Inqubo yokukhetha eyinhloko eUnited States akuyona indlela eyodwa elingana nayo yonke i-freeces. Kunalokho, umsebenzi ombaxambili wemithetho eqondene nombuso wemithetho namafomethi anquma indlela amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha ngayo abazovota ekukhetheni. Kuvoti, ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo ngokuphumelelayo. Kubafundisi nabahlaziyi bezombangazwe, izinhlobonhlobo zamafomethi ayinhloko zinikeza indawo ecebile yokuhlola isimo esicebile sezimiso zokukhetha, ithonya, futhi ekugcineni, isibonakaliso. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucubungela okubanzi kwezimiso zokukhetha eziyinhloko, ukuhlola ama-akhemistry, izinzuzo, nokukhipha iziphetho zesimiso ngasinye.

Ukubuka ngokubuka izimo zokukhetha eziyisisekelo

Okhetho oluyinhloko lusebenza njengenqubo yokukhetha ngaphakathi embangweni wezombangazwe ukukhetha ama-nonmee. Nakuba umqondo ucacile, ukubulala kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Izigaba ezintathu ezinkulu yizi- iziqu ezivalekile, [[FLT:]]], [[FLT]]] i-prigirities[[ evulekileyo, [[[FM]]] evulekile, [[FM] engaphezulu-iphawu-iphawu, noma i-ovecreacterss. Ithonya le-kuvotarry, i-kungabuye iguqule isikhundla, futhi i-eqeke kakhulu. Isigaba sokuvota. Inguquko yeqembu, i-flective, nesigaba sesigaba esivamile se-Prencestion [Foctive] kulelo:[6] eminyakeni eminingi yamuva, i-Stive i-Smoved Revolution, nakuba ikhona, izimomes ezisenzisiwe kakhulu zezwe kakhulu.[5]

Izinhlamvu Zemali Ezivalekile

Ku- okukhulu, abavoti kuphela abangamalungu abhalisiwe eqembu lezombangazwe abangavota kukhetho oluyinhloko lwaleloqembu. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti bakhethwa abazinikele emabuthweni, bavimbela amalungu eqembu eliphikisanayo ukuba athonye inqubo yokuthatheka. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi amapritary avikela ubuqotho beqembu futhi bakhuthaza ukuhlanganyela okunenjongo emalungwini athembisiwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi balahla abavoti abazimele futhi bangaholela kubathathi abathathi abathatheki kakhulu, njengoba umvoti oyinhloko ethambekele ekuqondiseni inqubo yokuthathela imingcele.

IMibuso Enezigebengu Ezivalekile

Izifundazwe ezilandelayo zisebenza ngamaprimethime avala okungenani ingxenye eyodwa eyinhloko (ezinye izizwe zivumela amaqembu ukuba akhethe imithetho yawo siqu):

  • Alabama – Voters kumele athi ujoyine isigaba esibhalisweyo ukuze uhlanganyele ekuthatheni iqhaza elikhulu kulowo mcimbi.
  • [[[UMTL:0] DARAUR – Valed primeries yamaqembu amakhulu; akukho ukuvota okuvunyelwe.
  • Florida - Enye yezifunda ezivalekile ezinkulu kakhulu; amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kuphela angavota engxenyeni eyinhloko yeqembu lawo.
  • Klentiy – Valed primries; umbuso futhi uvumela abavoti abangabhalisanga ukuba bashintshe ukubhalisa kube isikhathi esimisiwe ukuba bahlanganyele.
  • Louisiana – Ngenkathi iLouisiana isebenzisa “isici esiyinhloko” samahhovisi ezwe nawasendaweni (bonke abazobhapathizwa ngebhalothi, ngenqgi yombili), amapringishini kamongameli ayavalwa uma imibuthano ikhetha leyondlela.
  • Mississippi – Voters kumele zikhethe umtapo uma kubhaliswa; okuyinhloko kuphela kwalowo mkhakha okufinyelelwayo.
  • I-New Hampshire - IFAUM ka-"" ekuqaleni kwezwe"; umbuso uvumela abavoti abangabikezelwanga ukuba bakhethe i-colot yeqembu ngosuku lokhetho, benze inqubo yabo ifinyelelwe kaningi. Nokho, amalungu eqembu elibhaliwe kumelwe anamathele eqenjini labo.
  • North Carolina - Umbuso uvumela abavoti abangabhaliswanga ukuba bakhethe i-collet yedist, kodwa amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe angavota kuphela esingeni eliyinhloko leqembu labo. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ifinyelelwe kancinci.
  • Oklama - Phakathi kwemithetho evimbela kakhulu; amapringi avalayo womabili amaqembu amakhulu, neQembu leLibertarian lisebenzisa ifomethi elivaliwe.
  • [ South Carolina – Ukuvula ama-primrive (amavota angakhetha noma isiphi isikhethi), kodwa amaphathi angakhetha ukuvala.
  • I-tennessee – Ivalelwe kumongameli primiry; amaprim akhona kancinci (izivovo zikhetha ibhola).
  • Utah – iRepublican Party isebenzisa isici esiyinhloko esivaliwe, kuyilapho amaDemocrat evumela abavoti abangabhaliswanga ukuba bahlanganyele.

Umehluko ngisho naphakathi “ovalelwe” ugcizelela ukuzwana kwemithetho eyinhloko. Ngokwesibonelo, i-New Hampshire ivumela abavoti abangaxelwanga ukuba bahlanganyele, bekwenza kuvele kube yizikhathi ezithile nakuba behlelwa njengevalwa. Ama Voter kufanele ahlole imithetho eqondile kahulumeni womjikelezo ngamunye wokhetho, njengoba imithetho yeqembu ingashintsha.

Ukuvula Imisebenzi

ivula iziqu ivumela noma imuphi umvoti obhaliwe ukuba ahlanganyele ekukhetheni okuyinhloko kwanoma yiliphi iqembu lezombangazwe, ngaphandle kokuba afune ukuba umvoti abe yilungu laleloqembu. Abavoti bamukela ibhola enomqhudelwano ophethe wonke amaqembu futhi kumelwe bakhethe umncintiswano weqembu elilodwa ukuba livote (ukukhetha kuyimfihlo). Le simiso sikhuthaza ukuphendukela phezulu futhi sivumele abavoti abazimele ukuba babe nezwi enqubweni ye-injini. Nokho, abagxeki baxwayisa ngokuthi lingakwazi “ukuvula izigaba” – umshini ozovota umncintiswayo ukuba uvote umphi obuthakathaka kunaye. Isibonelo, ku 2020 democractic, kwakune, ikhathalela ukunqamula i-democratic Republics.

Izwe Eline - Primicary Evulekile

Izifundazwe ezilandelayo zisebenzisa iziteji ezivulekile zokhetho lukahulumeni nohulumeni (izikhulu zesonto zingase zibe nemithetho ehlukile):

  • Alaska - Sebenzisa isimiso esiphezulu-ne esiyinhloko (isiqalo sengubo yecala) kusukela ngo-2022, kodwa ngaphambili yayivuleka kancinci. Kumongameli, amaqembu asasebenzisa imithetho yawo siqu.
  • ICalifornia - i-Operate iwuhlelo oluphezulu-kabili lapho bonke abazofuna ukubhapathizwa bevela khona eqenjini elilodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigaba sini. Abavoti bangavotela noma imuphi umjovo; abavoti ababili abaphezulu baqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlanganyela kuphi.
  • Colado-Ovula ngokuyinhloko kukhetho lwezwe nolwendawo; abavoti bakhetha ibhola ledili enqulwini. Izindawo zomongameli zivalwa kancinci (abavoti abafakelwe imvume bangahlanganyela).
  • Illinois - Voters zikhetha ibholathi ledili; akukho ukukhipha amalungu eqembu okufunekayo.
  • Indiana - Vula isici esiyinhloko; abavoti kumelwe bakhethe ibhola ledili kodwa akudingeki ukuba babhaliswe nalomcimbi.
  • Iowa - Vula isici esiyinhloko; abavoti bamemezela idili kuyi-caucus noma isici esiyinhloko (kumongameli primiaris, isimiso secaucus siyasebenza).
  • Maryland - Isifunda sivalelwe isici esiyinhloko sabavoti beqembu ababhaliswe ababhaliwe, kodwa abavoti abangabhalisanga bangakhetha i-colot yeqembu ngosuku lokhetho, belenze livuleke ngokuphumelelayo. Nokho, amalungu eqembu abhaliwe angekwazi ukunqamula.
  • AmaMassachusetts – Isebenza njengesimiso esivula kancane: abavoti abangafihlwanga bangavota kunoma yiliphi iqembu eliyinhloko, kodwa amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kumelwe avote eqenjini lawo siqu.
  • Michigan - Vula isici esiyinhloko; abavoti bakhetha ibhola ledili ngaphandle kokumemezela ukuhlangana.
  • [[UMTL:0] Missouri - Vula isici esiyinhloko; abavoti bachoma ibhola ledili endaweni yokuvota.
  • New Jersey - Ivala ngokuyinhloko kumalungu eqembu elibhalisiwe; abavoti abangabhalisanga bangakhetha ibhola lokhetho ngosuku lokhetho, belenze livaleke kancane.
  • New Mexico – Semi-open: Abavoti abangafihlwanga bangakhetha i-collet yedili; amalungu eqembu abhaliwe angeshintshe.
  • North Dakota - Akukho ukuvota; endaweni yokuvota, abavoti bayabuzwa ukuthi yisiphi isici esiyinhloko seqembu abafisa ukuvota kuso, ukusenza sivuleke.
  • Ohio - Voters zikhetha i-collet yedili; akukho kubhalisa kweqembu okufunekayo, nakuba amalungu eqembu elibhaliwe eboshelwe ukuvota kuphela esingeni eliyinhloko leqembu lawo.
  • Orgon – Isongwe kakhulu kukhetho lukamongameli (isigaba esibekwe imithetho), kodwa izipringi zikahulumeni zivuliwe.
  • South Dakota - Vula kuqala kukhetho lwezwe nolwendawo; amaprimprim abizwa kancinci.
  • TEXS - Vula isici esiyinhloko; abavoti bakhetha ukuthi yimaphi amalungu ayinhloko ukuze avote endaweni yokuvota. Umbuso awubhalisi abavoti ngeqembu.
  • Virginia - Vula isici esiyinhloko; akukho ukubhalisa kweqembu okufunekayo.
  • I-Yashington – Isebenzisa isimiso esiphezulu esinezimbili esifana neCalifornia. Bonke abazofuna ukubhapathizwa bavela ebhayisethi elilodwa, futhi abaphezulu ababili baqhubekele phambili kungakhathaliseki ukuthi idili lini.

Izimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko eCalifornia nase Washington ziye zaba yizifundo ezibalulekile. Ngokombiko we Brennan Center for Justice, lezizimiso ziye zandisa ukukhetha kovoti kodwa futhi zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokumelelwa kwamaqembu amancane kanye nokukwazi kwabazocela ukubhekana nokhetho oluvamile.

Semi-evalekile neSemi-open Primitary

Isimiso sivumela abavoti abanganciphiswanga ukuba bahlanganyele eqenjini lezombangazwe eliyinhloko, kuyilapho amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe elinganiselwe emncintiswaneni weqembu lawo. Lesimiso silinganisela isidingo sokufakwa kweqembu kanye nesifiso sokuhlanganisa amazwi azimele. [FLT:] [FLT]] [iizindawo zokuvula izakhiwo [ ziyafana, kodwa umehluko oyinhloko ukuthi abavoti abadingi ukumemezela ukuhlangana kwabo nanoma yiliphi iqophelo.]

Izwe neSemi- - Pririmes ezivalekile

  • Arizona - Abavoti abangakhetha i-collet yedili; amalungu eqembu elibhaliwe angavota kuphela esigabeni seqembu labo.
  • Florida − Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ivalelwe amalungu abhalisiwe, kodwa amaqembu angavumela abavoti abangabhaliswanga ukuba bahlanganyele; amaqembu eRepublic neDemocratic eFlorida womabili aye akhetha ukugcina amaprimeva evaliwe.
  • New Hampshire - Unafilfire (“umemezele”) abavoti bangakhetha i-collet yeqembu; amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe angekwazi ukushintsha amaqembu ngosuku lokhetho.
  • New York[ - Ivalelwe ngokuyinhloko amalungu eqembu elibhalisiwe; abavoti abangabhalisanga bangashintsha ukubhalisa eqenjini ngaphambi kokugcina isikhathi ukuba bahlanganyele.
  • South Carolina - Vula ngokusebenza (amavota akhetha ibholaot), kodwa umbuso awubhalisi abavoti ngeqembu, ngakho ayikho indlela yokuphoqelela isimiso esivaliweyo.

Izwe neSemi-open Primitary

  • [Idaho – Voters zingakhetha ibhola lomdlalo endaweni yokuvota ngaphandle kokumemezela ukuhlangana.
  • New Mexico - Abangavoti bangakhetha ibhola ledili; amalungu eqembu abhaliwe angenqamule.
  • South Dakota[[FLT]--1] – Ku-primpmary, abavoti bakhetha i-collet yedipoti; kumongameli primiry, isimiso sivalwa kancane kakhulu.

Lezizimiso zivame ukudida abavoti, ikakhulukazi uma izifundazwe ezinjenge-New Hampshire ngezinye izikhathi zihlukaniswa ngokuthi zivaliwe naphezu kokuvumela ukungaqiniseki ukuba kuvote. I-nopartisan Ballotia[ inikeza ukuwohloka okuningiliziwe kohlobo oluyinhloko lwezwe ngalinye, okuyinzuzo engcono kakhulu kulabo abafuna ukucacisa.

Umphumela Wezimo Eziyisisekelo Ekuhlanganyeleni Kweziko Lemishini

Ipulani yokhetho oluyinhloko inemiphumela engenakulinganiswa kuvoti nothembiso. Ukuhlola komagazini bezesayensi kubonise njalo ukuthi amaprim avulekileyo aholela ekuvulekeni okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namaprime, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abazimele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwamashumi amabili amahlanu i-Ectal Lab[ yathola ukuthi izifunda ezivulekile zinezingamele zinezici ezingaphezulu kakhulu kwezingamanani eziphakathi kwemijikelezo. Nokho, amaPrimenti avaliwe avame ukuveza u-omines avumelana kakhulu nesisekelo, okungaholela ekukhetheni okuvamile.

Esinye isici esibalulekile imfundo yabavoti. Ezifundeni ezivaliweyo, abavoti kumelwe baqaphele imithetho efingqiwe yokubhalisa nemithetho yeqembu lokuzihlanganisa. Lesi sithiyo sokuphatha singathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abavoti abasebasha, abavoti abathola imali ephansi, nabantu abanombala ophansi. Ngokungafani, izifunda ezivulekile zilula inqubo yokuvota, zivumela ukuhlanganyela ngokuhlela okuncane. Nokho abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvula iziqu kunciphisa inani lamalungu eqenjini futhi kungaholela ekukhetheni okungaqondi kahle, ngoba abavoti abangabangeniswanga eqedisweni labo abavotayo.

Ukwanda kwemibhobho engangeni hlangothi engaphezulu (umz., California, Washington, Alaska) kungukuthambekela kwamuva okuhloselwe ukwandisa ukuncintisana nabazobhapathizwa ngokulinganisela. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimiso, bonke abazobhapathizwa bahamba ngebhola elifanayo, kanye nezimbili ezingaphezulu (noma ezine, e-Alaska) eziphambili. Lendlela inciphisa ithonya lokugcina amasango futhi ikhuthaza abazocela ukubheja ngokubanzi. Nokho, iye yagxekwa futhi ngokuvala ingxenye yesithathu yeqembu elizimele nokhetho oluvamile.

Izinguquko Nemikhuba Yamuva

Izinguquko eziyinhloko zokhetho ziyindawo ephambili yomsebenzi womthetho ezweni lonke. Ngo-2020, abavoti be-Alaska bagunyaziwe i-Ballot Earth 2, eyathatha indawo yama-prigoring angokwesiko nge-opartarian ephezulu-ne ephambili futhi ebekwe i-corice kukhetho oluvamile. Ngokufanayo, i-Nevadada yadlula isilinganiso sama-20222 ukuze ithathe isilinganiso esiphezulu-sasihlanu, nakuba ibhekene nezinselele ezingokomthetho. Amanye amazwe, njengaseMissouri ne-South Dakota, aye acabangela izinyathelo zokuhamba ukusuka ekuvuleni ukuya ekuvoteni abavuleni abavuli, kodwa leyo mizamo iye yadlula eminyakeni yamuva.

Lezinguquko zibonisa isifiso somphakathi esikhulayo sokhetho oluhlanganisa abantu abaningi noluncintisanayo. Ngokwenhlolo-hlolo ye i-Pew Research Center, iningi labavoti abakhethayo livumela abantu abazimele ukuba bahlanganyele ezingenisweni eziphezulu. Kodwa izithakazelo ezihlukene ngokuvamile ziyamelana nezinguquko ezinjalo, ukwesaba ukulahlekelwa ukulawula inqubo yokungangeni. Njengoba indawo yezombangazwe iqhubeka iguqula, amafomethi ayinhloko azakuhlala eyisihloko esigxekayo kuvoti kanye nabakhi bezimiso ngokufanayo.

Isiphetho

Izinhlobonhlobo zezimo zokukhetha eziyinhloko kulo lonke elase-United States zibonisa isiko lombuso wezwe nempikiswano eqhubekayo yokuthi ukhetha kanjani umgadi. Noma isifundazwe sisebenzisa imithetho evaliwe, evulekile, evalekile, noma engaphezulu, noma inemigomo emibili inemiphumela yangempela yokuthatha i-vota, amandla eqenjini, futhi isimo semibono yabavoti abavela kukhetho oluvamile. UVoters kufanele athathe isikhathi ukuqonda imithetho yezwe labo siqu ebanzi, [1] ngokuyibekayo, noma ngokuyibeka phezulu, kunemiphumela ekhona ngempela ekusebenziseni i-franchise. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zingadlala indima eyisihluthulelo ekutsheleni umphakathi ngalokhu kungafani, ukuthuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho egciniwe nokuthandwayo. Njengoba izinguquko ezinkulu ziqhubeka zikhona, futhi zinikezwa izibalo ezinikezwayo zonke izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuzilawula i-democrali.