Ukuqonda Umthetho Wangaphakathi: Amalungelo, Amakhambi, Nezenzo Ezingokomthetho

Umthetho wangaphakathi wakha umgogodla wobuhlobo bomthetho bomuntu siqu, ukulawula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu, amabhizinisi, nezinye izikhundla. Ngokungafani nomthetho wobugebengu, ojezisa amacala amelene nombuso, umthetho kahulumeni ugxila ekuxazululeni izingxabano, ukuqinisa amalungelo, nokunikeza amakhambi okulimala. Lendawo yomthetho ithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, ungasayini imvume yokuthenga imoto, ungahlukanisi imoto, ungalimazi. Kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, ukuqondisisa okuqinile komthetho womphakathi kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela umphakathi olondoloza ngayo ukuhleleka, uvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, futhi uxazulule ukungavumelani ngaphandle kokuzifunela usizo.

Isimiso somthetho wesizwe e-United States sisuselwa eMthethweni wesiNgisi, kodwa futhi sihlanganisa nezici zomthetho we-state nomthetho-sisekelo. Indima eshukumisayo elokhu ivumelana nezinguquko zezenhlalo, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nemibono eguquguqukayo yokulunga. Lesi sihloko sihlola imiqondo eyisisekelo yomthetho wesizwe, kuhlanganise nohlobo lwamalungelo angokomthetho, izinhlobo zamakhambi akhona, izinyathelo ezingokwesiko ezihilelekile ezingokomthetho, nezigaba ezinkulu zezezomthetho.

Uyini Umthetho Wangaphakathi?

Umthetho wangaphakathi uyingxenye ebanzi esingatha izingxabano zangasese. Injongo yawo eyinhloko ayikhona ukujezisa abenzi bobubi kodwa ukwenza lowo olimele aphinde aphele (noma aphele) noma aphele ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma umuntu noma isigungu siphula isivumelwano, sibangela ingozi, noma sephula amalungelo empahla yomunye, umuntu olimele angaletha icala lomphakathi ukuze afune imbuyiselo, umyalo wokunqanda ukuziphatha okulimazayo, noma ezinye izinhlobo zosizo.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi komthetho wezembutho nowesigebengu usemaqenjini ahilelekile kanye nomthwalo wobufakazi. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, uhulumeni umangalela umuntu ngenxa yokwephula umthetho, futhi ummangalelwa angakhokhwa, avalelwe ejele, noma kokubili. Umshushisi kumelwe abonise icala [ elinengqondo [, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi. Emacala emphakathini, impikiswano iphakathi kwamaqembu azimele (* ommangalelwa (omukhokha) kanye nommangalelwa (owe). I-patleff kumelwe ibonise icala ngecala , isho ukuthi lobufakazi [FLT], cishe ayishongobufakazi obuphansi.

Umthetho wangaphakathi uhlanganisa futhi izindawo eziningi ezingabhekisi "ekwenzeni okubi" ngomqondo ongokwesiko. Njengesibonelo, umthetho womkhaya (isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuwinwa kwabantwana) nomthetho weprobate (intando, izakhiwo) yizindaba zomphakathi. Ngisho noma kungekho phutha, inkantolo ingadinga ukwahlukanisa impahla noma inqume amalungiselelo okunakekela umntwana ngesithakazelo esingcono kakhulu.

Imicabango Eyisihluthulelo: Amalungelo, Izindlela Zokwelapha, Nezenzo Ezingokomthetho

Imibono emithathu yakha umsuka womthetho wesizwe: amalungelo, amakhambi, nezenzo zomthetho. Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda noma osebenzisa umthetho. Ake sihlole ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe.

Amalungelo Angokomthetho Emithetho Yombango

Amalungelo angokomthetho anikezwa abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano. Angakhiwa ngemithetho engokomthetho, imithetho, imithetho, noma izimiso zomthetho ezivamile. Emthethoni kahulumeni, amalungelo ahlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana:

  • Amalungelo omuntu siqu: Lezi zivikela ukuthembeka komuntu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuzimela, ukuzibusa, ukukhululeka ekuhlanekezeleni noma ekuhlaseleni imfihlo. Amalungelo omuntu siqu ahlanganisa nelungelo lokwenza izinqumo zokwelapha nelungelo lokulawula isithombe sakhe siqu.
  • [ Iproperty Rights:[ Lezi zihlobene nobunikazi, ukuba nempahla, ukusetshenziswa, nokudluliswa kwendawo (kokubili indawo nendawo nempahla yomuntu siqu). Amalungelo empahla ahlanganisa ilungelo lokukhipha ezinye, ilungelo lokuthengisa, nelungelo lokusebenzisa impahla ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.
  • Ilungelo lokwakha: Lapho abantu ababili noma ngaphezulu bengenela isivumelwano, iqembu ngalinye lithola amalungelo athile nezibopho. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uqasha umakhi ukuba alungise ikhishi lakho, unelungelo lokwamukela umsebenzi ophezulu ngesikhathi, futhi uma umakhi unelungelo lokukhokha. Ukuncishwa kwalawomalungelo kuveza ukuqamba okungokomthetho.
  • Amalungelo ama-aresersy Rights: Amalungelo amaningi akhiwa umthetho. Imithetho yesivikelo sezisebenzi, imithetho yezisebenzi (iholo eliphansi, izimo eziphephile zokusebenza), nemithetho emelene nokungahleleki ngokomthetho yonke idala amalungelo akhethekile angaphoqelelwa enkantolo yomphakathi.

Amalungelo awaphelele. Ngokuvamile ayaphikisana, futhi umthetho uyawalinganisela. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lakho lokukhuluma lingase lilinganiselwe ekuvimbeleni ukuhlanjalazwa noma inkulumo yenzondo. Ezimpikiswaneni zempahla, amalungelo omnini-mpahla angalinganiselwa ngokululaza noma ngokuhlela imithetho. Ukuqonda izinga namalungelo kuyisabelo esiyinhloko kubenzi bomthetho wesizwe nabahluleli.

Izindlela Zokwelapha: Ukwenza Iqembu Elilimele Libe Eliphelele

Uma ilungelo liphulwa, umsebenzi wenkantolo ukunikeza ikhambi elifanele. Imithetho yomthetho wezakhamuzi iwela ezigabani ezimbili eziyinhloko: amakhambi ahlukene [ (ngokujwayelekile amakhambi emali) kanye amakhambi angenakulinganiswa [ (iziyalezo ezingekho esigodlweni). Uhlobo lwekhambi lixhomeke esimweni sengozi nakudinga ukufinyelela ukulunga.

Ukuchitha izindleko [[FLT: 1] kuyindlela evame kakhulu yekhambi lomthetho. Kuklanyelwe ukukhokhela isele elilahlekile ngempela, njengezindleko zezokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, izindleko zokulungisa impahla, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka. Umgomo ukubeka i-parctiff endaweni ebekungaba bekungayenzekanga isenzo esingalungile. Ngokwesibonelo, engozini yemoto, izindleko zemoto zingakhokha izikweletu zesibhedlela, ukulungisa imoto, futhi zilahlekelwe iholo phakathi nokululama.

Ingozi ebolile iwuhlobo olungavamile lwekhambi lomthetho, iwuphawu lokujezisa i-past , ukuze ijezise ummangalelwa ngokuziphatha okuxekethile futhi inqabe ukuziphatha okufanayo esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kugcinelwe emacaleni ahilela amatort, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukunganaki okukhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme inqume ukuthi isijeziso kumelwe sibe sesilinganiselo somonakalo ongokoqobo futhi singabi sikhulu kakhulu.

amakhambi angenakulinganiswa[ ahlanganisa imiyalo, ukwenza okuthile, nokubuyisela. i-information iyisiyalezo senkantolo esifuna umcimbi wokwenza okuthile (umz., susa ucingo olwakhiwe entweni yomunye) noma ukuyeka ukwenza okuthile (umzk., ukuyeka ukusebenzisa imfihlo). [[FLT:] umsebenzi owekhethekayo [ lusetshenziswa kakhulu ezivumelwaneni lapho umonakalo wemali ungabanganele khona, ngokomzekelo, isivumelwano sokuthengisa ingxenye engavamile yempahla noma intwana engavamile. Imvume yokukhokhisa inkantolo imvume yokukhokhwazwa.] [[FLT] Izivumelwano zesivumelwano sokulungisa izivumelwano sokulungisa izivumelwano.[5]

Izahlulelo zokukhipha icala [ lungesinye isici sekhambi, lapho inkantolo imane imemezela amalungelo amaqembu ngaphandle kokuyala noma yisiphi isenzo. Lokhu kungaxazulula ukungaqiniseki, ngokwesibonelo, ngencazelo yesivumelwano noma ukufaneleka komthetho.

Izenzo Ezingokomthetho: Inqubo Yokukhipha Isigwebo Samalungelo Abantu

Izenzo ezingokomthetho yizimoto eziqamba amalungelo futhi kutholakale amakhambi azo. Inqubo yokuzinqumela ilandela izinyathelo eziningi, nakuba amacala amaningi ehlala ngaphambi kokuba afinyelele icala. Ukuqonda izigaba kusiza amaqembu abameleli bawo ukuba baqondise indlela.

  • Ifaka i-Cursent: Isikhalo esiveza amaqiniso, isisekelo esingokomthetho secala, futhi ikhambi lafuna. Isikhalo sibekwa enkantolo efanele (inkantolo noma isifunda), futhi kukhokhelwa imali yokukhokha. Inkantolo yabela inombolo yecala nejaji.
  • Inkonzo efanelekile ibalulekile ukuze inkantolo ilawule ummangalelwa. Uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala, inkantolo ingavumela ezinye izindlela zenkonzo.
  • Impendulo neMambathiso: Ummangalelwa kumele aphendule ekukhonondeni esikhathini esicacisiwe (kancane-kancane ku-20-30). Impendulo ingaba impendulo (ukumangalela noma ukuphika impikiswano ngayinye) noma ukunyakazisa ukuxosha (ukuveza ukuthi isikhalo asikwazi ukusho isikhalo esingokomthetho noma ukuthi inkantolo ayinagunya). Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula, bangathola isahlulelo esinephutha.
  • Isicelo: Lena isigaba sangaphambi kwenkathi lapho kokubili kubekwa khona ukwaziswa nobufakazi. Amathuluzi okutholakali ahlanganisa uphenyo (imibuzo ebhaliwe), iziqinisekiso (okanye ubufakazi obungaphansi kwesifungo), izicelo zokwenziwa kwezincwadi, nezicelo zokuvuma. Umgomo ukugwema izimangaliso lapho kuvivinywa nokukhuthaza ukuhlalisana ngokwembula amandla nobuthakathaka bendaba ngayinye. Ukuhlolwa kungaba isikhathi sokukhipha nokubiza, kodwa kuyingxenye ebucayi yokufaka isifungo sanamuhla.
  • Iziphakamiso zeSiphetho sokwahlulela: Kunoma iliphi iqophelo ngemva kokuthola, noma iliphi lingase licele umahluleli ukuba alawule uma kungekho ukuphikisana kwangempela kweqiniso. Uma livunywa, icala liphela ngaphandle kokulingwa ngoba umthetho uvumela uhlangothi olulodwa. Izenzo zokwahlulela ezifingqiwe zivamile esivumelwaneni nasezimpikiswaneni zempahla lapho amaqiniso ephikiswa kakhulu.
  • Ingqungquthela yeProme-Trial ne-Trimement: Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna ukuba izinkantolo eziningi zihlanganyele engqungqutheleni yangaphambi kwezomthetho ukuze zixoxe ngezindlela zokuxazulula izixazululo futhi zifake izimpikiswano ezilula zokuqulwa kwecala. I-Mediation ivame ukukhuthazwa noma ukugunyazwa. Icala elikhulu lomphakathi lixazululiwe ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, kungaba ngokuxoxisana okuqondile noma ngesinqumo esihlukile.
  • : Uma kungekho ndawo efinyelelwe, icala liya ecaleni ngokomthetho webhentshi (ukwahlulela) noma icala lokwahlulela (uma noma yimuphi umsizi efuna). Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza ubufakazi, lubiza ofakazi, futhi luphikisa. Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano, umahluleli noma amajaji athatha isinqumo. Uma umkhohlisi ewina, inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni noma kwenye imvume. Iqembu elilahlekile lingadlulisela icala enkantolo ephakeme.
  • Ukuphoqelelwa kokwahlulela: ukunqoba ukwahlulela akuzifaki imali ephaketheni lomphathi we-paltiff. Uma ummangalelwa engakhokhi ngokuzithandela, ummangalelwa kumelwe athathe izinyathelo zokuphoqelela ukwahlulela, njengeholo lokukhokha, ukunamathisela ama-akhawunti asebhange, noma ukubeka amanga entweni. Kwezinye izimo, ummangalelwa angafaka usolo, okungakhulula isikweletu senkongozelo, okungakhipha iminikelo yenkongozelo.

Yonke inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka, kuye ngokuthi icala liyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani, izinhlelo zenkantolo, nokuzimisela kwabantu ukuhlalisana. Ngenxa yesikhathi nezindleko, abantu abaningi namabhizinisi bafuna ezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswa enkantolo, njengokumiswa noma ukumiswa kwemithetho yomphakathi, okuyingxenye futhi yesimiso somthetho wezwe.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zecala Langaphakathi

Kunomthetho wombango ohlanganisa izingxabano eziningi.

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Umthetho ogunyaza isivumelwano sokuzithandela ulawula izivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu. Isivumelwano esisemthethweni sidinga ukuthengwa, ukwamukelwa, ukucabangela (into yenani elishintshiwe), ukuvunyelwa, kanye negunya elingokomthetho. Uma omunye umuntu ehluleka ukwenza njengoba kuthenjisiwe(ukuthatha isivumelwano) / omunye angamangalela ifaksi elibi noma enze umsebenzi othile okhethekile. Izingxabano ezivamile zihilela ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla, izinkonzo, izivumelwano zezwe, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, nezivumelwano zomsebenzi. I-FUDINC Commercity Code (UC) ilawula ukuthengiswa kwempahla eziminyangweni eminingi, kuyilapho umthetho ovamile ulawula izivumelwano zenkonzo nezindawo.

Izinkinga Eziyingozi

Amatort ayiziphakamiso zomphakathi ezibangela ukulimala komunye umuntu noma impahla yawo. Ngokungafani nezindawo zesivumelwano, ama-tort asuka emsebenzini obekwe umthetho, hhayi ngesivumelwano. Ama-tort awela ezigabani ezintathu: azimisele amatorts[ (aspart, ibhetri, ukuboshwa ngephutha, ukuhlanjalazwa kwamagama okungamanga, ukunyuswa kwezenzo okungaqondile, ] iglicece [ [izingozi zemoto, i-slick-past, i-selt) kanye [[FLT] nomkhiqizo ogcwele. I-FLT. (ukuhlenga okuyingozi kwemisebenzi engafanele noma imikhiqizo engalungile). I-flecter, imele ibonise ukulahlekelwa, futhi imposo yomthetho, futhi inyukethe.

Icala Lempahla

Izimpikiswano zempahla zihilela ukuphatha impahla, ukuyisebenzisa, nokudlulisa impahla engokoqobo neyomuntu siqu. Izindawo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuphambanisa, ukuhluza, ukwahlukanisa impahla ehlangene, izingxabano zomninindlu, izingxabano zomngcele. Ukuthengiselana ngendawo yangempela kungaholela futhi ekuhlabeni imibandela ekhubazekile, ukunciphisana, noma ukuphulwa kwezindawo. Umthetho wezindawo ugcwele ukuthatha imithetho, nezwe ngalinye linemithetho yalo mayelana nemisebenzi yokuqopha, ukuvikela, nezindawo eziphezulu.

Icala Lemithetho Yomkhaya

Umthetho womkhaya usebenza ebuhlotsheni basekhaya: umshado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana nokusekelwa, ubukhonyane, ukutholwa, nokubeletha. Lamacala avame ukuhlanganisa imizwelo ephakeme futhi afuna ukuba izinkantolo zilinganisele izithakazelo eziphikisanayo kuyilapho ziqala ukunikeza izithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zezingane. Umthetho womkhaya ngokuyinhloko uwumthetho wezwe, futhi izifunda eziningi ziye zamukela "isehlukaniso", okusho ukuthi abangane bomshado abakudingi ukufakazela ukona ukuze baqede umshado. I-Media isetshenziswa njalo emthetho womkhaya ukunciphisa izingxabano futhi kufinyelele izivumelwano.

Amacala Amalungelo Omphakathi

Amacala amacala amalungelo ezakhamuzi abekwa ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni nekazwe enqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, enkolweni, ekukhubazekeni, ebudaleni, noma ezweni. Lamacala angavela emsebenzini, emfundo, nasezindaweni zomphakathi. AmaPlaintiff ngokuvamile afuna impumuzo (ukuyeka imikhuba yokucwasa) kanye nengozi yokubulala. Izehlakalo zamalungelo abantu eziphezulu zilolonge umthetho waseMelika, kusukela ku-Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ku-Obergefell v. Hodges. Lezi zimo ngokuvamile zihilela imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho-mthetho-mfashini.

Indima Yomthetho Wangaphakathi Emphakathini

Umthetho wesizwe wenza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi emphakathini wanamuhla. Okokuqala, unikeza indlela enokuthula yokuxazulula izingxabano. Ngaphandle komthetho womphakathi, abantu bangaphendukela ekuzisizeni noma ebudloveni ukuze baxazulule izikhalo. Izinkantolo zinikeza i-stamente ehleliwe, engenacala lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi futhi kwenziwa izinqumo ezisekelwe emithethweni engokomthetho kunokuba kusekelwe emandleni aluhlaza.

Okwesibili, umthetho wesizwe uvikela amalungelo nenkululeko. Ngokuqaphela amalungelo angokomthetho nokuwamisa ngamakhambi, umthetho wesizwe unikeza incazelo ezivumelwaneni zomthetho-mthetho kanye neziqondiso zomthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokukhululeka ekucwaseni lingaba yize ngaphandle kwekhono lokumangalela ngaphansi kwemithetho elwela amalungelo omphakathi.

Okwesithathu, umthetho wezentengiselwano uthuthukisa ukuqina kwezomnotho nokukhula. Umthetho wesivumelwano wenza amabhizinisi akwazi ukwenza izivumelwano ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ziyogcinwa. Umthetho wempahla ukhuthaza ukutshala imali ngokucacisa indawo yokutshalwa nokudlulisa imithetho. Umthetho wetort ufaka ukuphepha nokubaluleka ngokubeka abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano icala lokulimaza okubangelayo. Lemisebenzi ibalulekile emkhakheni wezentengiselwano.

Okwesine, umthetho wesizwe uhlela isimilo somphakathi nokuziphatha. Ngezinqumo eziphawuliwe, izinkantolo zingathonya umbono womphakathi futhi ziholele ezinguqulweni zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwanda kwecala lemikhiqizo ekhubazekile kushukumisela abakhiqizi ukuba bathuthukise izindinganiso zokuphepha. Ngokufanayo, ukubusa imithetho efanayo yomshado owesilisa kanye nomthetho omelene nobandlululo oluboniswayo nowenyuswa ngokushesha.

Ekugcineni, umthetho wesizwe usebenza njengendlela yokuhlola imibuso kahulumeni ngokumelene nokuphulwa komthetho-mthetho, izenzo ezingalungile, noma ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano kuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba unamathele ezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho. Nakuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zijabulela ukuvikeleka kobuso, iFederal Tort Epiences Act ne-social ivumela ukuquliswa kwecala elithile, kuqinisekise ukulandisa.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wesizwe uyingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yezemithetho. Ichaza amalungelo abantu abanawo, amakhambi atholakalayo uma lawo malungelo ephulwa, nezinqubo zokufuna ubulungisa ngezenzo ezingokomthetho. Kusukela ezimpini zesivumelwano kuya ezimpini zomkhaya, kusukela ezimpini zempahla kuya ezingxabanweni zamalungelo omphakathi, umthetho wesizwe unikeza uhlelo lwesinqumo esinokuthula nesivikelo sezithakazelo zomuntu siqu nezezomnotho. Njengoba ukuvela komphakathi, umthetho womphakathi uzoqhubeka uvumelana, usingatha izinselele ezintsha ezibangelwa ubuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke indawo kanye nezimiso ezishintshashintshayo.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuhlola umthetho kahulumeni kunikeza ikhefu ngendlela izinhlangano ezisingatha ngayo izingxabano, ukunikeza imithombo yempahla, futhi zisekele umthetho. Ngokuqonda lezizimiso, izakhamuzi zingawavikela kangcono amalungelo azo futhi zinikele emphakathini onobulungisa nohlelekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlela ukuba ummeli, uthisha, noma uyisakhamuzi esifundile, ulwazi lomthetho wesizwe lukunika amandla okulawula ukuphila kwanamuhla ngendlela eqinile nangokucacile.

[[[UMTH:0] Imithombo yemali ye-External yokufundwa okuqhubekayo:[[UMTL:1]