Iyini Impova Ephoqelelayo?

Inhlolo - vo ephoqelelayo icebo elikhohlisayo lezombangazwe elizifihla njengendlela yokuhlola engokomthetho kodwa elisebenza ngenhloso ephambene: ukuthonya abavoti kunokuba balinganise imibono yabo. Ngokungafani nokuhlola kwangempela, okusebenzisa imibuzo engathathi hlangothi, engacasuli, ethatha imibuzo ecindezelayo eholela, izikhundla zamanga, nezinkulumo ezisikiselayo zokutshala ukungabaza noma ukusakaza ukwaziswa okuphambene ngomvoti noma impikiswano.

Ukuhlola kwezesayensi, izindlela ezibonisayo, kanye nokungathathi hlangothi. Izinhlolo-ndlela zokuphoqa ngokuvamile ziqhutshwa izisebenzi zezombangazwe noma amaqembu eze-agnocy, zisebenzisa amasampuli amancane, angakhonjwayo, futhi akuvamile ukuveza ukuthi yiziphi eziwaxhasayo. Umgomo awukhona ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kodwa ukunxenxa i — ngokuvamile ukuvimbela ukujika, ukulimaza idumela eliphikisayo i ’ noma ukuqinisa ukucwasa okukhona. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwenhlawulo oluqotho nokuphenyathiza kugxeka kakhulu ofuna ukugwema ukusetshenziswa.

Indlela Ukubhucunga Okusebenza Ngayo: Umshini Wokusebenzisa Ikhono

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kusebenza ngamasu ambalwa ayinhloko axhaphaza ukugula ngokwengqondo. Ukuqaphela lezizinqubo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokumelana nazo.

Imibuzo Eholayo Nenzima

Uphawu lokuhlola okuphoqelelwe lusetshenziswa kwemibuzo ethatha icala noma esikisela ukuzihlanganisa okungakhi. Ngokwesibonelo, umvoti angase abuze: "Ingabe ungamsekela u-X uma wazi ukuthi baye bahlolwa ngenxa yokwephulwa kwezimiso?" Ngisho noma uphengululo lwalungasekelwe noma luvaliwe, umbuzo obangela ukunyundela komvoti u’ ingqondo. Ukuvota kuklanyelwe ukwakha ukuhlobana okungokwengqondo phakathi komvoti nokwenza okubi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amaqiniso.

Ukusho Okungamanga Noma Okunezelele

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa ngokuvamile kuveza ukwaziswa okusontekile noma okungamanga ngokuqondile njengokungathi kuyiqiniso. Icebo elivamile ukuhlobanisa ozobhapathizwa nomuntu ongathandwayo noma isimiso: "Uyavumelana yini no-Candidate Y ’ isekela lokukhuphula izintela emikhayeni yesigaba esiphakathi?" uma ozovota engenaso isimo esinjalo. Umvoti uphoqelelwa ukuba asabele entweni eqanjiwe, futhi ukuphinda amanga kungenza ukuba azizwe ejwayelekile futhi ngaleyondlela azizwe eyiqiniso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Zincane, Ziyizisulu

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe akuhloselwe ukuveza imiphumela enengqondo, ngokuvamile bahlasela inani elithile labantu noma abavoti abasha ezifundeni eziyinhloko. Umkhankaso ungase ubize abantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela endaweni encintisanayo, bazi ukuthi ngisho nenani elincane lokungabaza okutshalwe lingashintsha noma likholise umjaho oqinile. Izingcingo ngokuvamile zimfushane, futhi oshaywayo akavamile ukuphawula inhlangano esekelayo.

Ukuvinjelwa Kokubona Kahle

Abavoti be-agminimate baveza indlela yabo yokuhlola, ubukhulu, i-ace yephutha, nomthombo wezimali. Ukuhlola kokucindezela kufiphaza noma kuqamba amanga lokhu kwaziswa. Ababheki bezincwadi abavamile ukutshelwa ukuthi ubani okhokhela ucingo, futhi uma becindezelwe, ucingo lungase lunikeze impendulo engacacile noma ekhohlisayo. Lokhu kungabi nasibopho sokulandisa kwenza kube nzima ukuphenya nokuqunga.

Imikhankaso Ephawulekayo Yokubhucunga Emlandoni Wamuva

Imikhankaso eminingi yokuhlola ephambili iye yaletha ukukhononda komphakathi, izinselele zomthetho, nomonakalo ohlala njalo emagameni ezombangazwe. Ukuhlola lamacala kwembula amasu ashintshayo nezinkinga eziqhubekayo zokuziphatha ezihlobene nokuphenya.

IProfe Eyisisekelo SamaRepublica Ka - 2000 ENingizimu Carolina

Enye yezindlela zokuhlola ezidume kakhulu ezenziwa phakathi nonyaka ka 2000 umongameli weRepublic faceal eNingizimu Carolina. Voters bathola izingcingo ezisikisela ukuthi uJohn McCain wayethole umntwana ongekho emthethweni nowesifazane waseMelika. Izingcingo zathi uMcCain ’ indodakazi yokutholwa, exhwalile, empeleni yayingumntwana wakhe wentombazanyana ozalwa ngaphandle komshado. Imiphumela yayiyi-u--mdash; McCain nomkayo babethathele intombazane intandane eBangladesh — kodwa umonakalo wawenziwa. Ukuphehla impoqo kwanikela kuMc Cain &squos; ukulahlekelwa yi-o, futhi lesi senzakalo saba isibonelo se-universal-wring ngokufaka i-market. Nakuba kungekho bufakazi obuboshelwayo be-Brush, impikiswano yokuhlola iyaqhubeka impikiswano yokuzibolo.

Umjaho Wesigele Sase - Alabama Ngo - 2006

Phakathi nomjaho weSigele u-Alabama ’ ka-2006 phakathi kuka Jeff Sessions noDoug Jones, uphenyo lwasakazwa ukuthi uJones wayehlangene ngokungeyikho nezenzo zobugebengu. Abasemuva babuzwa ukuthi babezosekela uJones yini uma bazi ukuthi wayehlangene ne-“ ehlangene ne-” ebekwe amacebo angekho emthethweni. Imibuzo yahloselwe ukusungula ukungaqoqi ukwaziswa kodwa ukusakaza ukusola esifundazweni lapho ukuthembana kwabahloli kwakuse kulula khona. Umkhankaso wakwaJones wagxeka obala izingcingo, futhi wahlola izimali zeqembu langaphandle nezibo zombuso zeRepublican. Impikiswano yaqokomisa indlela ukuphehla kwemibuzo engasiza ngayo izinkathazo zendawo futhi yalulaza abafo abangena izimali ukuba balwe ngokushesha.

Umjaho Wokuthutha Izidumbu WaseCalifornia Ngo - 2010

Ku-California &’ ngo-2010 umjaho wobubhishobhi phakathi kukaJerry Brown noMeg Whitman, abavoti bathola izingcingo eziphoqelelwe ezibonisa ukuthi uBrown useke wasekela izimiso ezizobhuntshisa i-’ uhlela futhi uphakamise izintela emabhizinisini amancane. Izingcingo azizange zisho ngokuqondile ukuthi lezi zikhundla zivela kuBrown kodwa zasebenzisa ulimi olunjengo- &ldequo; ungaba mancane kakhulu ukuba uvote ummeli osekela intela ngesikhathi sokuntengantenga? i-” i-” i-backyt ayizange ibone ukuthi i-Brown ingumsizi wenhlangano i-” ukuvumela iqembu elisekelayo ukuba lisakaze imibono ephambene ngaphandle kokusho amanga. I-California Proccissics Coms Commis, kodwa ayitholanga ngenxa yesizathu sokuzibo.

Ukukhethwa Komongameli Ngo - 2012

Umjaho wobumongameli ka-2012 phakathi kukaBarack Obama noMitt Romney wabheka ukuhlola okuphoqelele ukuhlasela nhlangothi zombili. Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo esihilela izingcingo ezisezifundeni sithi uRomney wayeye washiya imisebenzi yaseMelika ngenkathi eseBainpital, isho ukuthi yena ngokwakhe wathumela imisebenzi phesheya. Izingcingo ezisetshenziswayo njenge “ usekela inzuzo esuka ekuthumeleni imisebenzi eChina? i-&rquo; ngaphandle kokuphawula ukuthi i-Bain Capital ’ izimali zaziyimicilo esemthethweni eyimfihlo esemthethweni. Ngokufanayo, i-prom-Rom-sney yasikisela ukuthi i-Odid neMedicaneare, izibalo ezihlaneke ngokunyakazayo zihoxa ngo-20127 ukuze kuqondiswe i-Genel Commest Com ye-FofficPreation, nakuba i-Freadeccom evicel Implet.

Imibuso Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi Ka - 2020

Phakathi nonyaka ka-2020 weDemocratic, kwasetshenziswa ukuphenya okuphoqelelweyo ukuze kuhloselwe uBernie Sanders no-Elizabeth Warren. Abaqondisi bezifundazwe eziyinhloko bathola izingcingo ezibuza ukuthi bangamsekela yini umshalo-mshuwalense wempilo ozimele ofuna ukuqeda umshuwalense wezezompilo, baphakamise intela esigabeni esiphakathi, noma badensise amaphoyisa. Lemibuzo yayiklanyelwe ukuhloba abafunisi bobukhoma bodwa nezikhundla eziphezulu ezingabonisi ngokugcwele amakomiti abo ezombangazwe kanye nama-democractic amaqembu aphakathi, abangela izingxabano zeqembu lezempi. Isenzakalo sabonisa ukuthi ukusunduza akugcini okhetho noma eqenjini eyodwa ye- — bayithuluzi elihambayo lezombangazwe.

Okwenza Kube Nzima Ukusakaza Izinkolelo - ze

Naphezu kokulahlwa okusakazekile, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwayo kuyaqhubeka kulawulwa kakhulu e - United States.

Izivikelo Zokukhuluma Ezikhululekile

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo yezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nenkulumo ekhohlisayo noma ephambene. Izinkantolo bezinqikaza ukuvimbela ukuphenywa kwezicelo ngenxa yokuthi zingaphansi kwesigaba somkhankaso wokukhomba, ngisho nalapho ukukhohlisa kukhohlisa. INkantolo Ephakeme ilokhu ikholelwa njalo ukuthi inkulumo yezombangazwe engamanga ivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba ihlangabezana nezimiso eziqondile zokuhlambalaza noma ukukhohlisa. Lokhu cishe akunakwenzeka ukuvimbela ukuphehla izicelo ngokuqondile.

Ukuntuleka Kwencazelo Ecacile Yezomthetho

Imithetho kahulumeni iyahlukahluka kakhulu endleleni echaza ngayo ukuhlolwa okuphoqelelwe. Ezinye izigodlo zifuna ukuba abashayeli baphawule ukuthi ubani okhokhela ukuhlola, kodwa ukuphoqelela kubuthakathaka. Abaningi abasebenzisa izinhloli basebenzisa amarobhothi noma abathengisi bengxenye yesithathu okunzima ukuwalandela. Ngisho noma umthombo uthola, umthwalo wobufakazi uphakeme: isisulu kumelwe sibonise ukuthi ukuphenya kwakwenziwa ngenjongo yokukhomba kunokuba kuqoqe imibono eqotho. Lena indinganiso enzima ukuhlangabezana enkantolo.

Ukunakekela Okulinganiselwe

I-Federal Evotion Commission iphethe izimali zomkhankaso kodwa ayikwenzi phezu kwenkulumo yezombangazwe. I-Federal Communications Commission ilawula izimemezelo zezentengiselwano nezokuthengisa ngocingo kodwa ikhulula izingcingo zezombangazwe ezivela emingceleni eminingi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuphenya kuncintiswa izibalo kuncishiswa ukudilika kwemithetho kahulumeni. I-Federal Trade Commission, amaphoyisa akhohlisayo ezentellics, awanagunyaza ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe.

Ukwanda Kwezinhlansi Zokusebenza Ngemishini

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuphoqelela ukuhlohlwa kuye kwasuka kuyi-inthanethi. Izikhangiso zezokuxhumana, imiyalezo, nemikhankaso ye-imeyili manje zisebenzisa amaqhinga aphambili afanayo njengezingcingo zocingo. Lezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe kunzima kakhulu ukuzilawula ngoba zingasetshenziswa ngokusetshenziswa kwemicro-microscove, zisakazeke ngokushesha ngokuhlanganyela, futhi ngokuvamile azikwaziwa noma ziqanjwe. Ama-Reguli ayakwazi ukufinyelela kulomkhakha, ashiya abavoti bechayeke ezindleleni ezintsha zokusebenzisa ama-athori.

Ithonya Elingokwengqondo Ezintanjeni

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kuyaphumelela ngoba kusebenzisa ubandlululo lokuqonda olugxile kakhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo zomuntu. Ukuqonda lezinqubo ezingokwengqondo kungasiza abavoti ukuba baqaphele lapho besetshenziswa kabi.

Umphumela Walokho Okuvezwayo

Uma umvoti ezwa ukusho okungamanga izikhathi eziningi, ngisho nasemongweni wokuhlola, ukuphindaphinda kwenza ukusho kubonakale kujwayelekile futhi kuthembeke kakhulu. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ithonya lokudalula nje. Ukuhlola okuphoqelelweyo okuphinda amazwi aphambene ngomvoti, ngisho nangendlela ecatshangelwayo, kungenza lokho kugomela kubonakale njengolwazi oluvamile lapho uqeda ukubiza.

Umphumela Weqiniso Eliwukukhohlisa

Okuhlobene eduze neqiniso elikhohlisayo: Abantu bathambekele kakhulu ekukholelweni ukuthi amazwi athile ayiqiniso uma beke bawathola ngaphambili, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi anembile ngempela. Ukuphenya kokuphoqa kusebenzisa lokhu ngokusho okungamanga noma okudukisayo emibuzweni, ngakho umvoti uhlela ukwaziswa njengeqiniso ngaphambi kokuba abe nethuba lokukuhlaziya ngokuhlukumeza.

Impicabadala

Abantu bahlolwa ukuba banake kakhulu ukwaziswa okuphambene kunokwaziswa okuqondile. Inhlolo - vo ecindezelayo ephakamisa ukungabaza ngomuntu ozothatha i-’ ubuqotho, impilo, noma ukushisekela izwe ingashiya umbono ongapheli omelana nokulungisa. Ngisho noma kamuva umvoti efunda ukuthi lokho akunaphutha, ukusabela kokuqala okungokomzwelo kungaphikelela, kugqamise umbono wabo wonke ngomuntu ozongenela.

Ukuphotha Nokuqinisa

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuxhomeke ekubhaleni: indlela umbuzo obuzwa ngayo ukwakheka kwendlela acabanga ngayo umthathi mpendulo ngalendaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubuza nge- “ ukunikeza usizo lwetekisi i-” intela yamafelemu njengomthwalo, kuyilapho ubuza nge “ ukutshala i-propublic insholost ” i-proftware ezihlelayo ngokunenzuzo. Imibuzo yokuhlola ihlelwa ngokucophelela ukuze iqondise abavoti esiphethweni esifiselekayo, futhi i-framing ingamisa izingxoxo nezihloko ezilandelayo.

Indlela Yokuthola Impova Ecindezelayo

Abaqondisi bezincwadi abafuna ukuzivikela ekuhlinzweni kwemishini yokuhlola bangafuna amafulege abomvu amaningana.

  • [ Oshayela ucingo akanakwazi noma ngeke akwazi ukuchaza inhlangano exhasayo. Abafuni be-agictite abahlala bembula ukuthi ubani okhokhela ukuhlolwa. Uma ucingo lungacacile noma lwenqaba ukuthi, cishe luyinhlolo yokucindezela.
  • [ Imibuzo iholela noma ithathe ukwaziswa okungakhi. Uma ucelwa ukuba uphendule ekusho okungakaze uzwe ngaphambili, ikakhulukazi okuthile okungakhi ngomcela, ucingo cishe luyinhlolo yokucindezela.
  • Ucingo lumfushane kakhulu. Izinqumo eziningi ezisunduzayo zithatha imizuzu embalwa nje, isikhathi eside ngokwaneleyo ukutshala imibono embalwa ephambene. Ukuhlola kwangempela kuthatha imizuzu eyishumi kuya kwengu-20 ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okwanele.
  • Isibonelo sizwa sengathi asikho ngokommeleli. Uma uthola ukuhlola kwezombangazwe okungabuzi imibuzo eyisisekelo yenani labantu njengobudala, iholo, noma ukuhlangana neqembu, cishe akuwona umzamo wokuhlola ongathi sína.
  • Ucingo lusebenzisa ulimi olungokomzwelo. Amagama anjenge “corrupt, ” “ i-demoribitic, “ “ addical, ” noma “un-Melika &” iyaziwa kakhulu ekucindezeleni imibhalo yokuhlola. Ulimi lwe-netaral luyisibonakaliso sokuhlola kochwepheshe.
  • Izingcingo enizifunayo ngokukhethekile. Ukuvota kokusunduza kuvame ukugxila kubavoti abahamba phambili ezifundeni zokuncintisana. Uma uhlala endaweni yempi, cishe uthola lezi zingcingo.

Uma usola ukuthi uthole inhlolo ephoqelelwe, ungabika ucingo kuhulumeni wakho i’ ikhomishane yokukhetha noma i-Federal Communications Commission. Nakuba i-Federal Communications Commission ilinganiselwe, imibiko ingasiza ekuboneni izindlela futhi yakhe izigebengu ezimelene nezenzo eziphindaphindiwe.

Ukucabangela Okungokwesayensi Nemizamo Yenguquko

Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuhlola eziphoqelelayo kuphakamisa imibuzo ejulile ngokuphathelene nesimo sokuthonya kwezombangazwe nemingcele yomkhankaso owamukelekayo.

Impikiswano Ngokumelene Nokuvinjelwa

Abanye ochwepheshe bezombangazwe bavikela ukuphenya okuphoqelelayo njengohlobo lwe- “ ukucwaninga okupholileyo i-” baxhumana ngokuqondile nabavoti. Baphikisa ngokuthi abavoti bayakwazi ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa ngokugxeka nokuthi ukuvinjelwa kokuphoqa ukuphenya kungaphazamisa ukukhulumela. Lombono uveza ukuthi izimemezelo zemibono, hhayi imithetho kahulumeni, kufanele zinqume ukuthi yiziphi izigijimi zezombangazwe ezizuzayo.

Impikiswano Yokubuyiselwa

Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukuphenya okuphoqelelwayo kuhluke kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwezentengiselwano ngenxa yokuthi kufihlekile njengokungathathi hlangothi. Uma umvoti ekholelwa ukuthi uhlanganyela ekuhloleni, abaqaphi ukunxenxa, benza ukukhohlisa kube okulimazayo okuyingqayizivele. Abasekeli be-Regupective basikisela ukuba abashayeli bashaye izicelo bashaye umthetho, ekuqaleni kobizo, ukuthi injongo ithonya imibono, hhayi ukuqoqa ukwaziswa. Basekela futhi ukugcinwa okuqinile kwemithetho yokuchaza nokuphenya okunempamba ngonya kakhulu okwenziwa abameli bezwe.

Ukuzifushanisa kwezezimboni

Izinhlangano eziningana zokuhlola ezingochwepheshe, kuhlanganise ne-American Association for Public Opinion Research, ziye zakhipha iziqondiso ezilahla ukuhlolwa kwemibono. Lezi ziqondiso zikhuthaza ukuba sobala, ukubuza imibuzo engathathi hlangothi, nokuveza ukuxhasa ngemali. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi akukho gunya eliyinhloko eliphoqelela lezindinganiso, ukuvuma kungokokuzithandela, futhi amaqembu angenela ekufuneni ukuphenya akuvamile ukuba amalungu alezi zinhlangano. Ukuzilawula ngokwawo akuphumeleli ekunciphiseni lomkhuba.

Imizamo Yezinguquko Engasetshenziswa Uhulumeni

Izifundazwe ezimbalwa ziye zamisa imithetho ephoqelela abashayeli bezicelo ukuba babone inhlangano ekhokhela ucingo futhi isho ukuthi ucingo alukona ukuhlolwa kombono oqotho. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia idinga ukudalulwa kwemithombo yezimali yokuthengisa nge-tem-mailing[, nakuba ukuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho kulokhu kulokhu kuphikisana. Amanye amazwe, njengaseOhio naseFlorida, aye azama ukuchaza ukuphoqelela ukuncintiswa kwemibhiso engokomthetho futhi afake izinkokhiso zezelo ezingekho sisekelo sezekeli zesivikelo sezezombangazwe kodwa awasithathe indawo yezindinganiso zikahulumeni ezibanzi.

Ikusasa Lezinhlansi Zokuthutha Ezingamananini

Njengoba ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe kuhamba kuyi-inthanethi, ukubhebhethekisa kudinga ukudluliswa. Iziteshi zezokuxhumana manje ziqukethe i- “ i-survey ” izikhangiso ezibuza imibuzo eholayo eklanyelwe ukuthonya imibono kunokuba ilinganise. Imikhankaso yemiyalezo yemiyalezo isebenzisa amasu afanayo, ngokuvamile nama-webhusayithi aqoqa ukwaziswa komsebenzisi kuyilapho esakaza ukwaziswa okubi. Ukufinyela nokufinyelela kuma-teshidi emishini yezokuxhumana kwenza ukuba kukhange ngisho nangokwengeziwe ukuphenyanisa kunokuba kwakunjalo ngocingo.

Ukusingatha lenselele kuzodinga indlela eqondiswe kabanzi. Izindlela zokuveza ukukhanya zingathuthukisa ngokufuna abakhangisi bezombangazwe ukuba bembule imali yabo nenhloso. Abacwaningi bangasungula amathuluzi okubona imikhankaso yokuhlola ehlangene esekelwe ekufanekeni kwemiyalezo nasemiklamweni yokuyihlasela. Othisha bangafundisa amakhono okufunda asiza abavoti ukuba baqaphele imizamo yokuziphambanisa. Ukuzilungisa kungagcina kufinyelele, kodwa okwamanje, ukuqashelwa komphakathi kuyaqhubeka kuyisivikelo esiphumelela kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa kumelela elinye lamasu akhathaza kakhulu ekukhankasweni kwezombangazwe kwanamuhla. Ngokususa ukuxhaphaza ekucwaningeni, baxhaphaza abavoti u-’ bathemba ukuphenya nokululaza ubuqotho benkulumo yeningi. Ukuhlolwa kwendaba kusukela ngo 2000 kuya ku-2020 kubonisa ukuthi ukuphoqelela ukuphenya kuyisenzakalo esiphikelelayo, esimelene nomthetho olula. Ithonya labo elingokwengqondo lingokoqobo, futhi amandla abo okuguqula ukhetho oluseduze akumelwe athathwe kalula.

Kuvoti, ukuzivikela okungcono kakhulu ukuqaphela. Ukuqonda ukuthi ikuphi ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe, ukuqaphela izimpawu zesixwayiso, nokwenqaba ukuhlanganyela ngezingcingo ezikhohlisayo kunganciphisa ukuphumelela kwabo. Kubenzi bezimiso, inselele iwukulinganisela isivikelo sokukhuluma ne-’ ilungele ukwaziswa okuthembekile. Njengoba izindlela zobuchwepheshe ziqhubeka ziguqula, isidingo sezindinganiso ezicacile zezindinganiso zokuziphatha nemithetho egcinwayo siyokhula. Okwamanje, isakhamuzi ngasinye esinolwazi esingabona ipendwa futhi sibize ukupheka kusiza ekuvikeleni izinqubo zentando yeningi kulabo abangazilawula.