Ukuqonda Ikhorali Lokwahlulela Kwesigebengu: Plea Bargains Nokulingwa Kwamajukujwana

Isimiso somthetho waseMelika siwuhlelo olukhulu, oluyinkimbinkimbi oluklanyelwe ukulinganisela izilinganiso zobulungisa phakathi kwezwe nohulumeni ngamunye. Kulabo abafunda umthetho, ukufundisa umphakathi, noma bazame ukuqonda ukuthi isimiso sisebenza kanjani ngempela, izinqubo ezimbili zivelele kokubili njengeziyisisekelo futhi eziqondwa kabi: izingcingo zentengo nezinhlu zabahluleli. Lezizinqubo zimelela izindlela ezihlukene kakhulu zokuqondisa impumelelo − eyodwa eqhutshwa yiziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuhlobana kwabantu. Lesihloko sikhuphula kokubili izinqubo zomlando wabo, amakheni, izinzuzo, izinzuzo, nokungacunuli okugxeka okuchaza ukwahlulela kobugebengu banamuhla.

Izisekelo Zenqubo Engokomthetho: Ukwahlulela Okubi Namathuluzi Akho

Enhliziyweni yayo, isimiso somthetho sase-U.S. sinomthetho ohlukene. `Amacala amabili aphikisanayo'.) ukushushisa nokuvikela − kumelela amacala abo phambi komfinyeleli weqiniso ongathathi hlangothi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ijaji noma ijaji. Inqubo engokomthetho ayiyona indlela eyodwa, efana kodwa uchungechunge lwezinqumo. Izigebengu eziningi azifiki ngempela ekuqulweni kwecala; ngokwe-Bureauauauty of Justice Staties, cishe amaphesenti angu-9 ezinkolelo zikahulumeni futhi cishe amaphesenti angu-9 ezinkolelo zikahulumeni zibangelwa yizicelo ezinecala, eziningi zazo ezikhona eziphikisanayo. Ngakho ukuqonda inqubo engokomthetho kudinga ukuhlolwa kwazo zombili [[FLT:] [FLD] [FOct1] kanye nezindlela [FT:] [FT] [3]

Ukuqamba: I - Engine Efihlekile Yesimiso Sobulungisa

Iyini I - Pleagain?

Isicelo sivumelana ngokomthetho phakathi komshushisi nesiqinisekiso lapho ummangalelwa evuma khona ukumangalelwa necala elingengathi sína kakhulu, noma kwelinye lamacala amaningana (ukuthi) ukujeziswa kubekwe umthetho (ukuhliswa). Leminxeba ihlanganisa isigwebo esincishisiwe, ukuxoshwa kwezinye izikhalo, noma ukutuswa kokungagwetshwa. AmaPlea ayizibopho ezingeniswa ngokwethukela; ahlelwa, izivumelwano zenkantolo ezivunyelweyo okumelwe zingene ngokuzithandela nangeseluleko esifanelekile.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kokwenziwa Kwezinto Ezimnandi

I-Plea akuzange kube amandla alawulayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ukuqulwa kwecala kwakuvamile; ukunxusa kwakungavamile futhi kwakubhekwa ngokusola. Nokho, njengoba kwaqhuma icala ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, izinkantolo zaqala ukuthembela ezivumelwaneni zokulawula ukucindezela kwedokisi. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ukuthi lomkhuba ukhona Brady v. United States [1970] futhi futhi [[FLT] SANLLO v. New York[FLT:][3][71], imisa ukuthi izikhalo zikhona ngokomthetho uma zikhona ngokuzithandela. Kusukela kungoko, ukuqaliswe kwandile. Namuhla, kuphawuleka kakhulu kwezecala lezecala laseMelika, i-Genearlight, i-commorist produces of the templist trations.

Izinhlobo Zezivumelwano Zesizungu

Ama - places ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu, nakuba ngokuvamile kutholakala amalungiselelo axubile:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Carganing: Ummangalelwa unxusa icala elinecala elingengathi sína kunecala lokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, ummangalelwa obekwe icala lokubulala kokuqala angamangalela ngokubulala umuntu ngecala lokubulala. Loluhlobo oluvame kakhulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-balganing: Ummangalelwa unxusa icala elinecala ekumangaleleni kwasekuqaleni, kodwa umshushisi uyavuma ukutusa isigwebo esithile noma ukungaphikisi isicelo sokuzivikela somusho olulula. Umahluleli unegunya lokugcina uma egwetshwa, kodwa ukutusa kuyalandelwa kaningi.
  • Fact Baganing: Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukunikeza amaqiniso athile aveza icala, nakuba kungenzeka akhiphe amanye amaqiniso alimazayo angangeniswa ekwahlulelweni noma ezimweni ezihlobene. Lokhu akuvamile kodwa kubalulekile ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Imishini: Indlela I - Plea Esula Ngayo I - “plagage ”

Le nqubo iqala phakathi nezingxoxo zangaphambi kwecala. Abamangaleli bahlola amandla ecala labo, ubukhulu becala, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, nemithombo edingekayo ukuze kuqulwe icala. Abameli bahlola izici ezifanayo, kanye nokuzimisela kommangalelwa ukwamukela isicelo kanye nokugwetshwa uma ebekwa icala. Izigwebo zingaba sobala noma zicace lapho ummangalelwa ekhala ngecala ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esingokomthetho. Uma inkantolo ithatha isinyathelo, ikhotha isikhala isikhalo sokukhongoza, iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo abekwe alungile (njengesokuqulwa kwecala, ukubhekana nofakazi, nokuthula) futhi isicelo sokuzithandela.

Ithonya Eliwusizo: Isizathu Sokuba Izifo Eziningi Kangaka Ziphele Nge - Plea

Iqulo elikhulu lamacala esimisweni lenza kube nzima ukuqulwa kwamacala nganoma yiliphi ikhambi. Izinkantolo zamaFederal kuphela zisingatha amashumi ezinkulungwane zamacala ngonyaka. Ngaphandle kokunxusa, isimiso singama, sifune ukwanda okukhulu kwemithombo yokwahlulela, inkantolo, nabavikeli bomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunxusa kunikeza isilinganiso esiqinisekile kunoma yiliphi icala: abashushisi baqinisekisa isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kwengozi yokulahlwa, futhi abamangalelwa bagwema isigwebo esinzima kakhulu ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala.

Izingxoxo Nezimpikiswano

Ukwanda kokunxusa kwezicelo kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kuphoqelela abamangalelwa abangenacala ukuba bavume icala ukugwema izijeziso ezinzima zokuqulwa kwecala − isici esaziwa ngokuthi isigwebo somthetho womthetho oqinile. Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi abamangalelwa abasebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuqulwa icala bathola imigwebo elinganayo, ngokwesilinganiso, kabili kuya kathathu kunalabo abamangalela icala. Lokhu kwakha ukucindezela okukhulu ekulahleni amalungelo omthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izisulu nomphakathi bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthi ubulungisa buncishwa lapho izikhalo ezingathi sína ziboshelwa ngemva kweminyango ezivalekile. Ukungabikho kwemigqa kanye nokucukubezelelwa okungaba khona kwemisholo engokomthetho kuyizihloko zenkulumo - mpikiswano engokomthetho.

Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokunzulu kulezindaba eziwuhlelo, i inikeza ukwaziswa okuphathelene nomehluko wezinhlanga nokwezomnotho kuye kwanyathelisa ukucwaninga okunzulu ngendlela ukunxusa okungaholela ngayo ekukholelweni okungalungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iprojekthi yokufaka [ inikeza ukwaziswa okungavumelani kwezinhlanga nezomnotho phakathi kwemiphumela yokufaka izicelo.

Izinzuzo Nezingozi Ezibonakalayo

Ama-adwork:[

  • Inciphisa ukuminyana kwenkantolo futhi yonga imali yomkhokhi wentela.
  • Unikeza abamangalelwa indlela yokuthola isijeziso esicacile, ngokuvamile esincane.
  • Ivumela abashushisi ukuba banike amacala angathi sína ngokwengeziwe.
  • Izisulu zibulawa usizi lokufakazela icala.

Ama-Datadies:[

  • Kudala isimo sokubambisana esingase sicindezele abantu abangenacala ukuba basho ukuthi banecala.
  • Kulinganiselwe ukuhlolisisa ubufakazi nobufakazi obungokomthetho.
  • Igcizelela indima yezijaji nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Kungaphumela ekugwebeni izinto ezingafani uma imishini ingafani.

Ukuvivinywa Kwesonto: Indinganiso Yomthetho - sisekelo

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala libekwe eSiphakamisweni III soMthetho-sisekelo neSichibiyelo Sesithupha. Leli lungelo laliyimpendulo eqondile ezikhalo zamajaji aseBrithani amisa izigwebo ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela okuthandwayo. Ijaji liklanyelwe ukufaka izindinganiso zomphakathi emthethweni, ukuvikela ekuphathweni uhulumeni, futhi liqinisekise ukuthi akekho ongancishwa inkululeko ngesinqumo somahluleli oyedwa.

Inqubo Yokukhetha I - Jury: Ukuqhuma Kwemisebe Okujulile

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukuqulwa kwecala, abamele ukubizwa ngevoir dash (IsiFulentshi sokukhuluma iqiniso). Amajaji asemaceleni ohlangothini ohlangothini lombili, noma umahluleli, abuza abamele ukuba abahluleli abafuna ukuveza ubandlululo olungavimbela ukungakhethi. Izingalo zingabekela isilinganiso esilinganiselwe se-jarress ngenxa yesizathu (e.g., i-jarrator owaziyo ummangalelwa) kanye nenani elincane phakathi kwezinselele, ezingadingi isizathu esishiwoyo (ngo-*) esingenakusetshenziswa ngendlela engokohlanga, njengoba kuvezwelwe [[FLT:] Batson. Kentucky [FLD:1] (1986]). Umgomo u-mgomo wokuncintinezene.

Isakhiwo Secala LaseJury

Icala labahluleli lilandela ukulandelana okuhlelwe kahle:

  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo: zombili izinhlangothi ziveza ubufakazi ezihlose ukubunikeza. Lokhu akuwona ubufakazi ngokwazo kodwa amabalazwe omgwaqo.
  • Ukunikezwa kobufakazi: Umshushisi ubiza ofakazi futhi udlulisele imiboniso; ukuzivikela kungase kwenzeke okufanayo. OFakazi bangaba nesibopho sokuqondisa nokuhlola isiphambano. Imithetho yobufakazi, njengobuhlanganisayo nenzwa, ibusa lokho abasizi bejaji abangakuzwa.
  • Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Ama-Attorney afingqa ubufakazi futhi aphikisane nesinqumo esithile. Umshushisi uthwele umthwalo wobufakazi ngokungenakungabaza okunengqondo.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Imiyalo e-Jir: Umahluleli uchazela abasizi-jaji umthetho osebenzayo, kuhlanganise nendinganiso yobufakazi nezici zobugebengu.
  • [ I-direberiation: Ijaji libalekela ekamelweni elizimele ukuze lixoxe ngecala futhi lifinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo (emacaleni obugebengu; amacala omphakathi ngokuvamile awadingi ukungalingani).
  • Icala: Uma abahluleli bengenakuvumelana, bayijaji abalengiwe, futhi abashushisi bangalilungisa icala. Uma isinqumo sifinyelelwe, simenyezelwa enkantolo evulekile.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Ekuqulweni Kwecala

  • Izikhombisi: Bathatha iqiniso. Kumelwe basebenzise umthetho njengoba ufundiswa umahluleli ngamaqiniso anikezwayo. Indima yabo ayisebenzi.]
  • Ukwahlulela: Umahluleli uqinisekisa ukulunga okungokomthetho, imithetho ephikisayo, futhi uyala abahluleli-jaji ngomthetho. Umahluleli akanqumeli icala noma ubumsulwa ekuqulweni kwejaji.
  • Umthumeli:[ Njengommeleli kahulumeni, umshushisi unomthwalo ombaxambili: ukufuna ubulungisa nokuqinisekisa icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukungalungi kungaholela ekwahlulelweni okungalungile noma ukuguqulwa ekudlulisweni kwesicelo.
  • Icebo lokuvikela ummangalelwa, libekela ubufakazi, futhi livikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ommangalelwa. Ngisho noma ikhasimende lingase libe necala, ukuzivikela kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlangabezana nomthwalo walo.

I - Râteras for Juries: Amandla Nokulinganiselwa

Ama-adwork:[

  • Ivikela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni sobugovu, njengejaji elilodwa elingenakugwetshwa nhlobo.
  • Izinzuzo zomphakathi zibangela izinqumo eziphathelene nokulahlwa kwecala nobunzima bobufakazi.
  • Yenza umphakathi wethemba; izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuqondile ekuqondiseni ubulungisa.
  • Kunikezwa ikheli eliqashelwa abashushisi; amajaji angase akhiphe icala naphezu kobufakazi obunamandla uma ekholelwa ukuthi umthetho awulungile (ukuchithwa).

Ama-Datadies:[

  • Abavukeli bangase bathonywe umzwelo, ubandlululo, noma ukusakazwa kwezindaba, naphezu kweziqondiso zokwahlulela zokusekela izinqumo ezisekelwe kuphela ebufakazini.
  • Ukulingwa kuyabiza futhi kuchitha isikhathi, ngokuvamile kuthatha amasonto noma izinyanga.
  • Abasekeli bangase bantule ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho, obuholela ekungaqondani kahle kweziyalezo eziyinkimbinkimbi (isib., ekukhwabaniseni noma emacaleni ozungu).
  • Imfuneko yokungalingani ingaholela emajajini alengayo, iphoqelele ukuba kuqulwe kabusha amajaji acindezela imithombo yokwahlulela.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Lenkantolo Eyinqaba: Umehluko Odingekile

Akuwona wonke amacala aqulwayo ayizikhambi zokwahlulela. Icala liyicala eliqulwa phambi komahluleli yedwa, elisebenza njengawo omahluleli womthetho nomthumeli weqiniso. Ukuqulwa kwe-Bench kushesha, kuncishiswe, futhi akunzima kakhulu. Kuvame ukukhethwa ezicabeni ezihilela izimpikiswano zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu noma lapho ubufakazi bubodwa obunye obubonisa ukuthi ukusabela okungokomzwelo kwejaji akunanzuzo. Nokho, ukuqulwa kwecala elingokomthetho lingenamthetho okwenziwe ngecala elikhulu ngaphandle kokuba abamangalelwa bazi nemvume yokuzibophanga ukuzimisela. Ngokuvamile, ngeseluleko esiphakathi kweseluleko olungokomthetho nesebhentshiwe yisinqumo esibucayi esingcono kakhulu esikhona ummeli ovikelayo.

Ukuze kuvele ukuphumelela okuqhathaniswa kokuqulwa kwecala lokwahlulela kanye nokuqulwa kwebhentshi, i-American Bar Association's shologue inikeza ukuwohloka okuningiliziwe.

Ukukhetha Phakathi KwePlea Necala: Inkinga Yomlweli

Izici Ezishukumisa Lesi Sinqumo

Abalweli abavamile ukukhetha okulula phakathi kwesicelo noma icala. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ingxenye eqinile yobufakazi: Uma icala lomshushisi libuthakathaka, ukuqulwa kwecala kunikeza ithuba lokuthethelelwa. Uma linamandla, isinxuselo singanciphisa ukudabuka.
  • [ Ukuveza: iziqondiso ezilula nokugweba iziqondiso zakha izijeziso ezinzima zokugunyazwa lapho kuqulwa. Ukunxusa kuvame ukunciphisa imali ebekwe ngaphansi komnyango obophekile.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Prison vs. Incazelo: Ngisho nesigwebo esifushane sasejele singashabalalisa. Isikhalo singavumela ukugcinwa kwecala noma isikhathi esifushane kakhulu.
  • Imiphumela Eyodwa: Uvivinyo lungase lube lukhathaze umphakathi futhi lukhathaze ngokomzwelo. Imikhaya, umsebenzi, nokuma komphakathi konke kusengozini.
  • Imithombo yezezimali:[ Ukuqulwa kwecala likaJury kuyabiza, kudinga ofakazi abangochwepheshe, uphengululo, nesikhathi esibanzi sommeli. Abamangalelwa abangakhokhi imali yokuthola isivikelo esiqinile.

Indima Yomshushisi

Abashushisi basebenzisa ukuqonda okukhulu. Banquma izikhalo zokuqala, ezibeka indawo yezingxoxo zokunxusa ngokuphumelelayo. Umshushisi owenezela ukukhuliswa ngezijeziso eziphakeme angaphoqelela ummangalelwa ukuba avume ukugqitshwa. Lamandla awumthombo wokugxeka okuqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokungalingani kwezinhlanga nezezomnotho. I-American Civil Liberéries Union (ACLU) inyathelise [[[FLL: 0]] izikhangiso ezicaciswe ngamandla abamangaleli ekuceleni [, inikeza umo olubalulekile kubafundi nabafundisi.

Ngaphezu Kokujabulisa Nokulingwa: Isinqumo Esihlukile Emacalani Obugebengu

Nakuba kungavamile ezindabeni ezingathi sína zobugebengu, ezinye izindlela zempikiswano zesinqumo (ADR) njengezinhlelo ze- zokuguqula ne] ngokomthetho zilandelana [ ukuhlelwa kwemithetho. Izinhlelo zokuguqula izinhlelo zivumela izigebengu ukuba ziqede inkonzo yomphakathi, ukwelashwa, noma imfundo yokushintshana amacala. Ubulungisa obulungisayo buletha izisulu, izaphula umthetho, iziboshwa, namalungu omphakathi ukuxoxa ngokulimala okubangelwa nokuvusezwana. Lezi zinqubo azidingi ukukhokhelwa ngomqondo ongokwesiko, kodwa zimelela omunye umfantu ongokomthetho owenzile ngaphandle kwesinqumo sokuvinjelwa.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okuqinile Kobulungisa

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zokunxusa nokuqulwa kwecala zimelela izinhlangothi ezimbili zemali efanayo − zombili zibalulekile, kodwa zifeza izinjongo ezihlukene. Izinhlelo zePlea zigcina isimiso sisebenza kahle, zivumela izinkantolo ukuba zikwazi ukusingatha iziphakamiso ezinkulu kuyilapho zinikeza abamangalelwa ukuphuma ngokungenaphutha ezijezisweni ezinzima kakhulu. UJury uvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokuhlelwa kwemithetho, uqinisekisa ukuthi amandla okugcina ekwahlulelwa ahlala ezandleni zezakhamuzi ezivamile. Inqubo aphelele; ngayinye ifanelwe ukugxekwa ngenxa yokuphumelela, ukungakhonzi, noma ukuchashwa. Ngoba abafundi, nezakhamuzi ezilwela ukuqonda isimiso somthetho waseMelika, isihluthulelo asifanele ukubhekwa njengenye engcono kunenye, kodwa isakhiwo, futhi inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ihlelwe njalo ngomphakathi ngenxa yezimpikiswano ezingathi sína.