Ukuxhumana kwamandla neWater: Inselele yembulunga yonke

Amanzi namandla akha ubudlelwane obunye obunzima kakhulu bezwe lanamuhla. Isigaba ngasinye sokukhiqizwa kwamandla (kusukela ekukhipheni amandla ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi(-vrequres) amanzi, kuyilapho izimiso zamanzi zixhomeke emandleni okumpompa, ukwelashwa, nokusakaza. Lobu buhlobo obubili, ngokuvamile bubizwa ngokuthi i- i-exus [ yamanzi awenziwe nge-asease meter], ihlala enhliziyweni yezimpikiswano zesimiso sokulungisa izakhi zemvelo, izinhlelo zezesisekelo, nezindlela zokuzivuselela isimo sezulu. Izinqumo ezenziwa kwelinye ingxenye zigeleze ngqo kwenye ingxenye, zenza ukubusa okungasizi kodwa okubalulekile.

Isidingo samanzi namandla siyaqhubeka sinyuka. I-International Energy Agency (IEA) ihlela ukuthi amanzi ancishiswayo ukuze akhiqize amandla angakhula ngo-20% ngo-2040 ngaphansi kwezimiso zamanje, njengoba ukucindezeleka kwamanzi kuba bhebhebhetheka ezindaweni eziningi. Ukuqonda indlela inqubo yamanzi elawula ngayo umkhiqizo wamandla, kanti okuhlukile kokunye okungabalulekile ekusekeleni izimiso ezisekela ukukhula kwemiphakathi nezomnotho kuyilapho ivikela imvelo.

Indlela Amanzi Asetshenziswa Ngayo Ekukhiqizeni Amandla

Amanzi asebenza njengendawo epholisayo, uketshezi olusebenzayo, umthombo wamandla, nemishini yokuthutha ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe bamandla.

Izitshalo Ezinamandla Ahwamukayo: I - conundrum Epholile

Izindawo zamandla ashisayo ahlangene − i-coral, igesi engokwemvelo, i-biomas, kanye nogesi othile owenziwe nge-biocerate gezi ngokushisisa amanzi ukuze akhiqize isitimu esijikelezayo. Ukupholisa lesosisi kamuva kudinga amanzi amaningi kakhulu. Izinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokupholisa zikhona:

  • Amanzi akhanywayo cishe ngokupholisa: adlula emthonjeni wesitshalo, abuye abuye abuye ashiseke kakhulu. Lendlela ikhipha imitha emikhulu (ingamalitha angu- 150 ngehora) kodwa asebenzisa okuncane ngokuqhathaniswa (cishe 1/3%) njengomhwamuko. Nokho, ukuphuma komoya oshisayo kungalimaza ukuphila emanzini.
  • Ukupholisa (okuvalekile-loop): Amanzi asetshenziswa futhi phakathi kwezinqaba ezipholisayo, okune-2-5% kuphela okulahlekayo ukuhwamuka. Ama-asmoral aphansi kakhulu, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okucwenga kuphezulu kakhulu ngeyunithi likagesi (cishe 2-4 perers nge kh).

Ezindaweni ezinamanzi, ukupholisa okungamanzi okupholisha (izinhlayiya ze-air-cool) kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngo-90%, nakuba kusekwezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu nesijeziso sokusebenza kahle. ngokwe-Ecloremental Protection Agency, ukukhetha kobuchwepheshe bokupholisa i-athonsiwe ngamanzi embonini ngesilinganiso esiphezulu, kuyenza ibe ithuluzi elibucayi lenqubo.

Amandla E - hydropower: Ukuncika Ngokuqondile Ekugelezeni

I-hydropowesters incike emandleni amanzi agelezayo e-injini ejikelezayo. Nakuba kungekho manzi adliwayo enqubweni ngokwayo, inciphiso enciphile emadamuni ingaba nkulu] − ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nasemoyeni owomile. Ukuhlolwa [kungu 2021] [kuyi-'FLT:2] ukwakheka [ kuthole ukuthi isivalo sembulunga yonke sincibilikisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile, kanye namadamu amakhulu ezindaweni ezifudumele ezilahlekelwa amanzi amaningi kunalapho zigcinwa khona ezinye izindlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugesi umthamo wemvula uxhume uboshelwe ngokuqondile ekushisweni kwemvula, ukwenze ukuba incipheke esimweni sezulu.

I - biosergy Ne - biofel: Izindleko Zamanzi Ezifihliwe

Ukukhula kwezitsha ezincelisayo zebhayomas kanye ne-biofuel kudinga amanzi ukuze kuniswe amanzi, futhi kufakwe lawo mandla asetshenziswayo asebenzisa amanzi anele. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ethan ethonol esekelwe ekhoneni, inamandla amanzi angaba ngu 3 000-4 000-lital ngelitha ngalinye le-ethanol uma ihlanganisa nokunisela ngenkasa, kanti imithombo yemvula yomoba noma i-cellulos ingaba mbalwa kakhulu amanzi angenayo. Isinqumo somthetho esisekelwe kuyi-biofel sishoshoshosho into enkulu ukutholakala kwamanzi.

Eminye imithombo yamandla isebenzisa amanzi ngezindlela ezincane kodwa ezibalulekile: u-oyile kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi (ngokuhlukene umshini wokwenza ugesi) ufaka amanzi ngaphansi komhlaba; ugesi oshisayo welanga [[ usebenzisa amanzi ekupholiseni nokugeza isibuko; futhi ngisho imishini yokuthunga nokugcina nokugcina izinto [ idinga amanzi ukuze kuthathwe izinqubo ezithile.

Izinselele Zokusetshenziswa Kwamanzi Eqenjini Lamandla

Njengoba umncintiswano wokuncintisana ngamanzi angenasawoti ukhula, ingxenye yamandla ibhekene nohlu olukhulayo lwezinselele zenqubo nemisebenzi. Lezi akuzona nje izinkinga zobuchwepheshe, kodwa ziyizinkinga ezilawulayo ezidlula izifunda ezihlukene futhi ezidinga ukusabela okuhlangene.

Ukushesha Kwamanzi Nokuncintisana

Ngokwendlela yokuhlola i-2023 World Resources Institute. Uma isomiso sinciphisa ukugeleza komfula noma amazinga amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imishini yamandla ingaphoqeleka ukuba inciphise imikhiqizo noma ngisho ivalwe. Ngo-2022, izitshalo zenuzi namanzi avundlile zaseYurophu zancishiswa ngenxa yamazinga aphansi omfula nokushisa okugciniwe, okunengxenye enkathazweni yalelizwekazi. Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kukhuphula kokubili isomiso kanye ne-firhwaves, izingozi ezinjalo ziyokhula.

Ukutholakala kwamanzi asedolobheni, ezolimo, kanye nendawo ezungezile kakade kudinga amandla alinganayo. I- ebeke izinqubo zamanzi ezihlela inzuzo kakhulu yokusebenzisa i-inthanethi yogesi phakathi nezikhathi ezinzima.

Imiphumela Yendawo Ezungezile Nesimiso Sendawo Ezungezile

Ukukhishwa kwamanzi ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla kungalimaza imvelo yasemanzini ahlanzekile ngezindlela eziningana:

  • Ukungcola okubangelwa ukufudumala: Izimiso zokupholisa ezike zaphakamisa amazinga okushisa amanzi, ukunciphisa umoya - mpilo oncibilikile nolimaza izinhlanzi kanye nezingalo zomgogodla.
  • [ Ukufakwa nokungalawulwa:[[FLT] izilokazane ze-aquatic (kuhlanganise izibungu nezinhlanzi ezincane) zivalelwe ezibukweni noma zidonswe esimisweni sokupholisa.
  • Ukuguqula okuphansi: Amadamu amakhulu anamandla amanzi ashintsha imibuso engokwemvelo yokuhamba, ukuphazamisa izinto zokuthutha inhlabathi, ukuthutha izinhlanzi, nokuhamba kwamanzi angenayo.
  • Ukungcola: Amanzi asetshenziswa ekukhipheni uwoyela negesi noma imigodi yamalahle angadala ukungcola uma kungalawulwa kahle.

I-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ixwayisa ngokuthi izinga lamanzi elibangelwa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla [ isici esinganakwayo se-nexus, enegebe lokuzihlela emazweni amaningi elivumela imiphumela ephinda-phindekayo ukuba ingavinjelwe.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Ukushintsha isimo sezulu kugcizelela kokubili imithombo yamanzi futhi kuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla. Umoya ophakeme namazinga okushisa anciphisa ukusebenza kwezindawo ezishisayo (ngoba izimiso zokupholisa zisebenza kancane). Ukushintsha kwezindlela zemvula kushintsha amandla aphuma emanzini futhi kunganciphisa ukugeleza komfula okudingekayo ukuze kuphole. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingxenye yamandla igesi ekhipha amandla okufudumala kakhulu ekhipha amandla adonsela phansi (8) ebangela ukuvuselelwa kwamandla lapho izimo zezulu zisongela ukuthembeka kwamanzi.

Abenzi bezenqubo kumelwe balandise ngokuxhumana okungangqubuzani lapho bebeka izisulu zamandla namanzi.

I-nexs enamandla asemanzini: Izindawo ezixutshiwe ezingeneyo nezifundo ze-Case

Ukuphatha okuphumelelayo kwe-nexus elwa namanzi kudinga ukubheka ngalé kwengxenye ngayinye ukuze kubonwe ama-synnergie kanye nokuthutha kwezokuhwebelana. Izimiso eziningana ezintsha nezibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela ukuhlangana okungaveza ngayo imiphumela engcono.

Ukuhlela Kwamanzi Angenamandla

Ukuhlelwa kwe-Nexus kuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa ngaphesheya kwamanzi nakumandla, nokusebenzisa izikhomba-ndlela zokuhlola izinketho zezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho benquma ngemvume ye-ethermaged entsha, amamenenja amanzi angahlola ukuthi amanzi akhona angabhekana yini nokunye ukukhishwa ngaphandle kokulimaza abasebenzisi abakhona. Abahleli begesi bangacabangela ubuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle namandla ancishisiwe anciphisa ukuwohloka kwamanzi.

IBhange leZwe liye lathuthukisa ukuhlola emazweni amaningana, kuhlanganise neMorocco nePhilippines, lapho ukuhlola okuhlangeneyo okunenani elingcono kakhulu kuhlolile ukutshala imali elondolozwayo elondoloza amanzi namandla. Ukutusa okubalulekile ekuhloleni okunjalo kuhlanganisa ukuhlela izakhiwo ze-tapriff ukuze kunqande ukusetshenziswa kolahleko nomvuzo wamandla amanzi.

Isifundo Se - Case: I - Colorado River Basin

IColorado River Bastin eningizimu - ntshonalanga ye-United States iveza ukungezwani phakathi kwamanzi namandla. Umfula unikeza abantu abayizigidi ezingu-40 izikhungo namanzi ezolimo, kuyilapho usekela futhi izitshalo zamanzi anamandla eGlen Canyon nase Hoover Dams. Njengoba lesi sitshalo sihlala i-edicedade megad, amazinga edamu emalini aphansi ukuze athole ukuthi isizukulwane samanzi anciphisa ukuphakama, futhi afaka ugesi emhlane. , [uBureau of Reclameance wamemezela ngokuqondile ukuthi inqubo yezehlakalo, inciphisa inqubo yezehlaka lokusebenza kwamanzi emhlaza i-drouni ukuze inciphe i-Genenca isilinganiso se-Genenca ugesi, uma iveza isilinganiso samandla esigidi sezigidi ezingu-5.

Ukutadisha Icala: Inkinga Yamandla Anamandla Anamandla ENdiya

ENdiya, lapho ugesi ongamaphesenti angu-75 uvela ezikhungweni zamalahle ashisayo, uye wathola ukuhlolwa okuphindaphindiwe okuhlangene namanzi. Ukuhlolwa kuka-2021 yi-World Resources Institute (WRI) yathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-40 ezitshalo zamandla ashisayo zaseNdiya abhekene nokucindezeleka kwamanzi okuphezulu, futhi phakathi nesomiso sangonyaka ka 2019, izitshalo eziningana zaphoqeleka ukuba zinqume umkhiqizo zifike ku-50%. I-National Water Policy [[ manje] ihlanganisa amalungiselelo okugeleza okungena amanzi emifuleni futhi izitshalo ezintsha zisebenzisa isayensi ephumelelayo yokupholisa. Kodwa ukugcinwa kwezitshalo kusebuthakathaka, futhi eziningi ezindala zisathembele ekupholiseni kanye. Inkinga engxenyeni phakathi kwenkambiso kanye nesekusetshenziswayo.

Izinqubo Zokunakekela Amanzi Alondolozwayo Nokuphathwa Kwamandla

Ukushintshela esimisweni esisekela amanzi kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo phakathi kobuchwepheshe, isimiso, nezimali. Ngezansi kusetshenziswa amasu ayinhloko emhlabeni wonke.

Izivubukulo Zobuchwepheshe

Intuthuko enkathini yamandla kagesi nokwelashwa ngamanzi kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokuphawulekayo:

  • Izimiso ezihamba phambili zokupholisa: Ukupholisa iHybrid (i-wet-dry) kuvumelana nezimo ezibandayo, kugcinwa amanzi phakathi nezikhathi ezipholile futhi kusetshenziswe ukupholisa lapho kuphumelela kakhulu. Ukupholisa ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuphila ezitshalweni eziningi ezishiswe igesi futhi kunamandla elanga ezindaweni ezomile.
  • Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kwezindawo zamandla: Ukunikeza nokuphinda kusetshenziswe amanzi angcolile asezimbonini, i-effluent, noma ukubhoboza komfutho opholisayo kunganqamula amanzi angenayo emanzini ngo-30-50%.
  • Imijikelezo yamandla agxekayo CO2:[ [lendlela] isebenzisa isikhutha esikhundleni samanzi njengoketshezi olusebenzayo, inikeza ukusebenza kahle kakhulu nokususa izidingo zamanzi ezipholiswayo zonke ngezindlela ezithile.
  • i-solar photovoltaics nomoya: Lobubuchwepheshe budinga amanzi aphansi phakathi nokusebenza", umoya usebenzisa cishe awekho, futhi i-PV encane kuphela ekuhlanzweni kwezindawo zokusebenza. Ukushintsha isizukulwane ukuba sivuselelwe kuyindlela eqondile yokususa amandla ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi.

Izikhali Ezisetshenziswayo Neziqondisayo

Ohulumeni bangakhuthaza ukukhetha amandla asebenza emanzini ngezinqubo eziningana:

  • [ Isilinganiso sokusebenza kahle [ sezitshalo ezintsha (isib., ukupholisa okuvalekile ezitsheni zamanzi ezinamanzi anezinsika).
  • [[UMTH:0] Ukuhlanganisa nokuhlela izinguquko[ okubonisa ukuntuleka nokungalinganisi ukulondoloza.
  • [ Uhlelo lwezisekelo ezifakiwe phakathi kwamanzi kanye nezingamandla, ezinezisethi ezihlanganyelwe ekutholakaleni kwamanzi kanye nakumandla kagesi.
  • Izimiso zokuhamba komsinga [ ezimisa amazinga omfula alinganiselwe ukuze kuvikelwe imvelo futhi kulondolozwe abasebenzisa amanzi phansi komfula, kuhlanganise namandla asemanzini.
  • Izindinganiso zetheku ezivuselelwayo ezimisa kuqala ilanga, umoya, kanye nolunye ubuchwepheshe bamanzi aphansi.

I-European Union’s Water Frameod Directive ne-Chrease Water Act yase-U.S. yomibili ithinta ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi aphehlwayo, kodwa izimiso ze-nexus ezicacile ziseyivelaka. Izizwe ezimbalwa . "njenge-South Africa ne-Australia" ziye zasungula izindlela zokusebenzisa amanzi angenamanzi ezifakelwe ukuncitshiswa kwamanzi engxenyeni yamandla kagesi.

Indima Yamandla Avuselelwayo Ne - Decarbon

Ukushintshela kugesi ongaphansi we-carbon akuyona nje kuphela ithuba elidingekile kodwa futhi nethuba lokusebenzisa amanzi. I-photovoltaics nomoya kudinga u-95-99% amanzi ambalwa ngengxenye kagesi kune-oyile ye-ocester noma izitshalo zenuzi ezinamanzi anciphile kanye. Ngisho nakanjani kunezitsha zegesi ezingokwemvelo ezihlangene nezijikelezayo (ezisebenzisa amanzi amancane kakhulu ekupholiseni), ugesi nomoya usaphuma phambili.

I-International Renetic Energy Agency (IRAENA) ilinganisela ukuthi ukuphinda-phinda ingxenye yomhlaba wonke yezinto ezivuselelwayo ngo-2030 kunganciphisa ukuhoxa kwamanzi amandla ngo-25-30% uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi aphansi kwezebhizinisi. Nokho, kunemifantu: ukugxilisa amandla elanga (CSP) nokupholisa i-wittle ingaba yi-intenfidive; i-biomas ixhomeke ekunini ngenkasayo; futhi ukuncibilika kwamanzi okuncibilikayo kumelwe kulinganiswe ekusetshenzisweni kwayo amanzi aphansi. Ngakho abakhi bamapayishi akumelwe baqaphele i-partlensisssss ezifaka amanzi endaweni futhi bacabangele izisusa zamandla avuselelwayo.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo Nokutuswa

I-energy nexus esemanzini iyakuba makhulu kakhulu njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kukhuphula ukuguquguquka kwamanzi nanjengoba amazwe asathuthuka andisa ukutholakala kukagesi. Izenzo eziyinhloko zeshumi leminyaka elizayo zihlanganisa:

  1. Amazwe amaningi angenakho uhlelo lokuhlola oludingwayo oludingekayo ukuze kulandelwe ama-athomu amanzi nge-octive i-octive i-atmosfera ne-openthir (njenge-Elective Information Administration yase-U.S.)
  2. Izisusa zezomnotho. Izisekelo zemithombo yemivubukulo zivame ukusonta kokubili amanzi nezimakethe zamandla. Ukusekela ubuchwepheshe bamanzi aphansi kanye nezinqubo zezimboni ezingasebenzi kahle zingafinyelela imigomo eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
  3. Ukubusa okuvunyelanisiweyo. Isiphambano sesiphambano esihlanganisa izindikimba(indawo yesizwe, isigxobo somfula, namazinga esifunda) kubhidliza isilos. UN-Water Intelligiting Innitifiction inikeza uhlelo lwentuthuko eqhubekayo esulwini samanzi-SDG.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Ukukwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu. Izakhiwo ezintsha zamandla kumelwe ziklanyelwe ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisayo nezishubile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhetha ukupholisa kwamanzi, ukuthola izitshalo ezindaweni ezinemithombo yamanzi eqinile, kanye nesizukulwane esinezinto ezingenisa amanzi anele.
  5. [ Ukusetshenziswa kwemiphakathi yendawo nezimiso zendawo. Izinqumo zezimiso zamanzi ezithinta ukukhiqizwa kwamandla azinakwenziwa ngokuzihlukanisa. Amaqembu esizwe, abasebenzisi bamanzi asemapayipini, nezinhlangano zokulondoloza imvelo kumelwe zibe nesihlalo etafuleni ukuqinisekisa imiphumela evumelanayo neyomsindo.

Ukuhlangana kwesimiso samanzi nomkhiqizo wamandla akuseyona inselele engokwemfundo, kudala inselele ebanzi kohulumeni, izikhungo ezisebenzayo, nezimboni emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuphatha amanzi namandla njengezinhlangothi ezimbili zemali yemali eyodwa, isintu singakha izimiso ezinokwethenjelwa nezingasekelwa, ngisho nangaphansi koshintsho lwesimo sezulu nesidingo esikhulayo. Indlela engaphambili ayifuni nje ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi kodwa futhi nentando yezombangazwe, ukubambisana okunqamule igeleza, kanye nombono omude obalulekile kokubili ukulondeka kwezibani zethu kanye nempilo yemifula yethu.