Kuyini Ukufunda Nokubhala?

Ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala kuyisisekelo esisiza abantu ukuba baqonde indlela uhulumeni wabo osebenza ngayo, ukuthi ayini amalungelo abo, nokuthi bangahlanganyela kanjani enqubweni yentando yeningi. Kudlulela ngalé kokwazi amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni; kuhlanganisa ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo, iSimiso samaLungelo, isimiso sokhetho, indima yohulumeni bendawo nesombuso, kanye nezindlela zenqubo yomphakathi. U-CUBBS ahlanganisa amakhono anjengawokucabanga okubucayi, ukuhlola imithombo yokwaziswa, nokuhlanganyela ezinkululweni zomphakathi. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuncintisana, izakhamuzi azihlonyiswanga kakhulu ukuhamba kwezindawo zezombangazwe eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zingahlukaniswa nezinhlangano ezibusa ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke.

Umqondo womphakathi wokufunda nokubhala usukela emuva kumaGreki asendulo, agcizelela ukubaluleka kwesakhamuzi esifundile empilweni yempilo . E-United States, abasunguli baphikisa ngokuthi irepublic ingasinda kuphela uma abantu bayo betshelwe. UThomas Jefferson wabhala, "Angazi ukuthi akukho sisekelo esiphephile samandla aphezulu omphakathi kodwa abantu ngokwabo; futhi uma sicabanga ukuthi abakhanyiselwanga ngokwanele ukuba balawule ngokuhlakanipha kwabo, ikhambi akunakuyikho ukulithatha kubo, kodwa ukutshela abantu ukuthi bakhona." Lombono uyaqhubeka usebenza njenganamuhla njengoba kwakunjalo ekhulwini le-18.

Kulelikhulu lama-21, ukufunda nokubhala kwezakhamuzi kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ukusakazeka ngokushesha kokwaziswa okunganembile, ukuncishiswa kwezimiso nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwenqubo kuphikisana − kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekunakekeleni impilo(-) kwaveza i-cobic ques argument quentificant. Ukufunda nokubhala kunika abantu amandla okuhlukanisa iqiniso nezindaba eziqanjiwe, ukusekela izithakazelo zabo, nokubheka izikhulu ezikhethiwe njengezikhulu ezikhethiwe.

Ukubaluleka Kokufunda

Kungani wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ubudala, umsebenzi, noma ukuzihlanganisa nezombangazwe, kufanele alwele ukuthuthukisa ikhono lakhe lokufunda nokubhala emphakathini?

Amandla Nokuzisiza

Uma uqonda indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo, ungaba nesikhundla esingcono sokuzimela wena nomphakathi wakho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwazi ukubhala phansi isicelo somphakathi, ukuthi ungakhuluma kanjani emhlanganweni wedolobha, noma ukuthi umthetho uba umthetho kanjani kukuvumela ukuba uthonye izinqumo ezithinta ikhaya lakho, isikole, nomkhaya wakho.

Ukusakaza Imikhiqizo Eyingcweti

Izindawo zokukhetha ziwuphawu oluqinile lwentando yeningi yabameleli. Kodwa ukuvota ngaphandle kokuqonda izimpikiswano, izikhundla zabazohlolwa, kanye nethonya lezindlela zokuvota kungalimaza. Abavoti abafundele ukubhadaza abakwaziyo ukuvota, baqonde isimo sikahulumeni wendawo yabo, futhi baqonde imiphumela yezenzo eziyinkimbinkimbi zobuphekula. Azinakuthonywa ukunxenxwa yizikhangiso ezingokomzwelo noma izikhangiso ezidukisayo.

Ukulandisa Nokuphatha

Isazi sezakhamuzi esinolwazi siwukuhlolwa okungcono kakhulu kwegunya likahulumeni. Uma abantu beqonda inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali, indima yabahloli jikelele, kanye nezinqubo zobubonisi (njengokuzwa kwezikhulu noma izinkantolo ezinkulu), bangabheka izikhulu zomphakathi njengezinecala ngezenzo zazo. Iziphakamiso nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla ngokuvamile kuchuma ebumnyameni; ukufunda kwezakhamuzi kukhanyisa ukukhanya.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Isivumelwano somthetho sihlanganisa ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela emabhodini nasezindaweni zokuvota. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvota, ukuya emihlanganweni yasehholo, ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, nokukhonza emajajini. Abantu abaqonda izakhiwo nemisebenzi kahulumeni wendawo bazibona bengabafaki hlangothi ekugcineni ikusasa lomphakathi wabo. Lokhu kuholela ezibophweni eziqinile zomphakathi nasemiphakathini eqinile.

Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Ohulumeni abaningi bentando yeningi bahlanganyela uhlelo olufanayo lokwakha: ukwahlukana kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu − ukubulala, ukumisa, nokwahlulela. E-United States, lesi simiso sichazwa ngokuqhubekayo nge-constructionism, ehlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kubalulekile ukuze wazi ukuthi ubani ozothintana nempikiswano ethile nokuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho ekhishwa yigatsha lemithetho. Ngezinga likahulumeni, iholwa uMongameli, okhonza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni. Igunya likaMongameli lihlanganisa: ukusayina noma ukumisa umthetho; ukuyala amabutho ahlomile; ukumisa amajaji angokomthetho, amabhodi, namanxusa; kanye nokwenza umthetho wangaphandle, kuhlanganise nezivumelwano zesivumelwano (zigunyazwe iSigele). Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa futhi izivumelwano ezinkulu zikahulumeni ezinjenge-Devince, imfundo, i-Healthment, i-Agement, ne-Hulumends, kanye nezinhlangano ezifana ne-Federal Agencymental Proviception (FI).

UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine nge-Electoral College, isimiso ngezinye izikhathi esibangela ukuxhumanisa phakathi kwevoti ethandwayo nomphumela. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, iziyalezo zezikhulu ezikhishwa nguMongameli − ezinegunya lomthetho − ziye zaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokulungisa isimiso ngaphandle kokugunyaza ukumiswa kwenhlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Barack Obama’s Deferect for Childhoomments (DACA) kanye noMongameli uDonald Trump’s ukuvinjelwa kohambo lwama zamiswa ngeziqondiso zomthetho. Nakuba lemiyalo idingizo yokuhlola imvume yokuqulwa, babonisa igunya eliphawulekayo eliphethwe igatsha eliphethe.

Ezingeni likahulumeni, umbusi usebenza njengesikhulu esiphethe, esinamandla afana nokaMongameli kodwa alinganiselwe ezindabeni zikahulumeni.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

ISiphakamiso I sawo wonke amandla omthetho eSishayamthetho eSishaya - mthetho, indikimba ye-baobaral eyakhiwa yiNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Indlu inamalungu angu-435, ngalinye elimelela isifunda sesifunda esihlangani esihlukaniswa abantu; amalungu akhonza amagama athatha iminyaka emibili. ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, amabili avela ezweni ngalinye, asebenza iminyaka eyisithupha. Lomklamo wawuwukuhlehlela phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane (Ukuhlehla kwango okukhulu kuka-1787) futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili inani labantu nobukhosi bezwe kumelelwe ekwenzeni umthetho.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-Congress ukwenza imithetho. Umthetho kumelwe udlulise amagumbi womabili ngendlela efanayo futhi usayiniswe nguMongameli (noma udlulise i-veto neningi eliyisithathu) ukuze ube umthetho. Inqubo yomthetho iyinkimbinkimbi: izikweleti zibhekiswe kumakomiti, ziphikiswane, zilungiswe, futhi zivotelwe. (njenge House Ways ne-Antry Committee noma i-Committee ye-Jadicary ) yenza indima ebalulekile ekulungiseni umthetho nasekuqondiseni igatsha eliphethe.

Izakhamuzi zingasebenzelana negatsha lemithetho ngokuxhumana nabameleli babo namalungu ezindaba, ngokufakaza lapho kuqulwa icala, noma ngokuhlanganyela ezinkathini zokuphendula umphakathi ukuze kunikezwe imithetho ehlongozwayo. Ukuqonda isimiso sekomiti nesimiso sokuqulwa kwecala kusiza abameleli ukuba babambe imizamo yabo ngokuphumelelayo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi ziyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Ezingeni likahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme imisa njengenkantolo yokugcina ethatha imvume. Ngezansi kuneziNkantolo zeZikhalo ezingu-13 (izinkantolo ze-circit) kanye nezingu-94 zeSigodi (izinkantolo zamankantolo). Izimiso zenkantolo oMbuso zibonisa lesi sakhiwo, ngezinkantolo eziphakathi, nezinkantolo eziphethe, kanye nenkantolo ephakeme yesifunda.

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu ejaji i-qhinga lokuhlola kokwahlulela, yilelo elinamandla okuqeda imithetho noma izenzo zobuphathi eziphula umthetho. Lamandla amiswa yindaba yengqokotho-mqoka Marbury v. Madison [183]. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinqumo eziPhakelele zeNkathi Ephakeme ziye zaguqula ukuphila kwaseMelika ngezindlela ezijulile: brown v. ibhodi yemfundo [1954] [1954]) yaphetha ukucwala kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi; [FLT:].[FLT] v[FLD][FLD][5] [7]

Amajaji ahlangene, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, amiswa uMongameli futhi aqinisekiswa iSigele. Bakhonza izinqumo zokuphila konke (ezithoba ekuziphatheni okuhle), ezibavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi ziqinisekise ukuzimela kokwahlulela. Abahluleli boMbuso ngokuvamile bakhethwa noma bamiswe ngezinqubo ezihlukene, kuye ngomthetho-sisekelo wombuso.

Imisebenzi kaHulumeni

Ohulumeni bakhona ukuze banikeze ukuhleleka, ukulondeka, nempahla yomphakathi intengo engenakuyinikeza ngokuphumelelayo. Imisebenzi eyinhloko kahulumeni wanamuhla ihlanganisa:

  • [[[Umthetho:0] Ukulondoloza uMthetho nohlelo: Ngamaphoyisa, izinkantolo, nezimiso zokulungisa, uhulumeni uphoqelela imithetho futhi uvikela ukuphepha komphakathi.
  • Isho iMinyango yomphakathi:[ Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izikole zomphakathi, imitapo, amapaki, nezinkonzo zesimiso sokukhuculula ixhaswe futhi iphethwe uhulumeni emazingeni ahlukahlukene.
  • Ukuchuma nokukhula: uhulumeni ulawula izimakethe zemali, ulawula isimiso semali (i-Federal Reserve), unikeza umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, futhi usebenzisa inqubo yokuthola imali ukuthonya umnotho.
  • Ukhuselo lwesizwe: Ukuvikela izwe ekusongelwani okungaphandle kuwumkhakha oyinhloko kahulumeni, owenziwa yi-Department of Defense nezinhlangano ezihlangene.
  • [[[NT:0] Izinhlelo zezokuphepha: njenge-Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, kanye nosizo lokudla kusiza abantu abasengozini.
  • Isivikelo somphakathi: namanxusa kahulumeni amisa izindinganiso zomoya ohlanzekile namanzi, aphatha amazwe omphakathi, futhi abophe imithetho yendawo ezungezile.

Lemisebenzi ivame ukwabelana phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, isimiso esaziwa ngokuthi ubandlululo . Ngokwesibonelo, imfundo ngokuyinhloko ingumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe nowendawo, kodwa uhulumeni unikeza iziqondiso ezibanzi ngemithetho enjenge-Everses Fraevect Act (ESA). Isigaba semibuso ngezinye izikhathi singaholela ekudidekeni, ngokwesibonelo, uma inhlekelele yemvelo igadla, izakhamuzi zingazi ukuthi zingathintana yini ne-FEMA (i-federal) noma i-arectory yesimo sokuqondisa isimo esiphuthuma sombuso.

Ukwazi ukuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni lomsebenzi osiza abantu ukuba baqondise imibuzo yabo ngokuphumelelayo futhi baqondise inzuzo yabo kusiza abantu ukuba balawule lemibuzo.

Ukuprakthiza Ukufunda Nokubhala

Ukuqonda uhlelo lukahulumeni nokusebenza kwayo kumane kuyisigamu sempi. Ukufunda kwangempela kudinga ukusebenzisa lolo lwazi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Nazi ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo zokusebenzisa ukufunda nokwenza umsebenzi womphakathi:

  • Ukuvota kunoma yiluphi ukhetho [1] hhayi iminyaka yobumongameli kuphela, kodwa eyisisekelo, phakathi kwenkathi, indawo, nokhetho lwesikole. Izinqumo eziningi ezibalulekile zenziwa endaweni.
  • Hlanganisa abameleli bakho abakhethiwe ngezindaba ozikhathalelayo. Okunye okuphenyelwe kahle, i-imeyili ecatshangelwe kahle noma ucingo kungaba nethonya.
  • Imihlangano yomphakathi yedolobha lakho, ikhomishane yesifunda, noma ibhodi yesikole. Lemihlangano ivame ukuvuleka kumphakathi futhi inikeze ukuqonda ngokuthi izinqumo zendawo zenziwa kanjani.
  • Ukukhonza kumajaji uma ibizwa. Inkonzo kaJury iyindlela eqondile yokuhlanganyela esimisweni sokwahlulela futhi iqinisekise ukuqulwa ngokulunga.
  • Uhlale unolwazi ngokufunda imithombo eminingi yezindaba, ngokuhlola amawebhusayithi kahulumeni asemthethweni (njenga [[FLT: 2]]USA.gov[), nangokusebenzisa iziqondisi ezingezona ezangaphandle njenge Vote411. org ukusuka eNhlanganoni yabesifazane Voters.

Izinselele Zokufunda

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwalo, abantu bakhona babhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu e - United States nasemhlabeni wonke.

  • Igebe lokufunda: Izikole eziningi ziye zanciphisa imfundo yomphakathi. Ukuhlolwa ko-2020 kwe-Anntenberg Policy Center kwathola ukuthi cishe ingxenye yabantu abadala baseMelika kuphela engaqamba wonke amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Izindinganiso zoMbuso zomphakathi ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, futhi othisha abaningi abanakho ukuqeqeshwa noma imithombo yokufundisa indaba ngokuphumelelayo.
  • [[QUE:0]Misformation and Disformation: Imithombo yezindaba nemithombo yezezindaba ivame ukusakaza ukwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo ngezinqubo zikahulumeni, ukuvota, nenkambiso. Lokhu kululaza ikhono lezakhamuzi lokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi.
  • Ukulandelana: Isimo sanamuhla sokulawula sikhulu futhi siyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuqonda uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, uhlelo lwentela, noma isimiso sokunakekela impilo kudinga umzamo wokuthi abantu abaningi abazimisele noma abakwazi ukutshala imali.
  • UbuCynic:[ Ezinye izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi izwi lazo alibalulekile noma ukuthi uhulumeni uyonakele ngokwemvelo. Lokhu kungaholela ekulahleni, okuqeda ukulandisa.
  • Ulwimi kanye ne-Accounting Barriers: Izikhulumi zesiNgisi ezingezona ezivamile, abantu abakhubazekile, nalabo abangatholanga ulwazi olulinganiselwe kuyi-inthanethi bangase balwele ukuthola noma ukuqonda ulwazi lwezakhamuzi.

Indlela Yokuthuthukisa Ukufunda Nokubhala

Ukusingatha lezinselele kudinga indlela ebanzi ehilela othisha, abaholi bomphakathi, izinhlangano zezokuxhumana, nezakhamuzi ngokwazo. Nawa amasu asebenzayo:

Qinisa Imfundo KaK --12

Izikole kufanele ziphathe abantu njengesihloko esiyinhloko, kanye nezibalo kanye nokufunda. UCurcula kufanele kuhlanganise ukufunda ngezandla, njengokhetho lokugcona, izikhawu zemithetho, kanye nohambo lokuya ezakhiweni zikahulumeni. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Acticons [ (isungulwe yiJaji leNkantolo Ephakeme Sandra Day O’Connor]) inikeza ngesihle, imidlalo kanye namasuntswana ezifundo. Ekholeji, izinhlangano zingafuna izifundo zezezezezezeze ngokomthetho kuzo zonke izikhulu.

Qeqesha Imithombo Yezindaba Nokwaziswa

Izakhamuzi zidinga ukwazi ukuthi zingakuhlaziya kanjani ukuthembeka kwemithombo yezindaba, zikhomba ubandlululo, kanye nokuhlola iqiniso. Izinhlelo ezifana ne- Public Policy Center[ inikeza imithombo yalezihloko. Amalayibrary nezikhungo zomphakathi zingangenisa izikhungo zokudalula amanga nokusebenzisa amawebhusayithi kahulumeni.

Khuthaza Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Okungekho Kwesigaba

Izinhlangano zendawo − njengeNhlangano yabesifazane, iYMCA, ne-Rotary album(ahn) nezindawo ezingangeni starstan forum, izimpikiswano ezifuna ukubhalisa, nezindawo zokusebenzela ukuthi zingaba kanjani isikhundla. Lezizenzakalo zakha amakhono omphakathi futhi zithuthukisa umuzwa womphakathi.

Ubuchwepheshe Be - leddegage Nemininingwane Evuliwe

Ohulumeni bangathuthukisa ulwazi lomphakathi ngokwenza ukwaziswa kutholakale kalula kuyi-inthanethi. Amadolobha amaningi manje anyathelisa izinhlelo zawo, izingqungquthela, namarekhodi okuvota emathekwini avulekile. Amaza namawebhusayithi achaza umthetho ngolimi olucacile", njenge-GovTrack.us noma i-OpenConref.

Ukufunda Isibonelo Sakho Ukuphila Konke

Ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala akuyona impumelelo eyodwa. Abantu abadala kufanele baqhubeke befunda ngemithetho emisha, izinqumo zenkantolo, nezinguquko zenqubo. Ukuqashelwa emaphephandabeni angenayo isigaba sobulungu, ukuya ezindaweni zokuhlola imidlalo yamanje, nokuxoxa ngezenzakalo zomkhaya nabangane kuyimikhuba elula elondoloza futhi ijulise ulwazi lomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu emfuthwaneni wezwe elinempilo. Uma abantu beqonda isakhiwo sikahulumeni wabo nemisebenzi yabo, banikwe amandla okuhlanganyela, ukubeka abaholi icala, nokuhlela izinqubo ezithinta ukuphila kwabo. Njengoba uThomas Jefferson axwayisa, ukulondeka kwentando yeningi kuxhomeke ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezikhanyiselwe. Izinselele zokungaqondi kahle, ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezemfundo, nokunganaki kwemfundo kwenza imfundo yomphakathi isheshe kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ngokuqala ukufundiswa kwezemfundo yesizwe kuzo zonke izingalo, kusukela emakilasini kuya emagumbini okuhlala kuwo, (85) ukuhlanganisa, nokusekela umphakathi. Ikusasa lombuso wentando yeningi ngokwalo lixhomeke emakhonweni ethu okuqonda nokusekela izimiso ezisekelayo.