Ukuqonda Imishini Yegunya Eliphethe I - voto

Ingxenye-item vhato ingenye yamagunya ahlukanisa kakhulu abaphathi bezwe e-United States. Ngokungafani neveto engokwesiko, ephoqa umphathi omkhulu ukuba amukele noma alahle yonke imvume ngohlangothi olulodwa, umugqa-itemveto uvumela umbusi ukuba ashaye iminikelo ethile − ngokuthanda ukusebenzisa izinto noma ukukhipha iziphakamiso zemithetho / ngokusuka ephaketheni lemithetho esele ukuba ibe umthetho. Leligunya elihloselwe ukunikeza ababusi imali ebhajwayo kunokunikeza i-pallinglelmel kunoma i-injini yemali, ukuvumela umbusi ukuba anqume ukuchitha imali, ukususa amabhange, noma ukuqeda izinhlelo zokushaya imvume ezibhekwa njengezingamukeleki zemithetho ngaphandle kokuvimbela umthetho obalulekile.

Umsebenzi osebenzayo uyahluka ngokwezwe, kodwa ezimweni eziningi umbusi kumelwe athathe isinyathelo phakathi kwezinsuku ezimisiwe ngemva kokwamukela isibalo, ngokuvamile isihlanu kuya ku-30, izinto ezikhishweyo zibuyiselwa emuva esivumelwaneni somthetho, ezingase zizame ukukhipha iveto ngevoti enkulu kakhulu, zenza kube mabili noma ama-ftifti amathathu egumbi ngalinye. Uma ukudunyiswa kwento kuhluleka, izinto ezisusiwe zisuswa unomphela ezibhangqwini. Ezinye imibuso futhi inikeza ababusi ikhono lokunciphisa i-appropriation ezithile kunokuba zibashaye ngokuqondile, amandla ngokuvamile abizwa "ukuhlungwa kwegumbi ngalinye" noma "ukuncishwa kwento"."

Umlando Omfushane Wesikhala Esinemigqa

Umqondo usukela ekhulwini le-19, lapho umthetho-sisekelo ohlangene wenkathi yeMpi Yombango wawuhlanganisa i-tem-veto elinganiselwe kamongameli wayo. Ngemva kwempi, imibuso eminingi yamukela izinhlelo ezifanayo njengengxenye yezinguquko eziqhubekayo ezihloselwe ukwandisa ukulandisa kwezikhulu nokulawula izindleko zenyama yenyama yenyama yenyama yemvu. Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amane anika ababusi bawo uhlobo oluthile lwe-imace-veto present, nakuba isilinganiso esiqondile nemibandela sihlukile.

Kulelozinga likahulumeni, imizamo ephindaphindiwe yokunika umongameli i-metain-tem transfect ye-Line Intete Veto Act ka-19, eyanika umongameli amandla okususa izinto ezithile ezisetshenziswayo nezinzuzo zentela. INkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yawisa umthetho [FLT]][12] Clinton v. City laseNew York[[[FLT][FLT]][[FLT]][3][1998], ibusa ukuthi i-Preacement eConsticestion of the Constitution ngokuvumela umongameli ukuba agunyaze umthetho ngaphandle kokuwubuyisela kuMkhandlu. Isinqumo asiwunqandeli umthetho wezwe, nakuba kunjalo, ngenxa yokubusa kwemithetho engokomthetho ehlukene. Umbuso wanikeza ithonya futhi wahola ezinye izindlela zawo, kodwa izikhulu zezelele ezisezimo ezisenzinziswayo.

Izindawo Ezingokomthetho Ezithutha Izimpahla Ngaphesheya Kwe - United States

Imithetho-mithetho kahulumeni ichaza imingcele eqondile yohlu lwengxenye-yomugqa weveto. Njengaphakathi ko-2020, ababusi bezwe abangu-44 banendlela ethile ye-menu-item-veto produare, kanti izigaba eziyisithupha zingu-Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Nevada, North Carolina, ne Rhode Island. Phakathi kuka-449, ubukhulu buyehlukahluka kusuka entweni ehlanzekile elinganiselwe kuya emalini yokulawula i-appropria kuya emandleni abanzi avumela ukushaya izindleko zolimi olungasebenzisi aphezulu, ukulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwemali, noma ngisho nokunciphisa izimo ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Iningi lisho ukuthi i-metain-tem vento kumthetho-sisekelo walo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Constitution (Aticle IV, Ingxenye 10) inikeza umbusi igunya lokunciphisa noma ukususa noma yini edingwayo. Umthetho-sisekelo wePennsylvania (Athicle IV, Ingxenye 15) uvumela umbusi ukuba afake izinto ezikwehliseni ezikweletwayo; umthetho womthetho womthetho we-conftware ungawukhipha ngaphandle kwento ngayinye ehlotshiwe. E-Wisconsin, amandla kambusi abanzi abanzi ngendlela engavamile: "i-parcus toto" i-dictions, i-diction, futhi ngisho nezincwadi ezinhlamvu ngazinye, amandla okuthi abaphathi benzile ngokudala izinto [1] cishe basebenzise umthetho owengaphikisayo.

Ezinye izifundazwe zibeka imingcele eqondile. EFlorida, umbusi angabeka izinto kunoma yiziphi izikweleti eziqukethe iziphakamiso, kodwa angakwazi ukunciphisa isilinganiso; igalelo eligcwele kuphela liyavunyelwa. ETexas, umbusi angafaka imigqa-ingxenye ye-veto kuphela yezinto ezisezikweletini ezivamile, hhayi izinto ezikweminye imithetho. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge New York, zinikeza iveto kuphela izikweletu zemali futhi zinqabe umbusi ukuba angazisebenzisi ngokuqondile ulimi olungahlobene nokusebenzisa.

Izincazelo Zenkantolo KaHulumeni

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni ziye zacelwa kaningi ukuba zichaze imingcele yomugqa-oveto. [Ku- [[FLT] ku-State arel. ISigebe seWisconsin[FLT]] [1994], iNkantolo ePhakeme yasekela uMbusi Tommy Thompson ukusebenzisa "isibambi" ukushaya i-veto" ukushaya i-leta ngayinye futhi yakha amagama amashadis, ifezeke ngokuphumelelayo inhloso yokwahlulelwa. Kamuva leso sinqumo sancitshiswa nge-ampempela ye-mthetho-mthetho-siseko ka-2008 eyavimbela umbusi ukuba ashayise zonke izinto, i-appropries, noma amagama noma izincwadi ngamagama.)

Ku Anderson v. Commonwealth (2002]), iNkantolo ePhakeme yasePennsylvania yanquma ukuthi amandla kambusi anwebela kuphela ezintweni "izinqumo zangempela," hhayi kulimi lwezimiso ezihlangene nokusetshenziswa. Amacala afanayo e-Illinois, eMichigan, nase-Oregon akhiqize umsebenzi oyisiqeshana wencazelo, enze ukusebenza okuwusizo kwengxenye-methi-vetoto ephezulu yombuso.

Izindlela Zokusetshenziswa Ohulumeni

Abalawuli basebenzisa uhlamvu olubhalwe ngohlu lweveto ngokuphindaphinda okungafani, kuye ngezimo zabo zezombangazwe, impilo eqinile kahulumeni, kanye nobuhlobo babo nendlu yomthetho. Ukuhlolwa kwezomlando kwembula ukuthi i-veto isetshenziswa ngonya kakhulu phakathi nezikhathi zenkinga yemali, lapho ababusi befuna ukunquma imali ngaphandle kokuvala uhulumeni, noma lapho umbusi engoweqembu elihlukile kunabaningi abalawula imithetho.

Izibonelo Eziphawulekayo

  • Umbusi ka-Arnold Schwarzenger (2003-2011): ebhekene nezikweleti ezinkulu, uSchwarzeger wasebenzisa umugqa-ingxenye yeveto ukuze anqamule amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi ezinhlanhleni zemithetho. Ngo-2009, wachitha imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-500, wabeka izinhlelo ezazingabalulekile kuye. Izenzo zakhe zaveza ukugxekwa kwemithetho yedemocratic mathicards kodwa wadunyiswa yimithetho elandela izibalo zezezemali.
  • uMbusi uRick Scott (2017-19): Scott wasebenzisa kakhulu i-create-parent, ngokuvamile wasusa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezifakwe umlawuli wendlu yomthetho phakathi nezingxoxo zemali. Ngo-2018 kuphela, wakhipha ingqikithi ye-meta yo-49-49-2019. Wafaka le misebenzi njengokudingeka ukugcina uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni luncikile futhi wafaka izimali ezindaweni eziyinhloko njengemfundo nesisekelo.
  • Akrans’s Mbusi Mike Huccabee (1996-2007):[ Huckabee wasebenzisa i-Vito ukuqeda lokho akubiza ngokuthi "upork" kuhlelo lwemali kahulumeni. Izinkephe zakhe eziphezulu kakhulu zahilela ukuxhasa ngezimali emikhankasweni ethile yasemgwaqweni emikhulu nezinhlelo zezenhlalo ayephikisana ngazo zazingathetheleleki ngokwanele. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yayivame ukuzama ukudlula kodwa iphumelele ngokungavamile.
  • Wiscon’s Mbusi Scott Walker (2021-2019): Walker wasebenzisa i-vetoto eqinile, kanye ethatha amagama angu-556 ngomthetho wokususa ilungiselelo lemithetho elizolinganisela igunya lakhe ezimisweni zentuthuko yezomnotho. Lokhu kunyakazisa kwasekelwa enkantolo, kodwa kwaqinisa izimemezelo zenguquko.
  • Illinois kaMbusi uJ.B.Pritzker (209-presenters): Ngo-2023, i-Pritzker will method metains joints ezingeni lemithetho, ebangela izimpi zezigaba. I-vetoes yayingenazintambo kwezinye izimo kodwa isekela kwezinye, ibonisa indima yamandla ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezigaba Nesu Lezombangazwe

Ingxenye efingqiwe yeveto ayilona ithuluzi elingathathi-hlangothi; ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa inzuzo yabashokobezi. Abalawuli beqembu elincane elisesifundazweni bayisebenzisela ukuvimbela ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulawula imibuso abaziphikisayo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isilinganiso sezombangazwe esingase sibangele ukuba uhlelo lwemali lucime. Ngokuphambene, ababusi beqembu elifanayo neningi lomthetho bangayisebenzisa ukuphoqelela ukujeza noma ukukhipha ukuvunyelwa kwezinye izinqumo eziphambili.

Ukucwaninga kwe- Umhlangano wesizwe we-Legislatures kubonisa ukuthi uhulumeni ohlukene uyisibonakaliso esinamandla kakhulu sokusetshenziswa kwengxenye ephezulu yengxenye ye-veto. Phakathi nezikhathi zokulawula amaqembu ahlangene, ababusi bavame ukusebenzisa i-veto ngokungenawo, ngokuvamile kuphela ukulungisa amaphutha esayensi noma ukususa izinto izintambo ngokwazo ezibhekwa njengenkinga.

Ithonya Ebuthweni Likahulumeni Nezimali Zomphakathi

Umphumela wohlu lweziteshi zentambo ezisekwe kuhlelwe kwemali kahulumeni nokulawulwa uxubene. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi kuthuthukisa ukulandisa kwezikhulu ngokunikeza umbusi isheke eliqondile ekusebenziseni imali yomthetho, kunciphisa isikhuthazo sokuba abamisi bemithetho bafake izimpawu ezisaphazayo, futhi kuvumela izijeziso zemali ezisheshayo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa lonke uhlelo lwemali. Izifundo zomjikelezo zibonise ukuthi ngemigqa eqinile amandla athambekele ekunciphiseni imali esetshenziswayo nezikhathi zokusetshenziswa kwemali ngokushesha, nakuba lezizigwebo zinciso zinciswana futhi zithonywe ezinye izici eziningi.

Ingabe Kuwukuyala Okungokomnotho Noma Ukufuna Ukuqondisa Ngokweqile?

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-metain-metain vento ilulaza amandla ayinhloko egatsha lesambulela umthetho. Uma umbusi engawasusa ngokucophelela izinto ezixoxiwe indlu yomthetho, ukulinganisela kwamandla abhekiswe kumphathi. Lokhu kungaholela ekusebenziseni imali ebonisa inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu kunezinga likamphathi kunokuba kuyekelelwe. Ezimweni ezidlulele, ababusi baye basebenzisa iveto ukuqeda zonke izinhlelo, bephoqelela umnyango ukuba ulwele noma bamukele ushintsho lwesimiso, okungenzeka ukuthi kungenzeka ngomthetho ovamile.

Enye into ekhathazayo ukuxhashazwa nge "veto" amandla avumela ukuhlelwa kolimi. Umbusi angathatha amagama emshweni ukuze ashintshe ngokuphelele incazelo yawo, njengoba kwenzeka eWisconsin. Izenzo ezinjalo zivame ukubekelwa inselele enkantolo, kodwa inqubo yokuziphendulela ingaba mide, ishiye izimali zingena ngokulinganayo izinyanga eziningi. Lokhu kungaphazamisa ukuhlelwa kwezwe nokuphazamisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nomthetho.

Ukusabela Okungokomthetho Nokungakunaki Ukusebenzisa Imishini

Izishaya-mthetho zesizwe ziye zasungula amasampula okulinganisela ithonya lengxenye-mxeba. Ezinye izishaya-mthetho zemithetho zikhokhisa izikweleti ukuze ukuchitha konke kuhlanganiswe nolimi lwenqubo, okwenza kube nzima ngombusi ukuba athathe enye ngaphandle kokuthinta enye. Ezinye ziye zamisa "izinto ezivezayo" zifuna umbusi ukuba achaze iveto ngayinye ngokubhala, engadala ukulandisa kwezombangazwe. Imizamo yokuchitha imali ivame, nakuba amazinga empumelelo ehlukahluka. Ngokwezimfuneko ezimbili-3, ukudlula ngaphandle kokuba iqembu lombusi liyidlalile. Ezizweni ezineminyango emithathu ephansi, njengemikhawulo emithathu, ingenzeka kaningi.

Impikiswano Yendaba Nempikiswano Ngokumelene Ne-oceral-item Veto

Izimpikiswano Ezivumelana Nezimo

  • Banciphisa ukusetshenziswa kodoti: OMbusi bangahlasela imisebenzi ethile ye-barril yengulube noma izinhlelo zokungadli kakhulu ngaphandle kokuhlela yonke imali.
  • ukwandisa ukulandisa komphathi omkhulu: Abavoloshe banganika ababusi umthwalo wemfanelo wezinqumo zokuhlela uhlelo lwemali kalula kakhulu kunaleyo abangaphatha ngayo yonke indlu yomthetho.
  • [ Isiyalo semithetho esiqinile: ukwazi umbusi unesimemezelo esikhuthaza abashaya umthetho ukuba bahlanganise izinto ezilungiswe kahle kuphela.
  • Isho ithuluzi lokulawula inhlekelele yezinkinga zemali: Phakathi nokwehla komnotho, ababusi bangakwehlisa ngokushesha ukwehla kwebhodi ngaphandle kokulinda isenzo somthetho.

Izimpikiswano Ezimelene Nazo

  • Ibeka amandla omthetho esikhwama semali: Indima eyabelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho yezishaya-mthetho zokuhlela izinto eziza kuqala ekusebenziseni imali iyancitshiswa.
  • Ingasetshenziselwa iziphelo zokuhlukanisa: Ohulumeni bangathungatha izinto ngenxa nje yokuthi abavumelani nenkambiso, hhayi ngoba into ingathandeki.
  • iveza amathuba okuxhashazwa: I-veto-parses ivumela umthetho wokubhalwa kabusha, ongavimbela inqubo yokushaya umthetho ngokuphelele.
  • inezela ubunkimbinkimbi ezingxoxweni zohlelo lokuhlela imali: Imithetho ingafakwa izinto ezihlelekile ukuze ziyenze ibe nzima ukuphehla, kuholele emabhukwini ohlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali ahlangene.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ngokujula

UWisconsin: Ingxenye Ye - Veto Nenguquko Yayo

Alukho umbuso onezibonelo eziphawulekayo zokusungula i-tem-train transmitted kune-Wisconsin. Ngo-1995, uMbusi uTommy Thompson wasebenzisa ingxenye ye-veto ukushaya izinhlamvu "s," "t," kanye "no" kusuka esigabeni "ngengaphansi kuka-50%" kwengqikithi yemali yesikole, eshintsha imfuneko "ngengaphansi kuka-0% yengqikithi"" ngokususa imvume yokuxhasa imali. Ukunyakaza kwasekelwa yi-Wisconsin Court ePhakathi ngo1997, okwaholela ekugxekweni okubanzi. Ngokulandelayo i-parcond yabeka i-andmentand projectives of blot ngo-2008, eyagunyaza umbusi ukuba agcine izinto, i-athoropria, amazwi, noma inqandanisa izimpawu. Kodwa waze walahla wonke amandla.

Ngo-2019, uMbusi uTony Evers (uDemocrat) wasebenzisa umugqa ovamile we-item-veto ukuze asuse amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-300 ekusebenziseni imali yemali yomthetho weRepublican. AmaRepublican azama ukuwulawula, kodwa ahluleka ukufinyelela inani eliphindwe kabili ku-3. Isenzakalo saqokomisa indlela iveto ehlala isesikhali ngisho nangemva kwenguquko ka-2008.

IPennsylvania: Ukubusa Kwe - Veto Nempi Yezombangazwe

Umbusi wasePennsylvania unegunya lokukhipha izinto ezikweletwayo ezikweletini, kodwa umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni awumvumeli umbusi ukuba anciphise izinto. Ngo-2020, uMbusi uTom Wolf wasebenzisa umugqa-otato ukushaya izimpawu zemithetho ezibalelwayo ezimalini zemali, ephikisana nemali ekhona emfundweni yesikole. Ingqungqungquthela yeRepublican-a elawulayo iphinde ithunyelwe emfundweni. Ingqungqungquthela yemithetho yomthetho yemithetho yezomthetho ithathelwe phambili ngokufaka i-veto, iphawula isibonelo esingavamile sokuphumelela kwemali enqotshweni yemali kamuva ngalowonyaka, iholele ekubekeni imali ebhajezini. Isenzakalo sabonisa ukuthi umgqeqele-mento, kanti amandla, kungandisa izingxabano zezombangazwe lapho kusetshenziswa kakhulu.

ECalifornia: Inkinga Yokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Phakathi nenkinga yemali yaseCalifornia ngasekupheleni kwawo - 2000, uMbusi Schwarzengeger wasebenzisa i-menu-item-veto kaningi ukusika ukuxhaswa kwemali esetshenziselwa amapaki, imitapo, nezinhlelo zezempilo. Ngo-2009, wafaka amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-500 enezelani lemithetho, ethi umbuso awunakukwazi ukuyikhokhela. Indlu yomthetho yazama ukulahla kodwa yantula inani labantu ababili. Izisebenzi zaholelwa ekunciphiseni inkonzo kanye nokubhikisha, kodwa isimo sikahulumeni sawo sithuthuke eminyakeni elandelayo. imibiko yeSikhungo somthetho seSikhungo somthetho sezenter's cishe sathola ukuthi uSchzezengeger wayengena q'idlalo lokusekela izinto ezingokwazokwezombangazwe, kanti ukuvikela kwezentengo yomphakathi nezentengo yeze yezenteko, ngesikhathi sokusekela izindleko zezenteko yeze yeze yezemfundo.

Izikhangiso Zenguquko Nekusasa Le - voto Ebhalwe Emgqeni

Uma kucatshangelwa izimpikiswano, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zacabangela izinguquko ezizozenza emikhawulweni yazo yamalungiselelo. Ezinye iziphakamiso zizimisele ukulinganisela iveto ezintweni eziphelele, ukususa noma yiliphi ikhono lokuguqula ulimi lwenqubo. Abanye basikisela ukunikeza ababusi "imvume yokubekwa"amandla alinganiselwe" angazivumela ukuba bathumele izikweqe ezihlongozelwe kumthetho-mthetho, ngevoti efunekayo kune-statomajora ephambili. Lesibonelo, sifana nesicelo sikahulumeni esashaywa ngo-1998, sizama ukulondoloza ukufakwa komthetho lapho kunikezwa indima engokomthetho ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwemali.

Okunye ukuthambekela kuwukwamukela izigaba zokuthatha izigaba zokushona kwelanga ezithi izigwegwe zemithetho, eziphoqelela ukuba kusetshenziswe izinto ngaphandle kokuba ziphinde zivunyelwe. Lokhu kunciphisa isidingo sokuba abaqondisi babophe izibopho ezinde futhi kushintshele umthwalo kubenzi bemithetho ukuba bathethelele ukusebenzisa imali ngezikhathi ezithile. Ezinye izifunda-zwe ziye zazama futhi ukusungula inombolo ye-wisto "adiarians" evumela ababusi ukuba banciphise ukushayana ngesilinganiso esimisiwe kuzo zonke izinto ezingekhona ezomthetho, ezizokwamukelwa yimithetho.

Impikiswano ngomxeba we-foitem vento cishe ayinakuphela. Njengoba amazwe ezama ukuncintisana nezindleko ezinyukayo, ukunqamuka kwe-grid lock, kanye nesidingo sokubonana kwemali, ithuluzi lilokhu liyisici esiyinhloko sobudlelwane obuqinile nobubanzi. Izinkantolo zoMbuso ziyoqhubeka zicwengisisa imingcele yalo, futhi izishayamthetho zizoxoxa ngesilinganiso esiqondile samandla. I-fonethi-fonto akuyona ikhambi yezinkinga zemali, futhi ayisona ithuluzi elinobuchuku. Kuwuphawu lokulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kokunikeza umbusi izindlela zokuhola nokuqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli abamele igunya labo lomthetho-mthetho-wonke.

Isiphetho

Ingxenye-mxeba inguhlelo olunamandla kodwa olunengxabano olunika ababusi bezwe amandla okuhlela isimiso sokulawula imicimbi yemali ngokushaya izinto ngazinye ezisuka emthetho. Ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ezizweni, kumisweni yomthetho-sisekelo, izikhulu zokwahlulela, nezingamandla ezombangazwe. Uma kusetshenziswa ngobuhlakani, kungakhuthaza ukujezisa nokunqanda umthetho oweqisayo. Uma kusetshenziswa ngamandla, kungacindezela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso futhi kubangele izinselele ezingokomthetho. Njengoba ohulumeni beqhubeka beguqula, umugqa-ingxenye-ocemberveto uzakuhlala enkabeni yezikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu, ukulandisa, ukulandisa, kanye nokuhlelwa kwamandla afanelekile esimisweni sombuso wentando yeningi. Ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini, abenzi bomthetho, nanoma ubani othakazekile ezindaweni ezibusayo.