Izimiso zakha isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi ngokunikeza izakhamuzi indlela ehlelwe kahle yokuthonya ukuhola kwazo nesiqondiso sesimiso. Ziyinqubo eyinhloko abantu abaveza ngayo ingqikithi yabo, bakhetha abameleli abakha imithetho futhi benze izinqumo ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngaphandle kokhetho olukhululekile nolungakho, isimiso esiyisisekelo sobukhosi obuthandwayo siba yisithakathi kunokuba sisebenze. Lenqubo iguqula lokho okuthandwa yibo bonke, iqondise ukulawulwa kwemiphakathi, izifunda, izifunda, izizwe, nezizwe. Ukuqonda indlela ukhetho olusebenza ngayo, intuthuko yabo engokomlando, nezinselele ababhekenezomuntu ohilelekile noma owezombangazwe.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhetha Intando Yeningi

Imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi esekela impilo yentando yeningi. Ngaphandle nje kokukhetha abaholi, baphoqelela ukulandisa nokuthatha icala ngokusemthethweni kuyilapho bekhuthaza ukuhileleka komphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zivota, azigcini ngokukhetha abazobhapathizwa kodwa futhi zinikeza uphawu lokuvunyelwa noma ukulahlwa kwezimiso zesikhathi esidlule nokusebenza.

Ukuveza kuyinzuzo yetshe lembombo. Ngokufaka amabhola, abavoti baqinisekisa ukuthi imibono ehlukene yezenhlalo, yezomnotho, neyomphakathi ikhona ezimisweni zemithetho nasezikhungweni eziphethe. I-demokrati emelela incike kukhetho ukuze ibonise inani labantu nezithakazelo zabo. Nokho, izinselele ezifana nokuvota okuphansi noma ukuvota kungaguqula lomfanekiso, kwenze ukuklanywa kwe-cololololo kube okubalulekile.

Ubufakazi bufuna izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba ziphendule labo abazikhethayo. Amabutho okhetho amasha amelela ukuthethelela izinqumo zawo nezithembiso zomkhankaso. Lokhu kulandisa kukhuthaza ukuba sobala nokusabela, njengoba abaqondisi bazi ukuthi bayobhekana nokwahlulela enqubweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhluleka ukuxazulula izindaba ezicindezelayo ezinjengokungalingani kwezomnotho noma ukubola kwezakhi kungaholela ekubhujisweni okungcono.

Igunya lobufundisi linikezwa lapho ohulumeni bethola igunya labo ngokuvuma kwababuswayo, njengoba kuboniswa ngokhetho. Imiphumela yokhetho eqashelwayo emhlabeni wonke inikeza ohulumeni ilungelo lokusebenzisa amandla nokungena ezivumelwaneni noma ezivumelwaneni. Ngokuphambene, ukukhetha okuphikiswayo kungaphazamisa izizwe futhi kuqede ukuthemba ezinhlanganweni. Ukhetho lwe-Legitimate lubonakala ngezindawo ezingakhethi, ukuthatha uhlangothi olubanzi, nokwamukela imiphumela yabo bonke abagcini bezigebengu ezinkulu.

I-Public Increction idlulela ngalé kosuku lokuvota. Ukhetho lukhuthaza izakhamuzi, luphehla izingxoxo ngezindaba, abafuna ukubhapathizwa, nezimiso ezingekho. Lo msebenzi womphakathi wakha ukuqapha kwezombangazwe futhi ukhuthaza ukunikela, noma ukujoyina amaqembu ombuso wezentando yeningi. Amazwe ahlanganyela kakhulu ekuvoti athambekele ekubeni namasiko ombuso wentando yeningi oqinile.

Ukuqhumisa I - voter Turtout

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, izikhundla zovota ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Izimvume zokuthuthukisa ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota ngeposi, nemikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, okhetho emazweni amaningi aseYurophu baphumelela ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yokubekwa ngokulinganayo nokuvota ngezimpelasonto. Ukukhuluma ngemingcele njengokubhaliswa kwezinsuku zokubhaliswa noma ukuntuleka kwezithuthi kungathinta ngokuphawulekayo ukuthembisana kwentando yeningi.

Izinhlobo Zokukhetha

Izimiso zentando yeningi zisebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha, ngayinye ivumelana nezidingo ezikhethekile zokubusa. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kucacisa indlela okhetho oluhlukile olunengxenye ngayo ekulolongeni isimiso nokumelelwa.

Ukukhetha Okuvamile

Lezi yizinto ezivame kakhulu, ezihlolwa ukugcwalisa amahhovisi emazingeni kahulumeni, ezwe, nasezindaweni. Ezimisweni zikamongameli, okhetho oluvamile lukhetha umphathi omkhulu, kuyilapho izimiso zephalamende zikhetha abenzi bomthetho abakha uhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukhetho oluvamile lwase-U.S. njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine lukhetha uMongameli, iNdlu yabameleli, nengxenye eyodwa yesithathu yeSigele, kuyilapho i-Brazil ikhetha uMongameli, i-Congress, kanye nababusi kanye.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko

Izikhulu zezezimali zinquma ukuthi obani abazomelela iqembu lezombangazwe kukhetho oluvamile. Bangavuleka (abavoli bangakhetha iqembu elilodwa eliyinhloko kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lingowaphi) noma bavimbele (amalungu abhaliwe kuphela). Izenzo zobugebengu zibalulekile emadanwini okuhluza futhi ngokuvamile zembula ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iziteshi zamuva zase-U.S. ziye zabona inselele eqhubekayo kwabafuna ukubhapathizwa emapulatifomu, ukuthatha iziteshi zeqembu.

Ukukhetha Okukhethekile

Kubizwa ukuba kugcwale izikhala ezingalindelekile (isib., ukuyeka noma ukufa komphathi) noma ukuvota ezinyathelweni ezithile ezinjengezindaba zesibopho sendawo noma imizamo yokukhumbula. Ngokuvamile ukhetho olukhethekile lunendawo ephansi kodwa lunganquma. Ukhetho olukhethekile lwango-2017 lwesihlalo seSigele sase-Alabama (umz., ukuphuma kwehhovisi noma ukufa komphathi) lwase-Riphabliki.

Ama - referendem Nezinyathelo Zokuqalisa

Lezi zivumela ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile sentando yeningi, nabavoti banqume ngemithetho, ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, noma imibuzo yenkambiso. Ama-referendendium angaba yisiphakamiso noma isibopho. ISwitzerland ivame ukusebenzisa ama-apendium ezimpikiswaneni kusukela ekuthuthweni kwabantu ukuya enkokhisweni yentela. Nakuba izakhamuzi ezinamandla, ama-parenteum angahlela kakhulu izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi athonywe yimikhankaso ethuthukile.

Inqubo Ye - eector

Ukhetho olunokwethenjelwa lulandela ukulandelana okuhleliwe kusukela esimemezelweni kuya esivumelweni. isigaba ngasinye sidinga ukuqondisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kulungile futhi kuqotho.

Ukubhalisa ngevoter

Izakhamuzi ezikwaziyo ukubhalisa ngaphambi kokuvota, ngokuvamile ezifuna ubufakazi bokuhlala nokukhula. Izimiso ziyahlukahluka: amanye amazwe abhalisa ngokuzenzekelayo emithola-zincwadi kahulumeni, kuyilapho amanye edinga izinyathelo ezithathayo. Ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, njengoba kusetshenziswa eSweden, kwandisa kakhulu ukuvota. Izwe elifana ne-Oregon liye lathatha ukubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo okuhlangene nelayisense yomshayeli.

Ukukhankasela Nemfundo Yezolishi

Izimiso zezezimali zenkampano ziyahluka, amanye amazwe abeka imingcele nokusebenzisa imali yomphakathi ukuze ahlele inkundla yokudlala. Izinhlelo zemfundo ezivela emaqenjini angewona amapartis zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izinyathelo zokufuna ukubhalisa, zinciphise ukudideka noma ukuxhaphaza.

Izindlela Zokusakaza

Kunosiko kunamavoti amaphepha avamile, kodwa imishini yokuvota, amavota angekho, nokuvota ngeposi kwamukelwa kakhulu ngenxa yezinkinga zosizo nokuphepha. Ukhetho lwango-2020 eU.S. lwathatha umlando wokusetshenziswa kweposi-inbolottes phakathi kobhadane. Indlela ngayinye idinga ukulondeka okuqinile: imikhondo yephepha yokuqinisekisa, izinqubo zekheli elingekho emakethe, kanye nokungalondeki kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe. I-Estoni inikeza ukuvota nge-electronic meote ngokuqinisekisa nge-teography, ukulinganisela ukutholakala nokukhomba.

Ukubala Nezatifiketi

Ngemva kokuvala iziteshi zokuhlola, amabhola abalwa cishe ngemishini. Izingqapheli ezivela emikhankasweni, ezizisebenzelayo, nakumisebenzi yomhlaba wonke ziqondisa le nqubo. Imiphumela idluliselwa egunyeni eliphakathi (njengekhomishane yesizwe yokukhetha) ebangela imiphumela ngemva kokuhlola amasampula angenawo. Ama-dispancici angabangela ukulandisa noma izinselele ezingokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlanga eziseduze eFlorida phakathi no- 2000.S. umongameli wokuvota wabangela isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yesizwe futhi waqokomisa ukubaluleka komklamo we-bhola eqondile.

Izinselele Zobuqotho Obuphelele

Nakuba kubalulekile, okhetho lubhekene nezinsongo ezingase zibangele ukuba bangathenjwa.

Ukucindezelwa Kwegesi

Umkhuba ovimbela abavoti abafanelekayo ekuhlanganyeleni, njengemithetho ye-ID eqinile, ukulinganisela izindawo zokuvota ezindaweni ezimbalwa, ukukhipha amavota amabhuloho, noma ukunciphisa amahora okuvota angaphambili kuye kwathinta imiphakathi encishiswe kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi izifunda eziyi-13 zamisa imithetho yokuvota evimbelayo ngemva kuka-201818, zithinta ukuthatha izithuba phakathi kwabafundi kanye nenani eliphansi labantu abahlawulwayo. Imizamo yokulungisa igxile ekunyuseni kokufinyelela endaweni ekwandisweni kunokuba inciphise.

Gerrymandering

Ukuthatha imingcele yesifunda ukuze uthande iqembu lezombangazwe noma i-compantism kululaza ukhetho lokuncintisana. Ngokufaka abavoti abaphikisayo ezifundeni ezimbalwa noma ngokuzisakaza ngokungenabulungisa, kuncishiswa. Amakhomishane okulungisa azimele, njengalawo aseCalifornia nase Arizona, azimisele ukulinganisela ithonya labashokobezi, nakuba ukuthatha i-ligation kusaqhubeka. Izimo zezibalo manje zilinganisela igeomente, njengegebe elisebenza kahle elisetshenziswa enkantolo.

Ukukhohlisa Ngokukhetha

Nakuba kungavamile embusweni wentando yeningi omisiwe, ukukhwabanisa njengokuvota kabili noma ukuguqula ibhola kungaqeda ithemba. I-Robustt state shodar ````i-open'', i-octive, i-pager queste, i-pager trap', izingozi zokugcinwa kwephepha(--minuting). Nokho, izinsolo ezingasekelwe zingenza ukungethembisi okungakholeki, njengoba kubonakala kungokomuva kuka-20-20 U.Umhleli ozimele uqinisekisa ukulondeka kokhetho kodwa uthola izinselele zomphakathi.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ulwazi olungamanga noma oludukisayo, olusakazwa ngemithombo yezokuxhumana nezindawo zokuxhumana, lungadida abavoti ngezinqubo, abafuna ukubhapathizwa, noma izimpikiswano. Ngokwesibonelo, iziphakamiso zamagciwane ezithi zifakwe kumaphepha-posi azilungile noma azinakho ukusungula izinsuku zokuvota. Izilinganiso zihlanganisa ukulinganisela kwe-tektroniki, imikhankaso yangaphambi kokudlondlobala, nemfundo yokufunda. Ohulumeni nomphakathi manje usebenza izisekelo zokuhlola amaqiniso awenziwa ngokukhetha ezinsusela phambili.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekukhetheni

Ubuchwepheshe buye baphinde bubonise indlela okhetho abasetshenziswa ngayo futhi buphakamise amathuba amasha kanye nezingozi. Ukulinganisela ukusungulwa kwezinto nokulondeka kuyinselele engapheli.

Imishini Ye - electronic (EVM)

I-EVM ishesha ukubala futhi inciphise iphutha lomuntu, kodwa i-software yayo efiphele ingaphakamisa ukukhathazeka kokuphepha. Izimiso eziqondiswe ngqo ze-electronic (DRE) ngaphandle kwama-lisithi ephepha zenza ukuba ama-pager angakwazi ukuphengulula; ngakho, imikhondo egunyaziwe yokuhlola iphepha igunyazwe kakhulu. Izimiso ze-Barcode zincintiwe ezinkantolo. Ama-EVM, asetshenziswa izigidi zabavoti, ahlanganisa abanyathelisi bephepha ukuze baqinisekiswe.

Ukubhikisha Nge - Internet Nemithombo Yezindaba Yomphakathi

Izakhiwo ezifana ne-Facebook kanye no-X zivumela abavoti ukuba bafinyelele abavoti ngokushibhile, i-micro ifakwa ngokusekelwe kumniningo we-analytics. Nokho, lokhu kungandisa amagumbi okunanela futhi kusakaze amanga. Izikhangiso zezombangazwe ezingagunyazi kakhulu kwamanye amazwe zingabalula ukuhlanganisa indawo. Imithetho yokubonisa gcagcaba, njengaleyo ese-Europe’s Digital Services Act, idinga imitapo nemininingwane.

Isayensi Yokuzwana

Izinhlangano zisebenzisa izisekelo zokuvota ukuze zibonise izintando nokufuna ukuthunyelwa, zikwazi ukufinyelela izilinganiso ezifanele. Nakuba kuphumelela, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okuyimfihlo lapho ukwaziswa kulahlwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Ihlazo leCambridge Analytica laqokomisa izingozi, likhuthaza imithetho yokuvikela imininingwane eqinile njenge GDPR. Ukusetshenziswa kokwaziswa okungokwesayensi kudinga ukuvuma kolwazi nokucacisa ukuthi ulwazi lomuntu siqu lusetshenziswa kanjani.

Ukusakaza okukude

Iposi ne-inthanethi yokuvota kuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwe-authom uma ukhubazekile, uphesheya, noma uma uvota basemaphandleni. Nokho, ukuvota kuyi-inthanethi kulokhu kuphikisana ngenxa yosongo oluyi-inthanethi-yokungatholi zincwadi, ukugoqopha, ukugodlela izisebenzi, noma ukuvota i-offrates. I-Estonia kuphela enikeza ukuvota ngolwe-inthaneti ngokhuseleko oluvivinyiwe; izizwe eziningi zinamathela ekusebenziseni izinselele zeposi ngenxa yezinselele. Ukusayinwa kwe-igea kanye nezinsika-bhuleki kuhlolwe kakhulu kodwa akusungulwanga.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Umqondo wokhetho uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela endulo kuya ezimisweni zentando yeningi zanamuhla. I-Athene yasendulo yasebenzisa imidlalo yokubheja kanye nokuhlangana komkhandlu kunokuba imelelwe ukhetho. Ukhetho lokuqala lwanamuhla lwavela eNgilandi ngenkathi ephakathi, kodwa lwamadoda afaka indawo kuphela. Ukwanda kwezindawo zokuvota. Abesifazane, izakhamuzi ezimbalwa zezinhlanga, kanye nezingafanelekile kancane kancane kancane ngenxa yezimpi ezinjengenhlanganweni zabesifazane nemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 ka-U.S. Imithetho yokukhomba amacala esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni, kodwa izinqumo zenkantolo ezalandela zaguqula ukufinyelela kwayo.

Izwe lonke, amagagasi okuhlelwa kwedemokrasi ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 asakaza izimiso zokhetho eziya ezindaweni zangemva kwekoloni nasemazweni angemva kwe-communist. Amaningi asebenzisa ukumelelwa ngokwezilinganiso ukuze abonise imiphakathi eminingi. Namuhla, izimiso zokukhetha ziyaqhubeka zivumelanisa, zihlanganisa izinyathelo ezifana nokuvota okulinganiselwe e-Australia nasedolobheni laseMineapolis ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zikhona ngokunxusa okukhulu.

Ukuqhathanisa Izimiso Zomzimba Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukungafani kwezindlela zokuvota nomklamo wesifunda kuveza imiphumela nezinga lokunganaki elihlukahlukene.

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Isetshenziswa e-UK, eCanada, eNdiya, nase-U.S., i-FPP yenza izifunda eziyingxenye eyodwa lapho umvoti othatha ivoti enqoba khona/nanoma ingaphansi kweningi. Ivame ukuveza izinhlelo ezithatha izingxenye ezimbili futhi ingashiya izigidi zamavoti angakhonjwa. Ukhetho lwe-Rapid lungenzeka, kodwa ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwesigaba sesithathu nesigaba esiphansi.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izimiso zePR zabela izihlalo ezisekelwe ekuvoteni ezihlanganyela ekusebenziseni izinhlu zeqembu noma izimo ezixubene. Amazwe anjenge-Jalimane, iNew Zealand, neSweden asebenzisa i-PR ukuze afinyelele izinhlobonhlobo zephalamende kanye nokumelelwa kwamaqoqo amancane. Ohulumeni be-Coliation bavamile, bafuna ukwakhiwa kwesivumelwano. Abagxeki i-PR bangaholela kohulumeni abaguquguqukayo ngokuhlukana.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV)

Abavotesi banezikhundla eziphambili ngokulandelana kwentando. Uma kungekho muntu othola iningi, ophansi kakhulu oncintiswayo ususwa futhi aphinde akhethwe kuze kuvele umnqobi. I-RCV ikhuthaza umkhankaso oqondile futhi inciphise amavoti alahlwayo. Isetshenziswa e-Ireland, e-Australia, nasemadolobheni amaningana ase-U. RCV futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukukhetha i-offrector enziwayo enziwayo.

Izimiso Ezixubile

Amazwe amaningi axuba i-FPTP ne PR, njengokhetho olufanayo lwaseJapane noma uhlelo lwePhalamende laseScotland. Lemiklamo exubile izama ukuhlanganisa ukumelelwa kwendawo nemiphumela elinganayo. Ubunkimbinkimbi bayo bungadida abavoti, kodwa ngokuvamile iveza izishaya-mthetho ezilinganisela kakhulu.

Isiphetho: Ikusasa Lokukhetha Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Izinqubo zobuphekula kumelwe ziqhubeke zivumelanisa nezinselele zezindawo kanye nezinguquko zezezesayensi. Imizamo yokuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwevoti ngobuchwepheshe obuhambayo noma ukuphuma kwayo kuyondisa ukungenela, uma kunikezwa izindinganiso zokuvikela isilinganiso esiphambili. Izindlela ezintsha zentando yeningi ezilula, njengemihlangano, zinganezela ukhetho lwesiko lwezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukulwela ukunqanda ukuncintisana nokungangeni ulwazi lwe-interation kudinga ukugcinwa kwemfundo esemthethweni eqhubekayo ekwazini ukufunda i-agnodetic nokukhanya okungahleliwe-algority. Njengoba i-acifectracyracy isongela ukuthembeka kokhetho lwezizwe zonke, ukuqaphela i-democrality nezivumelwano zentando yeningi kuyadingeka kakhulu ekulungiseni inguquko, ukuqaphana kwezakhamuzi, ukuqapha, nokuzibopha okuhambisana nesibopho sokumelela okulungile. ivota isakhiwo ngasinye singesona seqembu le-yonke.