Ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu lezombangazwe kuye kwaba yithonya elichazayo ekulolongeni inqubo yentando yeningi yaseJapane, esebenza njengendlela yokuhlanganisa amandla kanye nembangela yokuzinza kwezombangazwe. Kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kwamandla alandela impi abambelele eqophelweni eliphambili kuya ekuhlelekeni koketshezi kwango-1990 no 2000, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuye kwathonya kakhulu ukubusa, ukuqhubekela phambili kwezimiso zezombangazwe, nokuvota. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwawo kwembula ukuthi isimiso seqembu laseJapane siye saqala kanjani kodwa futhi nokusuka kwezentengiselwano phakathi kobunye nokwehlukahlukahluka-hlukene okusekela idemodemose.

Umlando Weqembu Elihlangene EJapane

Isimiso sanamuhla seqembu lamaqembu savela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, i-Association ihlanganisa isimiso sentando yeningi esakhuthaza ukuncintisana okuhlukahlukene. Nokho, eminyakeni yangemva kwempi kwaba nebala lezwe lezombangazwe elihlukene phakathi namaqembu amancane, okwaholela kohulumeni abahlangene abangenamandla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa okukhulu kwenzeka ngo-1955% lapho iLiberal Party ne-Democratic Party yaseJapane ihlangene ukuze ihlanganise i- LIBADALD DEMOCT Par [LD PP:1]. [Lo hlelo “1955] laqeda ngokuphumelelayo inkathi yokungahambini kweminye futhi ladala iqembu elikhulu elalizobusa cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-LDP kwakuyisiphendu sokuzimisela ekusongeni okucatshangelwayo okuvela kwesobunxele, ikakhulukazi iQembu lobuSoshiyali laseJapane, elalithole amandla aphawulekayo okukhetha. Ngokuhlanganisa, amaqembu abambelele ngokwesiko ahlanganisa imithombo, amapulatifomu ahlangene, futhi anikeza ukuma okuhlangene. Umphumela waba ukuqina kwezombangazwe okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili okwavumela iJapane ukuba igxile ekuvuselweni kabusha kwezomnotho nasekukhuleni kwezimboni. Izazi zivame ukuphawula lokhu kuhlanganiswa njengesici esiyinhloko esiyisimangaliso sezomnotho sangemva kwempi eJapane, njengoba yenza ukuba kusetshenziswe isimiso esingaguquki esiqhubekayo phakathi kwezindawo ezilandelanayo.

Amashumi eminyaka alandela ahlangana ngezikhathi ezithile ngenxa yezinguquko ze-volution, ukucindezela kwezomnotho, nokushintsha kwemibono. Ngo-1990, ukuwa kwe “Isimiso Sohlelo lwango-1955” kwaholela ekuthatheni imingcele elandelanayo. Ukwakhiwa kweNew Frontier Party ngo-1994, ngokwesibonelo, kwahlanganisa amaqembu amaningana aphikisayo emzamweni wokubekela i-LDP inselele. Muva nje, iDEmocratic Party yaseJapan (DPJ) yavela ekubanjweni kwamaqembu e-centrist nakwesobunxele, yathatha amandla ka-kancane ngo-2009 000 ngaphambi kokuhlangana. Lemijikelezo yokuhlangana ne-fision ibonisa indlela amalungu ahlala ngayo eyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuzivumelanisa isimo sezombangazwe eJapan.

Indlela Ukuhlanganiswa Kweqembu Okuyithonya Ngayo Intuthuko Yentando Yeningi

Ukuqina Kwezombangazwe Nokwaneliseka Kokubusa

Enye yemiphumela eqondile yokuhlanganiswa kweqembu ukuncishiswa kwezigaba ezimbalwa. Uma amaqembu amancane ehlangana, avame ukufinyelela iziqu zephalamende noma okungenani amaqembu amakhulu, anciphisa isidingo semifelandawonye ehlangeneyo engekho socansi. EJapane, i-LDP elawulwa isikhathi eside (eyenziwe ngezikhathi ezimbalwa kuphela zisuka kumandla.) ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho yemithetho nezinhlelo zezomnotho kusukela ngo-1960 kuya kudlulele kuma-1980. Lokhu kuqina kuvumela ukuhlelwa isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinjengesakhiwo, imfundo, nenkambiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-LDP’s P isekela njalo i-U. ukhuseleko lwaseJapani kanye nezinhlelo zayo zezomnotho. Ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu le-1980 kwazenze nokwenzeka ngokuncithaka kokumelana neqembuna kwezindawo eziphakathi kwezindawo.

Nokho, ukuqina akuhambisani njalo nokuphumelela. Amaqembu ahlangene ngokuvamile alwa ukuvumelanisa amaqembu angaphakathi nokwethembeka okungokomlando okungavumelani. I-LDP ngokwayo iqashelwa ngedumela elibi, nabaholi abadinga ukulinganisela izithakazelo zokuncintisana ngokunakekela. Noma kunjalo, umphumela wokunciphisa ukuhlukana kweqembu ngokuvamile uye waba ngcono kakhulu ngenxa yemiphumela yokubusa eJapane.

Ukuphikelela Kwesimiso Nombono Wesikhathi Eside

Amaqembu ahlangene anezikhundla ezingcono zokuphishekela izimiso ezihambelanayo phakathi kwemijikelezo eminingi yokukhetha. EJapane, lokhu kuye kwabonakala kakhulu enkambisweni yezezimboni nasehwebeni lomhlaba wonke. I-LDP i-aucry engamashumi eminyaka yokuthunyelelwa kwamanye amazwe, isekelwa yiNkonzo ye-Economy, Trade ne-Intecration (METI), bekuyoba nzima kakhulu ukusekela ukube leliqembu belihlukene ngokuphindaphindiwe. Iqembu lihlanganisa isimiso sokuvikela esisekelwe ekufushayeni esiphethweni esifushayo ku-662, ukuvumela i-kathi ye-kakhulu le-tempyume engokwezombangazwe, ukusekela i-buturauauacracy nezikhonzi ukuba zisebenzele imigomo engase ithathe iminyaka eyishumi noma amashumi amabili ukuthwala isithelo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlanganisa kungalandelwa futhi inqubo ye- entrench i-interia. Uma iqembu lihlanganisa izithakazelo eziningi ezihlukahlukene, ukuhlehla ngaphakathi kungadambisa inguquko eqinile. Ukunqoba kwe-DPJ kwango 2009, okwakhiwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu amaningana esobunxele nepesenti, kwalandelwa ubunzima ekusebenziseni uhlelo lwezimo zezomnotho ezihambisanayo ngenxa yemizwa ephikisanayo. Ngakho, nakuba ukuhlanganisa kungathuthukisa ukuqhubekeka, kumelwe kugwenywe ngokucophelela ukugwema ukukhubazeka komzimba.

Ukuqiniseka Nokuhlanganyela Ngokweqile

Amaqembu amakhulu, anobunye kakhulu ngokuvamile aveza umbono wokwethembeka nokhetho, ongathuthukisa ukuvota. Emuva kwempi yaseJapane, ukubusa kwe-LDP kwahlanganiswa namazinga aphakeme abavoti abathatha iqhaza ngawo-1960 noma ngaphezulu lapho izakhamuzi zicabanga ukuthi ukuvota kwazo kungathonya uhulumeni. Ngokuphambene, izikhathi zokuhlukanisa, njengasekuqaleni kwawo 1990, zabona ukucwila ngaphansi kwe 60% lapho abavoti bencishwana.

Abahlanganisi bangacacisa futhi ukukhetha kwabo abavoti ngokunciphisa inani lamadili namaplatifomu afanayo. Phakathi nawo- 2000, ukuhlanganiswa kwamabutho okuphikiswa kuyi-DPJ kwanika abavoti enye indlela ecacile ku-LDP, okunengxenye kukhetho olungokomlando lwango-2009 olwakhipha i-LDP kumandla. Nokho, kunengozi: uma ukuhlanganisa kwakha isimiso sokuhlanganisa i-comeo esinengxenye ezimbili, abanye abavoti bangazizwa bengenandaba, bengabona ukuthi isithakazelo sabo esithile siyanganakwa, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo kunciphe kancane phakathi kwamaqembu amancane.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwamaqembu

Ukuncipha Kwezinhlobonhlobo Zemibono

Uma amaqembu ehlangana, i-commust ivame ukwamukela indawo ebanzi ephazamisa imingcele yemibono. Isigaba sezombangazwe saseJapane, esicebile ngokomlando esinezici ezingafani zesobunxele, ipesentistrit, namazwi abambelele ngokwezinga eliphansi, siye sancishiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlangana okuphindaphindiwe. IQela le-Japan Socialist Party, elake laba namandla amakhulu, lanyamalala ngemva kokuhlangana namanye amaqembu ukuze lakhe i-DPJ, neKhomanisi lihlale lingumdlali osontweni engaphezulu. Lokhu kushintsha kunganciphisa izinketho zenqubo eziphikiswayo eziphikiswaneni ze-diods, njengendawo ezungezile noma i-Hlavition.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi idemokrasi enempilo idinga ukuncintisana okukhulu kwemibono, hhayi nje ukuncintisana ngemibono. Uma amaqembu amakhulu ehlangana ezikhundleni zekhulu, abavoti abaphethe imibono yokuzithoba, eluhlaza, noma engokobuzwe bangase bazizwe bedidekile. Ukwanda kwamaqembu amasha njengeQembu lokuBuyisela iMicikilisho laseJapane ngawo-2010 kungabhekwa njengokusabela ekugqashuka okucatshangelwayo kwemizwana yamaqembu ahlangene.

Izingxabano Zangaphakathi Zezenzo Nezimpi Zamandla

Amaqembu ahlanganisa amasiko ahlukene enhlangano, imibuthano yabaholi, nesimiso esiza kuqala. Umlando wezombangazwe waseJapane ugcwele izibonelo zokuhlangana ngokushesha ngenxa yezingxabano zangaphakathi. I-New Frontier, eyakhiwa ngo-1994, yaphela phakathi neminyaka emithathu ngenxa yokuphikisana phakathi kwamaqembu ayo amabili amakhulu. Ngokufanayo, i-DPJ yahlushwa ukungezwani okungapheli phakathi kwamaphiko ayo abambelele eqinile nathuthukayo, ekugcineni okuholela ekuphambukeni nasekuweni kwayo kanye nokuwohloka kwemigqashulwa kwayo ngo-2012.

Lezi zingxabano zingakhubaza ukwenza izinqumo futhi ziqede ukwethenjelwa komphakathi. Abaholi bangabheka amaqembu ahlangene njengangantengantengi noma aqhutshwa yizentengo zegumbi elingaphandle kunokuba anciphise inqubo. Ukuze banciphise izingozi ezinjalo, amaqembu amaJapane asebenzisa ukulinganisela okukhulu kakhulu /ukumisa izikhundla zekhatheyini ngokulinganayo emaqenjini aphakathi nokuhlanganisa [1] kodwa lokhu kungaqhubekisela phambili isiko lokusekela kunokuba lifaneleke.

Ukuncishiswa Kokuncintisana Nokulandisa

Lapho kuhlanganiswa iqembu eliphethe, njenge-LDP engxenyeni enkulu yenkathi yangemva kwempi, kuncintisana kwezombangazwe. Iqembu le-hegemonic lingase lithathe indiva, lizitika ekonakalani noma lishaye indiva umbono womphakathi. IJapane yabona amahlazo amaningana okonakala ngaphansi komthetho we-LDP, kusukela kumthetho wokufumbathisa we-Lockheed kusuka kuma-1970 kuya ehlazo leRecruit ekupheleni kwawo-1980, abanye abathiwa ukuswela ukuphikiswa okuphumelelayo. Ngaphandle kokusongela kokulahlekelwa amandla, amaqembu aphethe ayizikhundla awanamdlandla yokusabela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganisa ngezikhathi ezithile kwakha isimo lapho omunye umncintiswano emkhulu kakhulu kangangokuba ulawula ngokuphumelelayo uDiet, unciphisa umsebenzi wokwengamela amakomiti ephalamende. EJapane, ukubusa kwe-LDP kwemithetho ngokuvamile kwakusho ukuthi izikweleti zidluliswe ngokubukeza okuncane, kuncishiswe ukuhlolwa kwentando yeningi. Nokho, izinguquko ezihlelwayo ngo 1994, ezasungula isimiso sobudlelwano obuxubile, zaklanyelwa ukumelana nalokhu ngokukhuthaza inqubo engcono kakhulu yesigaba esincintisanayo.

AbaHlabeleli Beqembu Abaphawulekayo Emlandweni WaseJapane

I - Formation Yango - 1955 Ye - Liberal Democratic Party

Ukuhlanganiswa kweLiberal Party (kwahlanganiswa noShigeru Yoshida) neJapan Democratic Party (eyayenziwe ngu-Ichirō Hatoyama) kwadala i-LDP, eyayingabusa cishe ingaphazanyiswa kwaze kwaba ngo-1994 kuya phambili. Lokhu kwahlanganisa kwahlanganisa amandla aqinile futhi kwawaqeda ngokuphumelelayo amathuba okuthatha indawo yesobunxele. Kwasungula indlela yokulawula engokwesiko nezimiso zokhuseleko zaseJapane amashumi amaningi eminyaka.

IQembu Elisha Lomfundazwe (1994 - 997)

Isabela ekuxoshweni kwe-LDP okwesikhashana ngo-1993, amaqembu amaningana okuphikiswa — kuhlanganise neQembu Elisha laseJapan, iKomeito, neJapan Socialist Party yahlukana − yamenywa ukuze yakhe iNew Frontier Party (NFP) ngaphansi kokuhola kukaMorihiro Hosokawa futhi kamuva ne-Ichiro Ozawa. Nakuba kwakuyiqembu elikhulu kakhulu lokuphikisa, i-corionealism yaholela ekuqedweni kwayo ngo-1997. Ukuhluleka kwe-NFP kwabonisa ukuthi impumelelo iyodwa ayinakuqinisekisa; ukuvumelana kwemibono kanye nokuhola kubalulekile ngokufanayo.

IQembu Lentando yeningi laseJapane (1998 - 2016)

Njengoba yakhiwa ekuhlanganisweni kwe-Democratic Party (unyaka ka-1996) namaqembu amancane ambalwa, i-DPJ yagcina ikhule yaba yindawo ethembekile engcono kune-LDP. Yanqoba izwe ngo- 2009 kodwa yazama ukubusa ngokuphumelelayo, iphazanyiswa ukuhlukana kwangaphakathi nokuzamazama komhlaba nonyaka ka-2011 we-Tōhoku ne-tsunami. Ukuncipha nokungena kweQembu lethemba ngo-2017 kwaqokomisa ukuqhuma kwamaqembu ahlangene akhiwe ngokuvumelana okungakhinyaniswayo (imvume e-LDP·rather) ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esiqinile.

Ukuqina Kwamuva: Iqembu Lethemba Nomthetho - sisekelo

Kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokhetho luka-2017, i-Yuriko Koike’s Party of Hope yazama ukuqinisa amabutho okuphikiswa kodwa kunalokho yabangela ukuhlukana phakathi kwamalungu e-DPJ. Amalungu amaningi alinganiselayo noma ahamba-hamba-shiya akha i-Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP), kamuva eyahlanganiswa namanye amaqembu ngo-202020 ukuze iqale i-CDP enkulu. Lokhu kuhlela kubonisa ukugcwala kwesimiso seqembu laseJapane. Kusukela engxenyeni yesikhathi seqembu lamuva nje, [[FLT:] ibone lesi sihloko saseJapane iTimes .

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: iJapane vs. Ezinye i-Democracies

Ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu akuyona iJapane kuphela. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yasephalamende, njenge-Italy, i-Indiya, neJalimane, iye yathola izinqubo ezifanayo zokuhlanganisa. Nokho, icala laseJapane lihlukile ngezinga iqembu elilodwa (i-LDP) eliye labusa ngalo naphezu kokuhlanganiswa ngezikhathi ezithile nhlangothi zombili. Ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya, i-India National Congress nayo yajabulela ukubusa isikhathi eside kodwa yakhiwa esisekelweni esingokomlando esihlukile. Okwamanje, isimiso seqembu laseJalimane sempi siye sabona izigaba eziningi zemibono eziqinile (CD/CSU, SPD, Greens, Greeter, Greevet) nemisebenzi embalwa, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yesimiso sokumelela esiphakathi esisekela amalungu amancane.

Isimiso saseJapane esixubene namalungu ahlangene (eqiniswe ngo-1994) sasihloselwe ukuthuthukisa isimiso esinezigaba ezimbili kodwa kunalokho siye saphumela ekutholeni i-LDP ephethe i-LDP ephikisa kakhulu ngokuguquguquka. Imizamo ephindaphindiwe yokuphikiswa ukuhlanganisa nokuphuka isikisela ukuthi umklamo wenhlangano wokwakha wodwa awunqumi ukuhlanganiswa kweqembu; impucuko yezombangazwe kanye nezindaba zobuholi obukhulu. Ukuhlaziya kwezazi ukuthi izimiso zokhetho zithinta kanjani ukuhlangana, bona leliphepha lezombangazwe zezwe [ (imvume yokuqamba okuphezulu)) (ingase idingeke idingeke iqalwe).

Amathemba Nesiphetho Sesikhathi Esizayo

Umphakathi wezezombangazwe waseJapane uyaqhubeka uvuleka. I-LDP, naphezu kwehlazo lokonakala nokungathenjwa komphakathi kwamuva, iyaqhubeka ivelele ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuhluleka kokuphikiswa ukusekela enye indawo ethembekile. Nokho, ukhetho lwama 2021 lwabona i CDP ibambe phansi, kanye namaqembu amancane anjengoKomeito (iqembu elahlangana ne-LDP) neQembu lamaKhomanisi laseJapane lisekhona. Ikusasa lingasengaqhubekisela phambili ukuhlanganiswa, mhlawumbe ingqungquthelana enkulu yokuphikiswa noma i-injini enkulu ephazamisa i-LDP.

Ukubaluleka kokuhlanganiswa kweqembu lezombangazwe ekwakhekeni kwentando yeningi eJapane akunakushiwo ngokudlulele. Ziye zanikeza ukuzinza nokuqhubekeka, zibangela ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zesikhathi eside nokukhula kwezomnotho. Kodwa futhi ziye zanciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwemibono, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zaholela ezingxabanweni zangaphakathi, futhi zincintisana. Inselele yaseJapane (ah’ukuba noma yisiphi isigaba sentando yeningi) sihlele ukulingana okulungile phakathi kokuhlangana nokuhlangana kwezindawo kanye nokuthatha ubuningi. Njengoba izwe libhekene nokuncipha kwenani, ukuncintisana kwezomnotho, kanye nezingxabano zezesayensi yembulunga, ikhono lesimiso sesimiso salo somphakathi sokuzivumelanisa nokuhlangana phakathi kwezinto, futhi ukwazi ukuthi isigaba samaqembu amaqembu ahlangana nini, futhi ukwazi ukuthi angeke ahlangane kuhlale kubaluleke empilweni yentando yalo yentando yalo.

Ekugcineni, ukuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu akulungile noma kubi ngokwawo; inani lawo lixhomeke emongweni wendaba. EJapane, aye aba yithuluzi lokuzinza nomthombo wokungaguquguquki. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kunikeza izifundo eziwusizo kwezinye izikweletu zentando yeningi ezibhekene nokuhlukana nokufuna ukubusa okuphumelelayo.