Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Isisekelo Sentando Yeningi YaseMelika

Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza esimisweni esiwuhlukanisayo kwezinye izimiso eziningi zokubusa emhlabeni wonke: ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Lesi sakhiwo, esifakwe eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., sihlukanisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: i-Legislative, iSikhundla sobuProfecta. Injongo eyinhloko yalokhu kuhlukanisa iwukuvimbela ukubekwa kwamandla kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa, ukuvikela oFata abaFundiweyo ababhekwa njengababalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko. Ngokunikeza imisebenzi ehlukene emagatsheni ahlukene nasemagatsheni adala inqubo ehlukene yokuhlola amanye, isimiso sidala umbano olunamandla olukhuthaza ukucusumbula, ukuhlehla, nokulandisa. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka okuyingqayizivele kwegatsha ngalinye nendlela abaxhumana ngayo i-democralizimu.

Umsuka Womlando Nomklamo Womthetho - sisekelo

Umklamo kahulumeni wase-U.S. awuzange uvele emkhankasweni. Abasunguli, ikakhulukazi uJames Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton, noJohn Jay, basho ngokucaciswa kwemithetho ehlukene ehlelweni Féderalist Papers[[[FLL:1]. AmaMadison aphikisanayo kuFederalist No. 51 ukuthi "ukunquma kumelwe kwenziwe ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela."Isimiso sakhiwe njengendlela yamabomu yokusabela ngokwehluleka okucatshangelwayo kweZigaba zeConfederation, okwadala uhulumeni obuthakathaka, nezifundo zomlando ze-Riphabliki ezazincitshiswe ebushiqelani. Ngakho umthetho uveza uhulumeni olinganiselwe, kanye negatsha ngalinye elithola lezo zincwadi ezinikezwa ngokukhethekile isisekelo esiqinile sesisekelo esingokomthetho se-Melika ebumbene.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Izwi Labantu

IGatya i-Bhunga loMthetho, elamiswa eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo, libekwe icala lomsebenzi oyinhloko wokwenza imithetho. Linegatsha eliklanyelwe ukuba libe seduze kakhulu nabantu, namalungu alo akhethwe ngokuqondile yizakhamuzi. Isakhiwo se-bidameral soKhongolo, esihlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSigeqe, sasiwukuhleba phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane, kodwa futhi sifeza injongo ejulile: ukufuna umthetho ofuna ukudlula phakathi kwezindikimba ezimbili ezihlukene ezineziqu zomthetho ezihlukene nezingalinganisi ezihlukene nesilinganiso sobude siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ithola ukucatshangelwa okuphelele ngaphambi kokumiswa kwesivumelwano.

Indlu yabameleli: Isigungu sabantu

Indlu yabameleli, enamalungu akhona angu-45 ahlukaniswa umphakathi, iklanyelwe ukusabela enyangweni esheshayo yabantu. Abameleli basebenzisa amagama amabili eminyaka, okusho ukuthi babhekene nokukhethwa njalo futhi kumelwe bahlale behambisana nezinkathazo zezifunda zabo. Indlu inamandla aphelele okusungula izikweleti zemali, ibonisa isimiso sokuthi intela kufanele isuka emzimbeni umele ukwenzele abakhokhi bentela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNdlu iphethe amandla okungagunyazi, ivumele ukuba ilethe amacala abaphathi bezwe, kuhlanganise noMongameli, ngenxa "Izintebo, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme,""" isakhiwo sendlu sidala umzimba ovame kakhulu ukuba ungene futhi uthandeke, usebenze njengomthetho womphakathi.

ISigele: Umzimba Onesizotha

ISigele saklanywa njengesesilinganiselo esiqinile esimelene nentando yomphakathi futhi esiqinile eNdlu. Isifundazwe ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, sithumela amanxusa amabili ukuba asebenzise izimfuneko zeminyaka eyisithupha, nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela yendikimba yokhetho nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Lesi sakhiwo sasihloselwe ukwenza iSigele sibe sengozini enkulu yokusheshisa izinkanuko zomphakathi futhi sigxile kakhulu ezithakazelweni zesizwe ezinde. Imibuso yeSigele ihlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, njengonobhala wekhasigebengu, abahluleli benkantolo, abaphethe, nabahluleli beNkakhulu, nezivumelwano ezigunyazwe lonke, nokuhlobisa izivumelwano ezixoxilongayo zeGaust Brea. ISishaya-mthetho sisebenza futhi njengenkantolo yokungathwa kwecala lokuvota futhi sisuse izikhulu ezimbili ezingokomthetho. Ukubaluleka kwezeluleko lwaso sokugunyaza, ukuqinisekisa nokukhipha iziqondiso zesizwe.

Inqubo Yemithetho Iyasebenza

Indlela yecala elithathwa yisikhwama sesimiso ibonakalisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi. Umthetho kumelwe udlulise amagumbi womabili ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba udluliselwe kuMongameli. Ekamelweni ngalinye, isaziso sibukezwa ikomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, novota. Amakomiti engqungquthela avumelanisa ukungafani phakathi kwemiklamo yendlu ne-Galume. Le nqubo, nakuba igxekwa kakhulu ngokuthatha ijubane, iphoqelela, idalula amaphutha, futhi ivimbela umthetho oweqophelileyo. Inqubo yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho ifakwa ngokuzwa kwekomiti, ukuphenya, nokuqondisa okuvumela i-Hulumeni ukuba iqondise ukukhishwa kwemithetho ngeGade. Lo msebenzi, nakuba ungenziwangabonwangabonwangawumthetho, uyisicicine sesimiso sokuhlola nokwenza isilinganiso esine.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuphatha

ISiphakamiso II samandla ombuso ombuso kuMongameli wase-United States. Igatsha eliphetheyo linomthwalo wokumisa nokuqondisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Nakuba uMongameli engumuntu obonakala kakhulu, igatsha lesimanje eliphethe liyithuluzi elikhulu elihlanganisa uMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, iminyango eminingi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, nezigidi zezisebenzi zezempi. Umbuso wamandla aphethe uye wakhula ngokuphawulekayo emlandweni waseMelika, ushukunyiswa ukuqina okukhula kobuningi kokubusa kwesizwe esikhulu nokusabela ezigijikisweni zembulunga yonke.

UMongameli: UMkhuzi Wenkosi Nenhloko KaHulumeni

UMongameli usebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni, ehlanganisa izindima ezingokwesiko nezisebenzayo. Imibuso yomthetho-sisekelo ihlanganisa ukukhonza njengoMphathi Womphathi wamabutho ahlomile, ukuthethelela amacala kahulumeni, ukuhlanganisa (ngemvume yeSigele), ukumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka. Amandla eveto angowezinkonzo zemithetho ezibaluleke kakhulu zikaMongameli, avumele umphathi ukuba alahle izindleko ezidluliswa amaKhomisha ngaphandle kokuba amavoti amabili-37 emagumbini. Ngalé kwala mazwe, uMongameli ukhuthaza izinhloso zesizwe ngekheli likaHulumente, iziyalezo zesifundazwe, iziyalezo zezikhulu, nezingalo zokuhlongoza umphakathi. Indima kaMongameli yenkambiso yenkambi yenkambi yemithetho yakwamanye amazwe ikakhulukazi ibalulekile njengezenzo zenkululeko yezwe lonke izwe.

Umongameli Ongumongameli Nekhatheyini

UMongameli ongumongameli unezici ezimbili eziyinhloko zomthetho-sisekelo: ukuphumelela kuMongameli uma kudingekile nokukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele. Nakuba uMongameli angavota ngokuhlukanisayo eSigebelweni, indima iye yashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Omongameli banamuhla basebenza njengeziphathi eziyinhloko, bathatha izikhungo ezithile zesimiso sokuqondisa, futhi bamelele ukuphatha kokubili izenzakalo zasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. IKhabhinethi, eyakhiwe yizinhloko zeminyango yezikhulu enjenge-Defense, iSizwe, iMnyango, iMasipala, neJaji, ifeza indima ebalulekile ekusebenziseni isimiso phakathi kukahulumeni omkhulu. Ababhali beKBBhabhinithe bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yiSigeqe, futhi bengamela imisebenzi yosuku lwezinkampani yabo, ukunikeza umongameli wezeluleko nekhono negunya leminyango.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa NoMbuso Ophethe

UMongameli anganikeza iziyalo eziphethe zokuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Lemiyalo inamandla omthetho kodwa ingaphansi kokubukezwa komthetho futhi ingashintshwa yimithetho yomthetho olandelayo noma ithathelwe indawo umthetho we-constant. Ukukhula kwesifundazwe sokuphatha, kuhlanganisa izinhlangano ezinjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency neFederal Commissions, kuye kwandisa ithonya lezikhulu. Lezinhlangano, ezasungulwa yi-Congress, izimiso ze-promulgate eziphethe amandla omthetho. Le zithunywa zegunya ziphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngokuzibophaka ukulandisa nokulinganisela kwamandla, njengoba izinhlangano zihlanganisa i-progationtion, impalation, impala, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ezindaweni zazo ze-custol Comssionations.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokugadwa Komthetho - sisekelo

ISiphakamiso III simisa iGatya Elinamandla okwahlulela eNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wejaji uwukuchaza imithetho, uqinisekisa ukuthi isebenza kahle futhi isebenza njalo. Nokho, amandla anamandla amakhulu egatsha ukubukeza: igunya lokumemezela imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nemithetho. Lobu mbuso, omiswe enkantolo ewuphawu (1803 [Marbury v. Madison, awushiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni womthetho kodwa uye waba yitshe legumbi lombuso waseMelika. Ijudiary isebenza njengomgcini wokugcina umthetho, uvikela amalungelo nokugcina imingcele phakathi kwamagatsha ohulumeni.

INkantolo Ephakeme: INkantolo Yokugcina

INkantolo Ephakeme inezahlulelo ezingu-9 ezikhonza ukumiswa kokuphila konke, ukukhetha kokwakha okuklanyelwe ukuwavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nokuqinisekisa ukukhululeka kokwahlulela. Ukubusa kweNkantolo ngokuyinhloko kuthatha imvume, kusho ukuthi ihlola izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ezinkantolo eziphansi. Amajaji asebenzisa ukuqonda okuphawulekayo ekukhetheni amacala, ngokuyisisekelo agxila ezindabeni zokubaluleka komthetho noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi zifinyelele khona izinqumo eziphikisanayo. Isinqumo seNkantolo siba isibopho, ukuguqula indawo engokomthetho yezizukulwane. Amandla okubukezwa kwenkantolo avumela inkantolo ukuba iqede umthetho odluliswe yiSishaya - sisekelo futhi isayinwe nguMongameli, noma akhiphe izenzo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya elingokomthetho. Lokhu kwenza ukuba inkantolo ihlole enamandla kwezinye izigaba ezimbili.

Izinkantolo Eziphansi EziwuFederal

Ngezansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuneNkantolo Yezikhalo neNkantolo Yesigodi. IziNkantolo zeSigodi 94 zisebenza njengezinkantolo zamacala zesimiso sombuso, zilalela kokubili amacala omphakathi nawobugebengu ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. IziNkantolo ezingu-13 zamacala amacala adluliswayo zizwa izikhalo ezivela eZinkantolo Zesifundazwe futhi zibukeze izinqumo zezinhlangano zezombuso. Lezi zinkantolo eziphansi zisingatha amacala amaningi kahulumeni, ukuchaza imithetho, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano, nokuthuthukisa imfundiso engokomthetho. Izinqumo zomthetho zalezinkantolo zezenziwa nguMongameli ngesiqinisekiso seSishayathili, futhi zisebenza izibo zomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezisezinhlangothini eziphansi azinazokugqitshwa kakhulu, njengoba zisebenzisa umthetho emiphakathini yesizwe futhi zisebenzisa izimpikiswano ezithinta ngokushesha ezingeni ezisezweni zezakhamuzi.

Ukuchaza Ukwahlulela Nokuziphendukela Komthetho - sisekelo

Indima yejaji ekuchazeni uMthetho-sisekelo inikeza indlela yokuzivumelanisa nemithetho eshintshayo nezimo ngaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho. Ngezinqumo ezisukela elungelweni lomphakathi kuya kwezohwebo, izinkantolo ziye zahlela incazelo yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Amafilosofi ahlukene, njengokuqala, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, nokusebenza komthetho-sisekelo, abonisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nendlela abahluleli okufanele bachaze ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indlela yokuchaza i-galelo, inkululeko yejaji namandla alo ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini okuwenza ube isici esiyisisekelo sesimiso sombuso waseMelika. IBhulo le komiti lisebenza njengomqondisi wokugcina wenjongo yomthetho-mthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi amanye amagatsha asebenza ngayo phakathi kwemingcele yawo egunyazwe.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso bekungaphelele ngaphandle kwesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lilinganisele izenzo zamanye. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awahlukaniswa nje kuphela kodwa futhi avimbelana. Igatsha ngalinye linawo kokubili amandla okuvikela nawokucasula ahlobene namanye, akha uxhaxha lwezisusa ezikhuthaza ukubambisana futhi zivimbele ukuphamba.

Izazi Zemithetho Zihlola Isikhulu Nomfundisi

UKhomishane uphethe amandla amakhulu phezu kweGatya Lesimiso Sezomthetho. Ilawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, isho uMongameli akanakuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kobuhlangane. ISishaya-mthetho singalawula ama-denarial joares kanye nezingxenye ezimbili eziphindwe kathathu. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nokugunyaza izivumelwano. ISishaya-mthetho singasusa uMongameli nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni. Futhi singadala futhi siqede iminyango yezikhulu nezinhlangano. Ngokumelene ne-judicaliary, i-Congress inamandla okunquma isakhiwo nombuso ophansi, ukuveza ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko okungabhiyobhuntshisa izinqumo, nokususa izigwebo zomthetho, nokususa abahluleli abaphethe uhulumeni.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Icala Nesimiso Sobuculi

UMongameli angawumisa umthetho ophoqelelwe yiSishaya-mthetho, aphoqelele ukuba uhulumeni omkhulu uthathe isinyathelo. UMongameli angabiza uKhomishane ukuba ube nesimiso esikhethekile. NjengoMphathi oMkhulu, uMongameli ulawula ibutho lezempi. Amandla kaMongameli okukhipha iziyalezo zokuqondisa izinqubo ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kwemithetho. Amandla okuthethelela anikeza i-erchy ehswe i-jaji, avumele uMongameli ukuba avumele abantu ababekwe icala lomthetho kahulumeni. Umongameli futhi uthonya ijaji elingokomthetho ukuba amise abahluleli bezwe, kuhlanganise namajaji aphakeme enkantolo, anikeze isiqinisekiso seNkathi yeNkathi.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

Amandla ejaji lokwahlulela ayindlela yokuhlola ebaluleke kakhulu ephatha ngayo. Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho edluliswa yisiKhongolo futhi isayinwe nguMongameli ukuba ingathathi ngokomthetho, izenze ize. Izinkantolo zingahlasela futhi izenzo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo noma lomthetho. Ngencazelo yemithetho, izinkantolo zingahlela indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo. Imfuneko yokuthi amacala kumelwe amise "indikimba noma impikiswano" ivimbela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe imibono engokomthetho, kodwa uma icala lifaneleka phambi kwazo, izinkantolo zinegama lokugcina esinqumweni sazo somthetho, ibekwa umthetho noma i-mthetho.

Imishini Yokungenela I - branch Esetshenziswayo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sidala ukungezwani okuqhubekayo nokuxoxisana phakathi kwamagatsha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uMongameli emisa umthetho, uMkhandlu kumelwe unqume ukuthi uzowulawula noma uzolungisa. Uma izinkantolo zishaya umthetho, uMkhandlu ungaphendula ngokudlulisa inguquko ebukeziwe ekhuluma ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo. Uma iSigele senqaba ukuqinisekisa umongameli, uMongameli kumelwe abeke phambili omunye umlandeli. Lokhu kuhlobana, ngenkathi ngezinye izikhathi kuveza umklamo we-gridrock, bonisa umklamo wesimiso: ukuphoqelela, ukwakha, ukuvumelana, nokuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekulawuleni abanye.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokwehlukana Kwamandla

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nezinselele eziningi zamanje. Iziqondiso eziphethe nezenzo zokuphatha ngezinye izikhathi zingawufiphaza umehluko phakathi kokumisa imithetho kanye nokwenza entsha. Ukukhula kwesifundazwe kuphakamisa imibuzo ngezisebenzi zegunya lomthetho eziphethe izinhlangano eziphethe. Ukubekwa kwezindawo ezizimele kungandisa izimpi phakathi kwe-branch, kuholele ekuncipheni imali, ekumiseni, ekubekeni imingcele. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Pricinebuster eSigeqeni kuye kwaguqula amandla enqubo yomthetho nesiqinisekiso sokwahlulela. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, isakhiwo esiyisisekelo samagunya ahlukene sihlala singenaphutha, futhi amagatsha ayaqhubeka encintisana nokuxoxa neziphathimandla zawo ezihlukene.

Ukuze ubheke ngokujule kakhulu eMthethweni, vakashela i-pal Archives ikhasi lesizwe kumthetho-sisekelo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa mayelana nomthetho-Mkhandlu wamanje, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi womthetho nezindawo zamalungu engosi, i- Coneral.Gov[ iwumcebo onegunya. Iwebhsayithi yeNkathi Ephezulu inikeza ukufinyelela [[[FLT:] 4] izimpikiswano zomlomo, nokwaziswa [[FLT]].

Ukuthotshiswa Kwamandla Ahlukene Ezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwegatsha ngalinye kungaphezu kokwenza abafundi bezemfundo ezifundweni. Lolwazi lunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo nohulumeni wazo. Ukwazi ukuthi i House iqala intela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise ukukhathazeka kwazo kubameleli abafanelekayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi uMongameli umisa amajaji acacisa ukubaluleka kokhetho lukamongameli. Ukuqaphela indima yeNkantolo Ephakeme ekuchazeni amalungelo kunikeza impikiswano obala ngokuqinisekiswa kokwahlulela. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona nje indlela engokomlando, kodwa isimiso sokuphila esibusa futhi sivikele inkululeko ekhona nsuku zonke.

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kulesi simiso ngokuvotela abameleli nezinkampani, zikhulume nezikhulu zazo ezikhethiwe ngomthetho, zilandele izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi ziphendule uhulumeni ngokuhlola umphakathi. Isimiso sisebenza kangcono kakhulu lapho umphakathi uqonda ukuthi sisebenza kanjani futhi ufuna ukuba igatsha ngalinye lifeze indima yalo engokomthetho - sisekelo. Isivumelwano sezakhamuzi siwukuhlola okuphelele emandleni kahulumeni.

Isiphetho

IGavitive, iSikhundla, iSiphakamiso, neSiphakamiso sokwahlulela ngalinye lisebenza imisebenzi ehlukile nengenakuthathelwa indawo phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika. IGatya i-Gradificative Brants yenza imithetho, imelela izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zabantu baseMelika futhi ilawula uhlelo lwezwe. Igatsha eliphethe liqinisa la magatsha ngokubambisana ekuhleleni imithetho, liqondisa uhulumeni nesimiso sangaphandle ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaMongameli. Igatsha lenza imithetho, liqinisekisa ukuthi isebenza kahle futhi lisebenzisa ngokuvumelana noMthetho-sisekelo womthetho. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuhlanganisa la magatsha enxanxantathuniphi nakuzo zomthetho, livimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba likwazi ukuhlanganisa amandla aphakeme kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo, esiklanywe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlulele, siyaqhubeka ukulungiselela isisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika, isivikelo nezakhamuzi zenkululeko ngesikhathi ngasinye senkathi yohulumeni.