Isingeniso: Indima Ebucayi Yokulwa Kwamabutho Omsebenzi Alwa Nobuphekula

Imizamo yanamuhla elwisana nezezezezenhlala - kahle ifuna ukubambisana okungenamsoco ezinhlanganweni ezihlukene zezinhlangano, ubuchwepheshe, nemithombo yezemisebenzi. Amabutho alwa nomthetho asungule njengendlela eyinhloko yokufinyelela lokhu kubambisana. Ngokuhlanganisa izisebenzi zokuhlakanipha, ukugcinwa komthetho, izinhlangano zezempi, nezokuvikela izwe, lamandla abangela ukusabela okuhlangene ezinsongweni eziyinkimbinkimbi okungekho nxusa elilodwa elingazisingatha kuphela. Ubukhulu bazo buye banda kakhulu kusukela ekuhlaseleni okungu 9 / 11, njengoba izinhlangano zamaphekula ziye zahlelwa ngokuhlonipheka, zithuthukile ngokwezesayensi, futhi zisakazeke imbulunga yonke.

Ayini Amabutho Alwa Nezenzo Zobuphekula?

Amabutho alwa nezenzo zobuphekula asemthethweni, amaqembu ahlanganisa amakhono kahulumeni, umbuso, indawo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abantu bomhlaba wonke ukuze bavimbele, baphazamise, futhi bathathe isinyathelo emisebenzini yobuphekula. Ngokungafani nokusebenza kwe-ad hoc, la mabutho asebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihlangene, izinqubo ezivamile, kanye nezinguquko zokuhlakanipha ezixubile.

Umlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Umqondo wokubambisana phakathi kwezindawo ezilwa nobuphekula uqala ngenkathi ka-9/11. I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) yamisa i-Joint Terrorism Task Forces yokuqala (JTFs) ngo-1980, njengamaqembu amancane eNew York City kanye nezinye izindawo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni. Le JTFs yahlanganisa i-FBI abameli bamaphoyisa bendawo, nabashushisi bamaphoyisa bendawo ukuze bahlole amaqembu amaphekula. Nokho, ukuhlasela kwango-September 11, 2001, kwadalula izikhala ezibucayi ekuhlanganyeleni nobudlelwane phakathi kwezinhlangano. Izinguquko ezaba umphumela zihlanganisa ukusungulwa koMnyango we Homeland (DHS) ngo-20022, kanye nehhovisi lomqondisi we-National Intelligence (DNH) ngo-2004) embuthe nakukhunziswa umsebenzi wohulumeni.

Ukwakheka Okuvamile Nokuzalela Amalungu

Ibutho elivamile lemisebenzi lihlanganisa abameleli abavela:

  • [ I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) – ihola kakhulu ama-JTF asekhaya kanye nophenya uphengululo lwezenhlala-khona.
  • Indawo yokhuseleko lwe Homeland (DHS) – ihlanganisa ukufuduka ne-Cmmigtionment (ICE), i-CCBP, i-Fommental and Bourne Protection Administration (TSA), i-Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA).
  • I-CIA) - - isekela ukuhlakanipha kwezwe, ikakhulukazi ukusongela okuvela phesheya.
  • National Counterrorism Center (NCTC) – inikeza ukuhlolwa okusemqoka kanye nokuhlanganiswa kosongo.
  • Isethulo sokhuselo (DoD) - – ihlanganisa izisekelo ezivela kukuyalwa ngemisebenzi ekhethekile yase-U.S. (USSOCOM) ne-Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
  • I-Bureau of Alcohol, ugwayi, i-Firemongs ne-Explosives (ATF) - - ubuchwepheshe beziqhumane nezibhamu.
  • Isimo nokugcinwa komthetho endaweni - - igxeka ukuhlakanipha okusekelwe emphakathini kanye nokusabela.
  • Abacuphi boMnyango woMahlulelo [DOJ] - - - qinisekisa ukusebenza okungokomthetho nobufakazi.

Izisebenzi zingase zibe ezesikhashana lapho zisebenza noma zihlala njalo, njenge - FBI i - 104 JTF ephesheya kwe - United States.

Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zokubambisana

Ukuhlanganyela Kokuhlakanipha Nokuphakanyiswa Okuthuthukisiwe

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zemisebenzi ehlangeneyo ikhono lokuhlanganisa ukuhlakanipha kwemithombo eminingi. Amasu amaphekula ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izikhombo ezibonakala zingenangozi ngokuhlukaniswa − ukuthengwa okusolekayo komanyolo, indlela yokuhamba ezindaweni ezilwayo, ukuhlelwa kwe-internet forum. Ukuhlola okuzimeleyo kobumpoqo. Ngokuhlola ulwazi lwe-CIA yangaphandle, ukuhlolwa kwe-FBI kwasekhaya, u-DHS nokuhlolwa komnyobo womzimba we-vracse, kanye necebo lomsebenzi, kwenza umfanekiso obanzi. Isikhungo se-National Counting Critive Center [FL:] CC[FLD1] [FLT] [1] isebenza njengendawo yokucwaninga kwangaphandle, ukuveza ukusongela kwansuku zonke.

Ukuphumelela Kwemithombo Yezinto Nokusebenza Kangcono

Imisebenzi yokulwa nezenzo zobuphekula ingenisa inzuzo. I-Surveillance, umsebenzi owenziwe ngokufihla, ukuhlola nge-inthanethi, nokusekela kweze-inthanethi kudinga amakhono akhethekile nemishini ebizayo. Ukuqongelela izimali nezisebenzi ezinhlanganweni ezihlukene kunciphisa inzuzo yokusebenza nokusebenzisa imishini elinganiswayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ibutho linganikeza amandla okuhlola i-emoyeni kanye nekhono lokuvimbela elithuthukile, kuyilapho i-FBI inikeza igunya elingokomthetho ezindlini zasekhaya. Umphumela uwukusetshenziswa okuphumelela kakhulu kwezimali zomholo wentela kanye nemishini esheshayo.

Izikhathi Zokusabela Ngokusheshayo Ezimweni Ezibucayi

Uma kwenzeka igalelo lamaphekula, cishe liba yisithakathi esinamandla, ibhomu, noma ukuhlaselwa nge-inthanethi (ngo-iibhusayithi) amahora okuqala anzima. Amabutho alwayo ngaphambi kokuba athathe indima, imithwalo yemfanelo, nemithetho yokuxhumana, enza ukuba kungene inqubo ehlangene phakathi nemizuzu embalwa. Ngo-2015 iSan Bernardino ukuhlasela, i-FBI ehlotshiswe ngokushesha kanye namaqembu e-SWTF, ukuphenya nokuqinisekisa iqoqo lobufakazi akuzange kungqubuzane nemisebenzi ye-qhinga. I- Post-incident, umsebenzi ofanayo uxhumanisa izisulu, ukuhlasela kwe-FBITFF, ukuphatha imithombo yezindaba, kanye nobungasese.

Ukubambisana Okungokomthetho Nokudilizwa Okuthuthukisiwe

Amaphekula asongela imingcele yezwe ngokwandayo. Ukuhlinza okuqala ngesisulu sokugada eJalimane, kuhlanganisa i-warttap e-United States, futhi kuphele ngokuboshwa eKenya kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela kwemithetho nezivumelwano zezokuxhumana. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izimemezelo ezingokomthetho kanye nezikhulu zezokuxhumana eziqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi bungafinyelelwa enkantolo, ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kuhlanganyela izivumelwano (njengesivumelwano samehlo amahlanu) kulandelwa, futhi lezozenzo ezibophayo zihambisana nomthetho wezizwe zonke.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Namaqembu Afuna Ukubambisana

Naphezu kokuphumelela kwawo okusobala, amabutho alwa nezenzo zobuphekula awanazo izithiyo ezinkulu.

IBureaucracy Hurdles Nezimpi ZaseTurkey

Izimo zikahulumeni bezilokhu zivikela imingcele yazo, uhlelo lwezimali, nokwaziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FBI ne-CIA, zinombango obhalwe kahle ongavimbela ukwabelana ulwazi. Abaholi abasebenza umsebenzi kumelwe basebenzise izinto eziza kuqala eziphikisanayo futhi banqobe ukunqoba ukumelana nezinhlangano. Izinqubo zomthetho zenzakalelayo zenza kube iNational Countintelligce and Security Center kanye neziqondiso zobuhlakani obuhlangene, kodwa ushintsho lwezempucuko luyaqhubeka luhamba kancane. Ihhovisi likahulumeni le-Akhawuntication Ault Accounting lathola ukuthi izikhulu ze-40% ze-JTFF zisabika ukulivala isikhathi ekutholeni kwekhono kwezinye izinhlangano.

Ulwazi USilos Nezithiyo Zokuhlelwa

Ngisho noma izinhlangano zizimisele ukuhlanganisa, izimiso zokuhlela zingaphazamisa ukubambisana. Imibiko ye-FBI ingaphawulwa i-Law Enforcement Cookie (LES), kuyilapho i-CIA i-Top Shistom/SCI enokuhlakanipha okuqondile okungaphathwayo. Izisebenzi zamandla kumelwe zigcine izikhokhi ezifanele futhi zihlangane ngokoqobo ukuze zihlanganyele ulwazi olubalulekile. Ukwanda kwemifelandawo ehlukanisayo (JICS, SIPRNCET, FBI’S Sentinel) kudala imingcele yobuchwepheshe. Imizamo yanamuhla, njenge-ODNI’I Intelligence Community Information Envity (ICE), injongo yokwakha i-data eyodwa ebucayi, kodwa izimiso ezigciniwe ziyaqhubeka.

Amasiko Enhlangano Ahlukene Nezindlela Zokusebenza Ezingavamile

Izinhlangano ezigunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho zisebenza ngaphansi kwe-modeli yabashushisi, ziqoqa ubufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala nokusebenza ngemithetho eqinile yenqubo yobugebengu. Amanxusa ahlakaniphile ahlela ukuqoqwa komthetho nokuhlaziywa, ngokuvamile ngokubekezelela okukhulu kokufihla. Ibutho lamasosha ligxila esivinini, ukubulala, nokufezeka komsebenzi. Lokhu kungafani kungaholela ekuqondeni izinto eziza kuqala, izikhawu zesikhathi, nezingozi ezamukelekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-JTF ingafisa ukunqikaza ukubopha ukuqoqa ulwazi oluphezulu, kuyilapho amabutho efuna ukuqeda ngokushesha inzuzo ephakeme. Amabutho aphumelelayo asebenza ngokuqeqesha izimpawu ezihlangene, iziyalezo, nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ukuze kwakhe ukwethembana.

Izinkinga Zokukhululeka Ngokomthetho Nangomphakathi

Imisebenzi yezenhlalayenza imelane neSichibiyelo sesine sobuphekula, i-FBI Intelligence Surveilnce Act (FASA), kanye ne-Attorney General Guidelines yemisebenzi ye-FBI. Uphakamiso lwe-memone lungaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngolwembuku lwe- “lwenga.” phakathi kobuhlakani nomthetho, okwathi ngokwengxenye kwasuswa ngemva kwe-9/11 kodwa kuhlale ezindaweni eziyinhloko. Abasekeli benkululeko yomphakathi baphikisa ngokuthi amabutho emisebenzi angaholela ekuqapheni abantu abangenacala, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini yamaSulumane neMelika. Ukuhlasela kwe-Amficials, i-Libestom, kanye nezinhlangano zeze-operation zisiza ukuba lezi zingozi, kodwa izingxabano ziqhubeke.

Izibonelo Zangempela Zezwe Zokulwisana Nezenzo Zobuphekula

Amabutho Obuphekula Ahlangene E - FBI (Izinkuthalo Ze - JTTF)

I-JTTF iyitshe eliyitshe le-operalters ephakathi kwe-U.S. i-JTF ihlanganisa izisebenzi ze-FBI, i-DHS, isifundazwe namaphoyisa endawo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abashushisi bakahulumeni. Kuna-109 JTTFs ezweni lonke, namalungu angaphezu kuka-4000. Ziye zasetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi eziphezulu, kuhlanganise nokuphazamisa isakhiwo somzila we-transisting waseNew York City, ukuboshwa kwe “Boston Marathon bombarker” ngokubambisana nomsebenzi we-ombuyiseli, nokuxoxisana kwamangqamuzana angenamthetho. JTFFS isebenza ngaphansi kwenhloso“ ye-galelo lomthetho.” i-jTFs ivumela ukuvumelana nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo ze-CPRCP.

Isikhungo Sesizwe Sokulwa Nobuphekula (NCTC)

I-NCTC isebenza njengenhlangano eyinhloko kahulumeni ehlanganisa futhi ihlaziya yonke imishini ehlobene nobuphekula. Iveza ukuhlola okungokomthetho, ukuhamba kwamaphekula, futhi igcine i-Tergist Identifitial Datasmart Environment (TIDE). I-NCTC ayiqhubeli phambili imisebenzi kodwa inikeza isikhungo esiqinile sokuhlola imisebenzi. Abahlaziyi bayo bathathwa kuyi-CIA, i-DHS, i-DHS, kanye nokuhlakanipha kwezempi. Isikhungo sezwe siwukuqondisa “imizamo yesizwe yokulwa nobuphekula ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe” ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinkampani ziyakwazi ukuqaphela okudingekayo ukuze zenze umsebenzi.

Amandla Omsebenzi Asemhlabeni Wonke: Amehlo Amahlanu Nangalé Kwawo

Ukubambisana okuhlangene kweMisebenzi e-U.S. kudlulela ngalé kwemingcele. Ukubambisana kwamehlo amahlanu (U.S., UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) kugunyazwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba kulwisane namaqembu asebenzayo obuphekula. Amabutho asebenzayo anjenge-Biteradal, njenge-U.S.Pakistan Counter Pronoticrobisticism Dialogion noma i-Saudioctive Formulation Comssion kuButhoricism, i-octive. Amabutho asebenza ngokubambisana ahlukene ezifunda-ingxenye eSahel (G5 Sahel Joce) ne Horn of Africa (Umba lwamany Task – Horn) abonisa ukusebenza kwembulunga yonke ye-ult.

Imisebenzi Yezobuchwepheshe Neyezobuchwepheshe

Amandla asebenza ngokubambisana ancike kubuchwepheshe obuphambili ukuze asebenzise ukwaziswa okuningi okukhiqizwa ngokuhlola. Amathuluzi abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Amaplatifomu okufakwa kwe-data - Izimiso ezinjenge-National Fusion Center Network ixhumanisa i-JTTFs nombuso nezikhungo zokufakwa, kunikeza isithombe esivamile sokusebenza.
  • ukuhlakanipha okuvulekile okunemithombo (OSINT) kwe-analytics - Amandla omsebenzi aqondisa imithombo yezokuxhumana, ulwembu olumnyama lwe-Forums, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthumela imiyalezo ezibhalwe ngokuyimfihlo zisebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge-dataminer ne-software ekhethekile.
  • ukuhlakanipha okungaqondakali kanye nokuchazayo - Isimiso sobuchwephesha obuqhubekisela phambili be-Homeland (HART) ne-FBI’s Read Generation Identification (NGI) ivumela amabutho omsebenzi ukuba athole ngokushesha izisulu ezisolwayo ngeminwe, ukuqaphela ubuso, kanye ne-scancus.
  • Ukuhlakanipha nomshini wokusebenza - I-Al isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuzwa izinto ezihambayo, ukuhwebelana ngokwezimali, kanye nokuxhumana okungase kubonise uhlelo lobuphekula. I-DHS’s Science kanye noMqondisi wobuchwepheshe isebenzise amathuluzi e-AIP osongela ukuthungatha.

Nokho, ezobuchwepheshe zidala futhi izingozi zokungavumelani nokusebenza kwe-algorithmith, ukuphazamisa komuntu siqu, kanye nethuba lokuba izitha zisebenzise ukwaziswa. Amandla omsebenzi kumelwe alinganisele ukusungulwa nokugunyazwa nokungaqondisi okuqinile.

Izindawo Zokwakha Ezingokomthetho Nezokuqondisa

Amabutho alwa nezenzo zobuphekula asebenza endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho.

  • Umthetho we-USA PATRIOT (2001) – amandla akhulisiwe okuhlola awehlisa ukwaziswa okuhlanganyela phakathi kokuhlakanipha nokugcinwa komthetho.
  • I-Federal Information Survant Act (2015) – i-codected system ezikhona zokuhlanganisa ulwazi oluhlobene nobuphekula phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, zikazwe, nezindawo.
  • I-Fremical Surveillance Act (FASA) - - ilawula ukuqapha kwe-electron nokufuna ukuhlakanipha kwezwe, idinga imvume yasenkantolo ngokuhlasela “abantu base-U.S..”
  • Attorney Guidenes - - - ichaza imigoqo yokuqala ukuhlola, imisebenzi yobuso, nokusebenzisa izimemezeli eziyimfihlo.

Ukuphatha kunikezwa iHhovisi loMnyango woMahluleli weNhlolo-mthetho, amakomiti e-commional (umk., iKomiti yeNdlu Yezokuphepha, i-Houseland, iKomiti ye-Istate Ecutive), kanye ne-Amfiscial and Civil Liberties Oversing Board (PCLOB). Imibiko yamuva yePCLOB iye yaqokomisa isidingo sokuba amabutho asebenzise kanjani ukwaziswa ezikhungweni zokuhlangana kwezinhlangano kanye nokuhlola izenhlalo.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokuhlangana Okukhulu

Njengoba indawo ewusongo ishintsha, kumelwe kube khona izinto ezidingekayo.

  • Ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwesifundazwe kanye nabantu bendawo - Ukuhlasela okuningi kuhlelwa futhi kufezwe abantu abanobudlelwano abakhula ekhaya emiphakathini. Amaphoyisa endawo asondelene kakhulu naleyo miphakathi. Ukunweba ama-JTTF ukuze ahlanganise amaphoyisa amaningi endawo kanye namangqamuzana okuhlangana azothuthukisa ukutholwa ngokushesha.
  • Ukulinganisa ubuphekula be-inthanethi newMD usongo - - Ukwanda kokuhlasela kwe-console enzima nesisekelo esibucayi kanye nokuhlasela kwamakhemikhali noma amakhemikhali kudinga ubuchwepheshe obusha. Amandla omsebenzi anezela ochwepheshe be-inthaneti nezikhulu zezempilo.
  • Ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela okungasetshenziswayo ngokuhluzekile - I engasiza ukuhola, ukubikezela izindlela zokuhlasela, nokuvumbulula iziphazamiso ezifihliwe. Nokho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho elungile nokugwema izinto ezingekho qhinga kuhlala kuyinselele.
  • Iqinisa ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke [ - Imbulunga yonke ubuphekula awazi lutho. I-U.S. ijulisa ama-intestrial asebenzayo ne-ITERPOL, Europol, nezinhlangano zesifunda ukuze kukwazi ukuhlanganisa ukuhlakanipha kwangempela.
  • [ ukulandisa nokuthembana komphakathi - Imisebenzi ngayinye ephezulu ye-profile ehambayo (umzk., ukubhomba kweBoston lapho ukuhlakanipha kungahlanganiswanga khona ngokugcwele) kuqeda ukwethembana. Amandla omsebenzi kumelwe ahlele izifundo ezifundweyo nokuziphatha ngendlela ekhanyayo ngemva kwe-Action Reviews.

Isiphetho

Amabutho alwa nezenzo zobuphekula awawona nje amalungiselelo okulawula kuphela .Ayiwona ayisisekelo esisebenzayo sokhuseleko lwesizwe ekhulwini lama-21. Ngokubhidliza izindonga ezazihlukanisa ukuhlakanipha, ukugcinwa komthetho, nezindawo zezempi, la mabutho akha indlela yokusebenza ephelele engcono kunengxenye yayo. Izinselele zombuso, amasiko, nomthetho zingokoqobo, kodwa zibhekiswa ngokulungisa inguquko eqhubekayo nangokulawulayo. Njengoba ukusongela kwamaphekula kuba okuyinkimbinkimbi nokungalawuleki, ikhono lezinhlangano lokusebenza ndawonye ngokushendezela ndawonye liyokwazi ukunquma ukuphepha kwemiphakathi yabantu emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqhubeka kokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zobuchwepheshe, ezobuchwepheshe, nezomthetho kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubambisana kuyaqhubeka kusebenza, kusemthethweni, kusemthethweni, futhi kuyathenjwa.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola isikhulu se-FBI ikhasi lobuphekula elibaliwe [ nombiko weNkonzo yokucwaninga we-Congregational on Coogationalection in Counteralition in Counterism].