Inqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo iyisisekelo sesimiso sokwahlulela, inikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle yokubukeza izinqumo ezenziwa izinkantolo eziphansi. Kunokuthatha i-collet ingeyiyo nje elula, isikhalo sigxile ngokomthetho ekulungiseni amaphutha omthetho noma inqubo okungenzeka yathinta umphumela wecala. Ukuqonda lenqubo akubalulekile kuchwepheshe abangokomthetho kuphela kodwa nakunoma ubani ongase ahileleke ekuhlaziyweni, njengoba ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo futhi ithuthukisa ukungaguquguquki ekusebenziseni umthetho.

Iyini Inqubo Yokukhanga?

Le nqubo yokudlulisa ivumela iqembu elinganelisekile ngesinqumo senkantolo − ngokusho ukuthi umnciphisi weqembu olahlekelwayo — ukuba afune ukubukezwa yinkantolo ephakeme. Lokhu kubukeza akulona icala elisha; kunalokho, kuhlola umbhalo wezenzo zokuqala zokuhlola ukuthi amaphutha yini angokomthetho noma awekho awekho awenzekile akhetha icala lenkantolo. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uyasebenza futhi umthetho usetshenziswa ngokufana. Inkantolo ayibuzwi ubufakazi obusha noma ubufakazi; isekelwe erekhodini elilotshiwe nasemicabalweni engokomthetho enikezwa ngemifishice nangokuphikisa. Lo mahluko ubalulekile: ukudlulisa isikhalo ngomthetho [[FLT:] [FLD] [F:], hhayi [FFFF:]

Isimiso Esiyinhloko Sokusebenza Kwamagama Emishini Ekhangayo

Ukuze usebenzise inqubo yokunxusa, ukujwayelana namagama ayo akhethekile kuwusizo.

  • Appellant: Iqembu elifaka icala, lifuna ukugumbuqela isinqumo senkantolo ephansi.
  • [ Appele (noma iphendulile): Iqembu elivikela isinqumo senkantolo ephansi, ngokuvamile unqobi ekuqulweni kwecala.
  • Iqophelo lokudlulisa: Iqoqo elingokomthetho lawo wonke amabhukwana, imiboniso, imiklamo, nemibhalo ephuma enkantolo eqululweni. Ukubukeza kwenkantolo ye-applate kulinganiselwe kulombhalo.
  • Izimpikiswano zomthetho ezibhaliwe ezidluliselwe yizo zombili izigaba. Incazelo emfushane yomphathi ichaza ukuthi kungani inkantolo equlwayo yenze iphutha; izimpikiswano ezimfushane ze-apelle zokuthi isinqumo silungile.
  • Impikiswano e-Oral: Inkulumo edluliswayo phambi kweqembu lamajaji aphethe lapho abameli bephendula khona imibuzo futhi bacacise amaphuzu kumafingqi abo. Impikiswano edlulisayo ayinikezwanga njalo.
  • Izinga lokubukeza: Izinga lokuzibamba inkantolo ephethe isigwebo linikeza inkantolo ephansi imiphumela. Izindinganiso ezivamile zihlanganisa no no novo[ (ukubukeza okusha) yemibuzo engokomthetho kanye [[FLT:]] nephutha elikhulu kakhulu [ ukuze kutholakale amaqiniso.
  • IBanc: Ukuqulwa kwecala lapho bonke abahluleli abakhuthele benkantolo ye-appellate behlanganyela khona (ngokuphambene neqembu lahluleli elivamile lesithathu).

Inqubo Elandelana Ikhanga

Nakuba izinqubo zihlukahluka ngokwemithetho (ama-federal v. State) nangohlobo lwecala (i-civil v. cs, ubugebengu), ukunxusa okuningi kulandela ukulandelana okufanayo. Ukungahambi noma yiluphi usuku olumisiwe kungaphumela ekuxoshweni, ngakho ukunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni esemthethweni kuyabopheka.

Ukuzwa Ngokukhanga

Le nqubo iqala uma amafakela amaface isaziso sokudlulisa icala enkantolo equlweni. Leli bhukwana kumelwe ligcinwe phakathi kwesikhathi esiqinile − cishe izinsuku ezingu-30 ngemva kokungena kwesahlulelo sokugcina enkantolo kahulumeni, nakuba imithetho kahulumeni ihluka. Isaziso siveza isahlulelo esidluliswayo kanye namaqembu ahilelekile. Ukwehluleka ukubhala ngenkathi edlulile ngokuvamile kulahlekelwa ilungelo lokudlulisa icala.

Ukulungiselela Nokuhlela Umlando

Uma isaziso sesigcinwe, ummeli kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi inkantolo ilungisa irekhodi elingokomthetho ngokudluliswa kwecala. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amarekhodi azo zonke izikhalo nokuqulwa kwecala, kanye namakhophi azo zonke izincwadi abekwe ebufakazini. U-appelle angadinga ukusho izingxenye ezithile zerekhodi ukuze afake. I-appelle ingafaka futhi i-odate.

3. Ukuzithoba Kwalamaphuzu Amafushane

Amafingqa ayikhodi lesicelo. Ilungu ngalinye libhala iphuzu eliveza izimpikiswano zomthetho ezisekelwe ngokombhalo oqoshiwe nakumthetho wecala noma imithetho ehlobene. Indaba emfushane yomphathi isho impikiswano, ifingqa amaqiniso, futhi iphikisa ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo ephansi sasinephutha. I-appellee ephendulayo ngephuzu ngalinye. I-applellant ingabhala impendulo emfushane ukuze inikeze izimpikiswano ezintsha eziphakanyiswe yi-adellee. Amafiji abekwa ngaphansi kwemingcele eqinile yekhasikhasi futhi alungise.

4. Impikiswano yomlomo (uma ivunyelwe)

Akuzona zonke izikhalo ezihlanganisa ukuphikisana ngomlomo. Uma kunikezwa, uhlangothi ngalunye luvame ukuba nemizuzu eyishumi kuya kwengu-30 yokunikeza amaphuzu ayinhloko nokuphendula imibuzo yamajaji. Impikiswano engokwezwi nezwi ivumela iqembu elithathayo ukuba lihlole ubuthakathaka empikiswaneni, licacise amaphuzu adidayo, futhi lihlole imiphumela yesinqumo.

5. Isinqumo

Ngemva kokubukeza irekhodi, ukulandisa kafushane nempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, inkantolo inikeza umbono obhaliwe. Inkantolo ingathatha amasonto noma izinyanga ukunquma. Imiphumela engenzeka ihlanganisa:

  • Afrith: Isinqumo senkantolo ephansi siyasekelwa.
  • landela i-' Isinqumo senkantolo ephansi siyagumbuqelwa.
  • Isinqumo senkantolo ephansi sibekwa eceleni, ngokuvamile ukwenzela ezinye izindaba.
  • Icala lithunyelwa emuva enkantolo equlweni ukuze lithathe isinyathelo esengeziwe esivumelana nombono we-appellate (umz., ukuqulwa kwecala elisha noma ukucasuka).
  • I-' Imithetho yenkantolo engaphansi ishintshwa ngokwengxenye, njengokunciphiswa komonakalo.

Lo mbono uba ingxenye yomlando womphakathi futhi ungase ube isibonelo esibophayo emacaleni esikhathi esizayo.

Izinhlobo Zokudlulisa Amacala Esimiso Senkantolo

Ukukhanga okuhlukile kuxhomeke ohlotsheni lokubusa okubekelwa inselele kanye nendlela indaba ehlelwe ngayo.

Ukukhanga Okuqondile

Icala elingaqondile] liyisikhalo sokulunga kwesokudla `inkantolo ye-appellate' kumele izwe. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, izikhalo eziqondile zezinqumo zenkantolo zokugcina zesifunda ziya ezinkantolo zesifunda zokudlulisa icala. isikhalo sokudlulisa iziqu [, ngokuphambene, kungenye inkantolo e-appellate just engakhetha ukwamukela noma ukulahla. Isibonelo esidumile kakhulu siyisicelo se-writ of ceretoriari to U.S, esivunyelwe cishe ku-1% yezehlakalo.

Ukukhanga Kwabantu

Ngokuvamile, ukudlulisa izicelo kungathathwa kuphela ekwahluleleni [ okungakhomba ukwahlulela ] `imibono eqeda ukubekwa kwemvume futhi ingashiyeli lutho enkantolo ukuba yenze ukwahlulela. Nokho, ukudlulisa ukudluliswa kwesicelo [ ivumela ukubukezwa kwesinqumo esenziwe ngaphambi kokwahlulela kokugcina, njengokuyala ukunikeza noma ukuphika umthetho. Umthetho wesifunda uvumela ukudluliswa kwezicelo ngaphansi kwe 28 U.S.C.[1292], futhi ezinye izisho zivumela izinhlobo ezithile zemithetho.

Isihenqo sokudlulisa ikhomputha

Ezimweni zobugebengu, ngemva kokuphelelwa isiqinisekiso nokudluliswa ngokuqondile, abamangalelwa bangafaka isikhalo se- se-post (ngokuvamile esibizwa ngokuthi isicelo sikahulumeni se-habeas corpus noma ukudluliswa ngaphansi kuka-28 U.S.C. . . . . . . 225 enkantolo kahulumeni). Lokhu kugomela ukuthi ukumangalelwa noma isigwebo kuphula amalungelo omthetho, ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yosizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko, ukuxekelwe, noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngokuvamile kubekwa ezinsibeni eziqinile ze-procedrual.

Ukukhanga Kwezisebenzi

Izinqumo zezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi (isibonelo, amajaji okufuduka, i-Social Security Administration, noma i-Board of Veterans’s Appeals) zibukezwa izinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni noma izinkantolo ezikhethekile. Lezi akuzona izikhalo ezingokwesiko kodwa zibuswa uMthetho we-Administrative Procedure Act nezimiso ezifanayo.

Izizathu Ezivamile Zokukhanga

Ukudlulisa icala akulona ithuba lokulilungisa ngoba ningavumelani nesinqumo sejaji. Ukuze aphumelele, ummangali kumelwe abonise ukuthi inkantolo yamacala yenza iphutha eliqondile, elicwasayo. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa:

Amaphutha Angokomthetho

Umahluleli oqulwayo wasebenzisa kabi noma wawuchaza kabi umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umahluleli wayengase anikeze umyalo onganembile, avume ubufakazi obuthi yephula imithetho, noma alahle ukusho okusemthethweni okusekelwe ekufundweni okunephutha komthetho. Ngenxa yokuthi imibuzo engokomthetho ibukezwa [FLT] de no nov[[FLT]],, inkantolo ayinikezi thuba lokuthatha iziphetho ezingokomthetho zomahluleli.

Amaphutha okungokwesayensi

Ukusuka okuphawulekayo enqubweni yenkantolo efanele eyalulaza ukulunga kwecala. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukwehluleka ukuvumela iqembu ukuba linikeze ubufakazi, ukukhishwa okungafanele kwejaji, noma ukuphika ukuqhubekeka okufike ngesikhathi. U-apulang akakhonakali okungenangozi.

Ukwehluleka Kobufakazi

Ezicabeni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa angase aphikise ngokuthi ubufakazi obunikezwa enkantolo abunakwanelanga ngokomthetho ukusekela isiqinisekiso esingenakungatshazwa. Lendinganiso iphakeme kakhulu; inkantolo enikeza isigwebo ibheka ubufakazi obuvumelana kakhulu nokushushiswa futhi iyomane ilahle kuphela uma kungekho mcabango onengqondo ongase uthole izici eziqinisekisiwe. Indinganiso efanayo isebenza ezicatshangelweni zomphakathi ekuthatheni isigwebo njengendaba yomthetho.

Ubufakazi Obusanda Kutholakala

Ubufakazi obabungekho ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala futhi obungeke butholakale ngenkuthalo efanelekile bungase bakhe isisekelo sokunxusa noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sangemva kokuphothula. Ubufakazi kumelwe bube yizinto futhi bushintshe umphumela. Leli zwe alivamile ukuphumelela ngoba izinkantolo zamacala zinesinqumo esibanzi ekunqumeni ukuthi zingalinikeza yini icala elisha elisekelwe ebufakazini obusha.

Usizo Olungenanzuzo Lweseluleko

Kumacala obugebengu, ummangalelwa angasho ukuthi ukuquliswa kommeli wabo icala kwakukuncane kakhulu kangangokuba kwawaphuca ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yamisa indinganiso ku- Strickland v. Washington [19984]: ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise (1) ukuthi ukuphatha kweseluleko kwakungakholeki ngaphansi kwemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni, (2) nokuthi ukuhluleka ukugxeka ukuvikela (16) kunokwenzeka ukuthi umphumela wawungahluka kodwa ngephutha.

Indima Nomsebenzi Wezinkantolo Eziphangalazayo

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo zifeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile edlulela ngalé kokulungisa amaphutha.

Ukubukeza Izindinganiso Zomthetho Nokulungisa Amaphutha

Indima eyinhloko yenkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi inkantolo equlwayo isebenzise izindinganiso ezilungile zomthetho. Lokhu kubukeza kubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abaqondisi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa abuphazanyiswa iphutha lomahluleli. Ngaphandle kokubukeza, amaphutha awalungiswa, futhi umthetho ubungalulazwa.

Ukumisa Izenzakalo Ezingokomthetho

Izinqumo zokuphakamisa, ikakhulukazi lezo ezivela eZinkantolo zamacala amacala ase-U.S. kanye nezinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni, ziveza izenzakalo ezibophayo zokuthi zonke izinkantolo eziphansi ezisebusweni kumelwe zilandele. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuvumelana nokubikezela emthethweni. Uma inkantolo echaza umthetho noma ilungiselelo lomthetho-mthetho, leyo ncazelo iba umthetho wamacala esikhathi esizayo kuze kube yilapho ilawulwa inkantolo ephakeme noma isishayamthetho.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukulingwa Okufanele Namalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukudlulisa amacala kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ebaluleke kakhulu embusweni kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi emacaleni obugebengu. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bathola icala elilungile, ukuthi ubufakazi butholakele ngokomthetho, futhi imigwebo ingaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho. Inqubo ye-applaste iyisici esiyinhloko senqubo efanele.

Ukunikeza Ubulungisa Ngokuyisisekelo

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo zisingatha amacala amakhulu futhi kumelwe zimise izimpikiswano eziphakamisa izindaba ezibalulekile zomthetho. Amacala amaningi anqunywa ngaphandle kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, futhi amanye axazululwa ngokushwankathela uma ukudluliswa kwamacala kusobala ukuthi akunanzuzo. Lokhu kusebenza kahle kuvumela isimiso ukuba sigxilise izimali emacaleni ahilela imibuzo yangempela engokomthetho.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Kaningi Ngenqubo Yokukhanga

Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukunxusa?

Ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, isikhathi esivamile sokufaka isaziso secala esiya esinqumweni singathatha izinyanga ezingaba ngu - 8 kuya kwezingu - 12, kodwa amacala ayinkimbinkimbi angathatha isikhathi eside. Izikhombo zenkantolo zikahulumeni zihluka kakhulu. Isimiso esifushane sodwa singanweba izinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi impikiswano yomlomo inganezela ezinye izinyanga.

Ingabe ubufakazi obusha bunganikezwa ngokukhangayo?

Cha. Inkantolo ethatha isigwebo ihlola kuphela irekhodi elivela enkantolo eqululweni. Ubufakazi obusha abuqashelwa ngaphandle kokuba ukudlulisa isikhalo kuphathelene nokuhamba kwangemva kwenkantolo okusekelwe ebufakazini obusanda kutholwa, futhi ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, inkantolo yecala kumelwe iqale ithathe umthetho kuyo.

Kwenzekani uma lesi sikhalo singaphumeleli?

Uma ihlulelo senkantolo ephansi lihluleka, inkantolo ephansi iyama. Ummeli angakwazi ukufuna okunye ukubukezwa enkantolo ephakeme (umz. inkantolo ephakeme yezwe noma iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S.), kodwa lokho kungukukhetha futhi akuvamile ukugunyazwa. Kwezinye izimo, ummeli kungadingeka ukuba akhokhe izindleko ze-allene noma athumele isibopho sokugcina isahlulelo sigcinwa phakathi nesicelo.

Ingabe ukudluliswa kwecala kuvele kumise ukukhishwa kwesahlulelo?

Akuzenzakaleli. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa kumelwe afake isibopho esithathelwe indawo ukugcinwa komthetho wemali. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa oboshiwe kungadingeka ahlale ejele kuyilapho isikhalo sisasele, nakuba ibheyili elindele ukudluliswa ngezinye izikhathi ikhona.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokudlulisa inqubo iyindlela eyisisekelo yokuvikela esimisweni sokwahlulela, ivumela izinkantolo eziphakeme ukuba zilungise amaphutha, zicacise izindinganiso zomthetho, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu ofaka ikhasi uthola ukuqulwa kobulungisa. Nakuba kungaba okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukunikeza isikhathi, nokubizayo, kuseyinqubo ebalulekile yokusekela umthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unguchwepheshe ongokomthetho noma uyilungu lomphakathi, ulwazi lokusebenza lwendlela yokunxusa kukunika amandla okuqonda kangcono amalungelo akho nendlela yobulungisa. Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola imithombo enjenge Fideralgs of Applective Relarective [[FLD:], [FLT], [FOLD], [F:], [FOLD], [F2].U.S. inkantolo yecala [FT]