Affant Committeement ifeza indima efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakomiti endlu ngalinye abaphathi bendlu ngalinye liqhuba ngegunya lezeshabhili, ukuhlola izicelo zezentengo.

AmaKomiti angakha futhi amakomiti esikhashana akhethe amakomiti afuna ukuhlola izindaba ezithile, njenge-Select Committee to Investigate Attack on the United States Capitol noma iSigele Sokukhetha Ikomiti Yobuhlakani. Lezi zindikimba ezikhankanyiweyo ngokuvamile zikhiwa lapho amakomiti akhona ebhekwa njenganezinhlangothi ezikhudlwana kakhulu noma awenziwe athwale kakhulu. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela ukuhlelwa okukhethekile, okwenza amalungu nezisebenzi ukuba zikwazi ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obujulile emikhakheni ethile. Nokho, isimiso sibhekana futhi nezinselele: ukungalinganisi, injini yempi, nomthamo wonke wemisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo ungenza kube nzima ukuba ikomiti iqhubeke.

Ihhovisi Lokulandisa Likahulumeni (GAO)

IGAO iyinhlangano ezimele, engenayo i-partisan esebenza eKhongolo. Ihlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni, imibiko ngempumelelo nokuphumelela, futhi inikeza imibono engokomthetho ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezimali zomphakathi. Imibiko yeGAO ihlonishwa kabanzi futhi ngokuvamile isebenza njengesisekelo sokuzwa nokulungisa izinguquko ze-propati. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-GAO athola izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi emfucumfucu ekuvinyeni izindleko, izinhlelo zezempilo, nosizo lwenhlekelele. I-ace i-gaO futhi inemisebenzi yokubhikica ngokubhikica i-hide, futhi ivumela izinhlangano ukuba ziphikise ama-parcomssion awabe asemthethweni kahulumeni. I-GO ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "igoganigadiald" ngoba inikeza injongo, ukuhlaziya ulwazi okungenza i-Congresssion ibambe igatsha liphendule igatsha leze.

IGAO ibika ukuthi ihlanganisa cishe zonke izici zomsebenzi kahulumeni, kusukela ekungangeni hlangothini ezimeleni kuya ekunakekeleni impilo yomuntu noma ekushintsheni isimo sezulu. Inhlangano ye-High Risk List iveza izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezisengozini kakhulu zokukhwabanisa, ukuxhaphaza, noma ukungaphatha kahle. Ngokunciphisa lezi zingozi, i-GAO Congress isiza ukuba ibambe imizamo yayo futhi ifune intuthuko kubaholi bezinhlangano. Umsebenzi weGAO ubaluleke kakhulu ezikhathini zikahulumeni ohlukene, lapho i-gropta ingavimbela khona ukuphenyiswa okuqondile.

I - Congressonal Baccomplication Office (CBO)

I-CBO inikeza i-CBO ukuhlolwa kwezindaba ezingekho ngxenye kwezemali nezomnotho. Izindleko zayo zomthetho ohlongozwayo zisiza abenzi bomthetho ukuba baqonde incazelo elindelekile yezinqumo zabo. Nakuba i-CBO ingaphenyi ngendlela efanayo ne-GO noma amakomiti, indima yayo yokuqondisa ibalulekile: iqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu unokwaziswa okuzimele, okunokwethenjelwa ngezindleko nangemiphumela engokomnotho yezicelo zezikhulu nezinhlelo ezikhona. Lapho igatsha eliphethe lifaka isicelo semali, i-CBO lihlaziya i-GO ngokwayo, ngokuvamile iveza ukuphikisana noma imibono engaqinisekile.

Izibalo ze-CBO ezithatha isikhathi eside ezikweletini, izikweletu, nokukhula kwezomnotho zitshela izimpikiswano mayelana nomthwalo wemfanelo wemali nohlelo. Ngaphandle kwe-CBO, i-Congress kungadingeka ithembele kuphela ezilinganisweni zegatsha eziphethe, ezingase zicwale noma zingaphelele. Ukuzimela kweCBO kulondolozwa ngesakhiwo sayo: uMqondisi umiswa abaholi bazo zombili amaqembu eSishayamthetho, futhi lenhlangano isebenza ngaphandle kwesiqondiso somthetho.

I - instector General (IGs)

Imishini yokuhlola i-General iyizinja ezizimele ezifakwe ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Bahlola futhi bahlole izinhlelo zezinhlangano nezisebenzi, ngokuvamile bembula ukukhohlisa, udoti, noma ukuziphatha okubi. IGs ibika kokubili kumphathi wenhlangano nakuKhongolo, inikeza inqubo yokulandisa okumbaxambili. I-Inspector General Act ka-1978 yakha lamahhovisi phakathi kweminyango emikhulu, futhi umthetho olandelayo uye waqinisa ukuzimela kwabo nokufinyelela kwabo ukwaziswa.

I-IGs iye yaba yingxenye ekudaluleni amahlazo asukela ekungaphathwani kahle eMnyangweni wezindaba zeVeterans kuya ekukhwabaniseni ezimisweni ezincane zokubolekwa kwemali ebolekwayo yebhizinisi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-IGS aphakathi kwezinhlangano, ayakwazi ukuthola izincwadi zangaphakathi nezisebenzi ezingase zibe khona. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwabaholi bezinhlangano ne-Congress ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ekutholeni kwabo. Eminyakeni yamuva, abanye abantu abamisiwe kwezombangazwe baye babika ukuthi bayaphindisela noma bamelana nalezo zimpikiswa.

Izinhlobo Nezibonelo Zemisebenzi Yokuqondisa

Ukugada akuwona umsebenzi wobungcweti obufanayo; kunezimo ezihlukahlukene kuye ngomongo nangemigomo yekomiti ehlolayo. Izazi nodokotela bavame ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokusebenza, ukusabela, nokuqondisa. Uhlobo ngalunye lufeza injongo ehlukile futhi ludinga imithombo ehlukene namacebo.

Ukubusa Ngenkuthalo, Ngokuthula Nangokukhuthele

Umqondisi osebenzayo uhlanganisa ukuqashelwa okuqhubekayo kwemisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo ngokuzwa inqubo, ukubukeza kwezemishini, nokuhlola kwezisebenzi. Kuvimbela isimo futhi kusiza ukwakha ukuqonda indlela izinhlelo ezisebenza ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Armed Services Committee iphatha njalo izikhulu zezehlulele ukubukeza amasu okutholwa, amazinga e-aseatho, kanye nokuvuma. Umqondisi owengamele uvumela i-Congress Congress ukuba ibambe izinkinga zisene nezinhlangano ukuze zilungise ngaphambi kokuba zikhule.

Umqondisi owenziweyo uyenzeka ngokusabela ezigijimini, amahlazo, noma izinhlekelele. Ngemva kwenhlekelele enkulu yemvelo, ngokwesibonelo, uMkhandlu ungalalela impendulo kahulumeni futhi uqaphele ukwehluleka. Ihlazo leWatergate liyisibonelo esivelele sokuqondisa: iKhomishane yaseSigqeni ihlola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kubaphathi beNixon, kuholele ekuhoxeni komongameli nasekuvuleni kwenguquko kwezezimali. I-Iran-Centra yezehlulele futhi ihlohlolo olushukumisa ukusabela kwezekwa kwemali yokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ekuthengisweni kwezikhali eNicaraguatra, okuphumela ekushisweni kwemithetho yezikhulu zezikhulu zezempatho nakwezobuhlakalo.

Umqondisi osebenzayo ubheke phambili: ulindele izinkinga ezingase zivele futhi uzixazulule ngaphambi kokuba zibangele umonakalo. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Khetha Committee on the Climate Crisis yakhipha umbiko ngo 2020 otusa izimiso zokusingatha ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ngokusekelwe kososayensi, abaholi bezemboni, nabasekeli bomphakathi. Ukwengamela okusebenzayo kudinga ukubona kusengaphambili, izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe, nokuzimisela ukwenza ngokuvumelana nokwaziswa okungaphelele. Ngokuvamile kunzima kakhulu kunokusabela ngenxa yokuthi akukho nkinga yokushukumisa isenzo.

Ukuhlola Icala Elingokomlando Lokuqondisa Okuphumelelayo

Ukuhlola okuningana okuphawulekayo kubonisa amandla okuphathwa kwemithetho okuveza ububi, ukuthuthukisa ukubusa, nokubuyisela ukwethemba komphakathi.

Watergate (1972-1974). ISigele Sokukhetha Ikomiti Yomongameli Wenkampane, ebekwe isihlalo nguSam Ervin onguMphathi, salalela ngemishini eyadalula indima yesimiso sokunqanda i-Democratic National Committee Committee nolwenzelo olulandelayo. Uphenyo lwekomiti lwaholela ekuwisweni kukaMongameli uRichard Nixon kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezikhulu eziningana eziphezulu. Kwaphumela futhi ekutheni kufakweni inguquko kumthetho kaHulumeni eMthethweni we-Rhulumente, ukusungulwa kwehhovisi le-Provimentoties, ukumiswa kwemithetho yezenteko yezezimali.

Iran-Contra (1986-19987). Ukuqulwa kwecala lombuso we-Congregation kwembula ukuthi izikhulu ezikhulu ze-Reagan zazithengise izikhali ngasese e-Iran(in-evolution of the mondes) futhi zasebenzisa imali ukuze zixhase abavukeli be-Contra eNicaragua, naphezu kokuvinjelwa kwengqungquthela. Uphenyo lwe House-Senate lwaveza umbiko oningiliziwe owaholela ekulungiseni izinguquko ngendlela iSishaya-Hulumeni esithola ngayo isaziso sezenzo zezembobo nesokwengamele izikhulu ze-National Security Council Council.

Ikomiti ye-Truman (1941-1948). Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, iKhominti Ekhethekile yokuhlola i-National Defense Program, ebekwe isihlalo yi-Senator Harry S.Truman, yaqondisa ukutholakala kwezempi. Ikomiti yavumbulula udoti ogcwele, ukukhwabanisa, nokungakhokhi, ilondoloza izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaR49 zemali entela kanye nokuthuthukisa izikhuthazo. Ukusebenza okuqinile ekomitini kwamsiza ukuba abe yisekela likamongameli nomongameli wamuva.

IKomiti yeSonto (1975). ISigele Sikhetha iKomiti Yokufunda Imisebenzi Kahulumeni ngokuhlonipha I-Intelligence Accountings, ebekwe yi-Senator Frank Church, yahlola ukuxhashazwa kweCIA, FBI, nezinye izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha. Ukwambulwa kwekomiti kokuhlola kwasekhaya, amasuntswana okubulala, nokuhlola okungekho emthethweni kwaholela ekudalweni kweSigeqe ne-Intelligence kanye ne-Makomiti e-Orienters Surveillance Act (FA).

IKhomishane engu 9/11 (202-2004). IKhomishane yesizwe e-Terroris Attacks on the United States, ikhomishane ezimele eyasungulwa yiKhomishane yeSishaya-mthetho, yahlola izimo ezizungeze ukuhlasela kwe-September 11, 2001. Umbiko wayo ogcwele, owakhishwa ngo-2004, waveza ukuhluleka kokuhlakanipha ekuhlanganyeleni, ukuvikela kwezindiza, nokulawula umngcele. Ukutusa komkhandlu kwaholela ekusunguleni koMnyango Wezokuvikela Izwe neHhovisi YoMnyango wesizwe, kanye nezinguquko ezigcweleyo ezimisweni yokulwa nomthetho we-Rhovisi.

Okubalulekile Ekubuseni Ngentando Yeningi

Ukuqondisa umthetho akuyona nje ithuluzi lokulawula inqubo; kubalulekile empilweni ye-democracy. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okunenjongo, igatsha eliphethe lingasebenza ngaphandle kokujeziswa, lingazishaya indiva izinhloso zobuhlanga, lichithe izimali zomphakathi, futhi liphuce inkululeko yomphakathi. I-Oversity ifeza okungenani imisebenzi emithathu ebalulekile: ukulandisa, ukuba sobala, nokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa.

Ukulandisa Nokulinganisela

Isibopho sokulandisa yisimiso sokuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe ziphendule ngezenzo zazo. Esimisweni samagunya ahlukene, igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi okunikeza abanye umthwalo wemfanelo. Ikhomishane, ukuqondisa kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuhlola umphathi. Ngokuhlola ukwehluleka nokwehluleka, uKhongolo-bumba lungadalula ushintsho, futhi, ezimweni ezidlulele, ukusungula ukujezisa. Ikhono lokubiza ofakazi ngaphansi kwesifungo, ukuthola izincwadi, nokubhekisa okutholwayo ekumangaleleni kuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho egatsheni eliphethe ungaphezu komthetho.

Amasesha nama-aspects asebenza ngokuqondisa futhi. Amandla esikhwama semali anika ikhondlali leKhongolo esikhundleni sezinto eziza kuqala; ukuqondisa kungacindezela izinhlangano ukuba zivumelane neziqondiso zobukhonya. Inqubo yokugunyaza izikhulu eziphethe eziphezulu ihlanganisa ukungabaza okunzima ngezenzo zesikhathi esidlule namapulani esimiso. Amandla okuzigunyaza, asetshenziswa kabili kuphela emlandweni ngokumelene nomongameli, i-computer on thethorder. Ngamunye wala mathuluzi uxhomeke ekwazisweni okunikezwa yi-gadender.

Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi Nokubona Ingaphandle

Ukubona ngaphaya kwangaphandle kuyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokwazi lokho uhulumeni wazo akwenzayo, ikakhulukazi uma intela yazo isengozini noma inkululeko yazo yomphakathi ithintekile. Ukuzwa ngokuqondisisa imibiko, ukungena kwezincwadi zikahulumeni, kanye nokuthola izincwadi zikahulumeni kusiza umphakathi futhi kusize abavoti ukuba bakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ebhokisini le-colot. Inkululeko Yolwazi Act (FOIA), nakuba ingesona ithuluzi lenkokhelo yeKhongolosi kuphela, ihlangene eduze nokwengamele: izicelo zokuhlanganisa izimvume ngokuvamile zikhuthaza ukukhululwa kwezincwadi ebezingahlala zifihliwe.

Uma ukuqapha kunamandla futhi kusobala, kwakha ukuthemba komphakathi ukuthi uhulumeni uyakulandisa futhi uyasabela. Uma ukuphatha kubuthakathaka noma kuqeda ukuthembana, ukukhomba kuncipha. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ukwethembela kuhulumeni kuye kwehla kakhulu phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule, futhi ochwepheshe bavame ukuhlobanisa lokhu ukwehla kwemibono yokuthi iSishaya-Mkhandlu asibekeli igatsha ngokufanelekile ukuba liyolandisa. Ukubuyisela ukuthemba akudingi ukuqondisa nje kuphela, kodwa okuthembekile, ukwengamele, ukwengamele okuphakamisa amaqiniso ngaphezu kobuphekula.

Ukuvimbela Ukubusa Ngokweqile

Igatsha eliphethe linamandla amakhulu: lilawula ibutho lezempi, linikeza izinhlelo zikahulumeni, izinhlelo, futhi liphoqelela imithetho. Njengoba ububanzi bukahulumeni kahulumeni buye banda, kanjalo nokwehluleka ukuphamba. Ukuqondisa kusiza ekuvimbeleni izinhlangano eziphethe ukuba zidlulele ngalé kwegunya lazo elingokomthetho noma zenze ngezindlela eziphikisana nenhloso yokuhlela. Ngokwesibonelo, uma igatsha eliphethe lizama ukuphonsa izimali eziye zavunyelwa uMkhandlu, noma ukubhala kabusha imithetho ngemithetho, ukuqondisa kungaveza lezenzo kanye nemithetho esheshayo.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile ziye zakhumbuza umphathi ukuthi amandla akhe awanakulinganiselwa. Entsha i-Town Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sayeyer (1952), iNkantolo yaguqula ukuthatheka kukaMongameli Truman ngezigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, igcizelela ukuthi umongameli akanakwenza umthetho ngaphandle kokugunyaza ukuhlangana. Icala ligcizelela ukubaluleka komthetho weSishaya-ngqungquthela esihlala siphapheme. Ukwengamele kahle kuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zesikhulu ziqhubeka zivivinywa emthethweni noMthetho-sisekelo. Eminyakeni yamuva, izimemezelo zezikhulu zezokuphatha, izimemezelo zempi, nezinguquko zesizwe, futhi ushintsho olungenazinhlokohloko-mthethweningoso zenza lomsebenzi ngokukhethekile.

Izinselele Zobubusi Bemithetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, ukuqondisa imithetho kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu kwezombangazwe zanamuhla. Lezi zinselele zisukela ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso, ukumelana nemishini nokuswelakala kwemithombo yezimali. Ukusingatha le zinselele kubaluleke kakhulu uma uMkhandlu uzolondoloza indima yawo njengegatsha likahulumeni elilinganayo.

Umkhumbi Nomsindo

Mhlawumbe inselele enkulu kakhulu ekuqondiseni ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Uma iNdlu neSigele zilawulwa amaqembu ahlukene, noma lapho umongameli ebhekene neKhomishane yeqembu eliphikisanayo, kungasetshenziswa izikhali. Amaqembu amakhulu angase aqale ukuhlola okuhloselwe ukulimaza idumela lomunye umbutho, kuyilapho amaqembu ambalwa angasebenzisa ukuqondisa ukuze athole amaphuzu ezombangazwe. Lo mongameli angalulaza ukuthembeka kobuphathi futhi anciphise ukwethenjwa komphakathi ekutholeni kwakhe.

I-Gridlock futhi ivimbela ukuqondisa. Ngisho noma uphenya luvumbulula izinkinga ezinkulu, inqubo yokushaya umthetho ingase ithathe ijubane kakhulu noma ikhiphela umngcele kakhulu ukuba iphendule ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, imibiko eminingi evela ku-GAO nomphathi jikelele iye yaveza ukuhluleka kokuphathwa okubi eMnyango Wezindaba zeVeterans, kodwa izinguquko ezibanzi bezingasheshi ngenxa ye-interia. Inqubo efanayo ivela ezindaweni ezinjengokulondeka komngcele, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nemithetho yendawo ezungezile (imibiko) iyanda, kodwa izingxabano zezombangazwe zivimbela isinyathelo.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Nendlela Yokumelana Nezimo

Igatsha eliphethe liye lamelana kaningi nemizamo yobubonisi ngokumisa ilungelo lokuphatha, okuyilungelo lokufihla izingxoxo zikamongameli. Ilungelo eliphetheyo aliphelele futhi alilinganiselwe yizinkantolo, kodwa ukunxusa kwalo kungathatha isikhathi ukuphenya futhi kubangele izimpi ezingokomthetho eziqeda imithombo futhi ziphazamise abaphathi abaphansi. Omongameli babo bobabili baye basebenzisa ilungelo lokulawula ukuvimbela iSishaya-Mkhandlu ekutholeni izincwadi noma ubufakazi kubaphathi abakhulu.

Ngaphezu kokuzisholo okungokomthetho ukuthi unelungelo, izinhlangano eziphethe zingavimbela ukuqondisa ngokuthatha iziphetho ezithatha kancane, ukuthatha izinto ngokuzimela, nokuphika ukufinyelela ukwaziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi weTrump wagxekwa kabanzi ngokwenqaba ukuhambisana nama-topoena nokuqondisa ofakazi ukuba bangafakazeli phambi kwamakomiti enhlangano. Lamaqhinga aphoqelela ukuba aphendukele enkantolo noma ukugconwa okungamelwe kuthathwe, okuyikhokhwa okuthiwa isikhathi esinemiphumela exubile. Isikhulu se-Obama futhi sabhekana nokugxekwa ngokusebenzisa ilungelo lesikhulu ekuvikeleni izincwadi eziphathelene nomthetho ezihlobene nomthetho nomthetho no-Prooctive no-Funious. Ukumelana nokwengamela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iqembu lisemnyango, kululaza ikhono lomthetho wokuphatha isikhulu.

Imithombo Yezinto Nesimiso Sokwaziswa

I-Congress inemithombo embalwa kunegatsha eliphethe elifuna ukuqondisa. Inhlangano kahulumeni ihlanganisa izigidi zezisebenzi, izakhiwo ezinkulu zokuxhumana, nobuchwepheshe obujulile. Amakomiti e-Congregational anezisebenzi ezincane futhi anemininingwane elinganiselwe, ngokuvamile ancike kulokho igatsha eliphethe elikunikeza ngokuzithandela. Nakuba i-GAO ne CBO iphakeme inkundla yokudlala, nazo zinemigoqo. Inani labaphathi be-communionism liye lehla emashumini eminyaka amuva, njengoba nje ubukhulu nobunkimbinkimbi bezwe likahulumeni buye banda.

I-asymmetry yolwazi ivezwa ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zokhuseleko lwesizwe nezindawo ezihlukene. Uma uMkhandlu ungenakho ukukwazi ukufinyelela ukuhlakanipha okunozwela, awunakwengamela ngokuphumelelayo imisebenzi eyimfihlo noma izenzo zempi. Amakomiti ahlakaniphile anazo izakhiwo ezivikelekile kanye nokulondeka, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi azama ukuthola ukwaziswa okufike ngesikhathi nokuphelele okuvela ezinhlanganweni eziphethe. Ukuhlasela kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Iraq kwaqokomisa izingozi zokuthembela ekuhlakanipheni okungaphelele noma okudukisayo. Ukuthuthukisa ukwaziswa kokwabelana kuyilapho ukuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe kuseyinselele.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezindaba Nokunakwa Umphakathi

Kulenkathi yemithombo yezindaba ehlukene, abaphathi bezindaba abasaqondisi ukunaka komphakathi okufanayo njengoba benza phakathi nenkathi ye-Watergate. Izindlebe ezithenekile zingakhanga ukubuthwa kwethelevishini, njengoba kuboniswa ngezindaba zeKomiti yesithupha, kodwa ukunaka konke kukahulumeni kuye kwancishiswa. Izindaba zeCble, imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo, kanye nezigebengu eziveza umphakathi ngokuvamile zithinta ukuqondisa ngezibuko zomphakathi, zithuthukisa umbono womphakathi osekelwe ekungeneni kwezombangazwe kunokuba kusekelwe emaqini.

Ukudukiswa umphakathi kunganciphisa ukucindezela koMkhandlu ukuba uphathe kahle. Uma abavoti bengabophi abameleli babo ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuphatha, amalungu awabafuni kakhulu ukusebenzisa isikhathi nengcebo ekuhloleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umjikelezo wezindaba wamahora angu-24 ungaholela "ekukhandlekeni kokuhlola," lapho umphakathi ufaka khona ekumangalelweni kokuziphethe kabi futhi uyeke ukunaka. Ukulondoloza isithakazelo somphakathi esiqhubekayo ekungaqondiseni kudinga ukulandisa nokuxhumana okuphoqelelekile kwezindaba ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Izinguquko Zokuqinisa Ukuphatha Kwemithetho

Izinguquko kufanele zigxile ekuhlelekeni, ezindaweni nasemithethweni ekhuthaza ukubambisana nokuzibusa kwe - bipartis.

Amakomiti Okuqondisa

Esinye isiphakamiso siwukwakha amakomiti aqondisa ngokusemthethweni noma amakomiti angaphansi, ikakhulukazi ukuze kuhlolwe ama-partical adibene. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Seact Committee ka-January 6, ihlanganisa kokubili iDemocrats neRepublicans, futhi ukuzwa kwayo kwathathwa njengokuthembekile kakhulu. Ngokufuna ukuba amalungu e-bipartis afaneleke ngokusemthethweni futhi anikeze imibuso elinganayo yezisebenzi ezimbalwa, amakomiti anjalo anganciphisa ukuqashelwa kweqembu le-devorantial nokwandisa ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Ingqungquthela ingathatha imithetho futhi ivimbele iqembu elikhulu ukuba lingangeni ezinswe ohhadlana noma ukuphenya.

Ukuthuthukisa Imali Nokuthutha

I-Congress kufanele yandise ukuxhaswa kwezimali zezisebenzi zekomiti nabezobucuphi obuzimele njenge-GAO, CBO, kanye nabahloli jikelele. Izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe, ezingaphathi-bupatin zibalulekile ekuqhubeni uphenyo, ekuhloleni imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi, nasekufakeni imibiko yokubhala phansi. Ukuncipha kwezisebenzi zekomiti emashumini eminyaka adlule kuye kwaphazamisa amandla okuphathwa kwe-Congress. Ukubuyiselwa kwezinga eliphezulu lokusebenza eliqinile .[1] Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi ziqashwa ngenxa yekhono lobungcweti kunokugcinwa eqenjini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Congress ingamisa iHhovisi elihlala njalo, elizimele loMnyango we-Congregal phakathi kwegatsha lomthetho, elifanekiswe nge-Office of Technology Assessment eyayikhona kusukela ngo-191971 kuya ku-1995. Ihhovisi elinjalo linganikeza iseluleko esingochwepheshe nokusekela ukuphenywa kwawo wonke amakomiti, ngendlela efanayo nendlela i-GO enikeza ngayo izinkonzo zokuhlola. Lomqondo uye wavuselelwa ezinye izazi nabenzi bomthetho, kodwa uyodinga ukusekelwa nokusekelwa kwe-bipartistiki.

Ukuqinisa Igunya Lasezintwaneni

Ikhono loKhongolo-mthetho lokuphoqelela ama-Cuarres lilinganiselwe okwamanje. Uma igatsha eliphetheyo linqaba ukuvumelana, uMkhandlu ungavota ukuba abantu badele, kodwa ukugcinwa kuxhomeke kuMnyango woMahlulelo, oyingxenye yegatsha eliphethe. Izinguquko zingahlanganisa ukuvumela izimpoqo ukuba zibophe izimpoqo ngokukhipha izikhangiso zenkantolo ezinqunyiwe, noma ukuveza isizathu sokujezisa ukuqulwa kwemithetho ukuze kudluliswe izincwadi noma ubufakazi. Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zasikisela umthetho ozocacisa isilinganiso nokugcinwa kwemithetho ye-athonalpoenas, ukunciphisa ukuntetheleka okuvame ukuholela ekulweni okuqhubekayo kwezimpi ezingokomthetho.

Ukubonakala Kwezinto Ezihlelwe Ngokwezigaba

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqondisa ukulondeka kwesizwe, iziKhomishane kufanele zicabangele izinguquko ezithuthukisa ukutholakala kwazo kokwaziswa okuhlelwa ngokwezigaba. AmaKomiti e-Intelligence anganikezwa igunya elinamandla kakhulu lokulawula ukudinga izinhlangano ukuba zenze amabhukwana nofakazi, ngaphansi kokukhipha okuncane kwezinto ezizwela ngempela. Ukusetshenziswa "Izinsimi Eziyisishiyagalombili" okuthi kuzo kuphela abaholi abaphezulu bazo zombili izikhundla namakomiti batshelwe ukuba babhekane nemiphumela.

Isiphetho

Ukwengamela umthetho kuyinsika ebalulekile yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Iqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lihlala linesibopho kubantu ngabameleli balo abakhethiwe, likhuthaza ukubonakala kwemisebenzi kahulumeni, futhi livimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kombuso. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwe-riphabliki kuya osukwini lwanamuhla, uMkhandlu uye wasebenzisa igunya lawo lokuqondisa ukudalula ububi, ukuthuthukisa ukubusa, nokuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Uphenyo lwe-Watergate, i-Iran-Contra, iKomiti ye-Truman, kanye ne-9/11 Commission bonke bamelela njengesivumelwano sokuqondisa ukuze balethe ushintsho olunengqondo.

Kodwa ukuqondisa kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ekhulwini lama-20: ukuhlukanisa, ukumelana nemishini, ukulinganiselwa kwemali, nokungalingani komphakathi. Uma iSishayamthetho sihluleka ukubhekana nalezi zinselele, ukulinganisela kwamandla kuyoqhubekela phambili egatsheni eliphetheyo, futhi ukulandisa kwentando yeningi kuzohlupheka. Izinguquko ezixoxwe lapha `ikomiti ye-bipartis, imithombo ekhuliswe, igunya elinamandla kakhulu, nokufinyelela kangcono ekuhleleni ukwaziswa okungakhokhwanywayo, okuhambisana nendlela. Kodwa inguquko idinga intando yezombangazwe, isibopho sokuzisebenzela, nokuqaphela okuvusemkhanyeni kodwa okungesona isikhali somthetho wentando yeningi. Njengoba abaHluleki behlose, akukho gatsha likahulumeni okufanele lisebenze ngaphandle kokuhlola. Ukuhlela nokuqinisa ukuqondisa ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi yaseMelika ngokwayo.