Isisekelo Sobubusi BaseMelika

Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela awuyona nje isayensi yezombangazwe ecatshangelwayo eyakhiwa; iyi-DNA yentando yeningi yaseMelika esebenzayo. Ifakwe eMthethweni womthetho, lesimiso saklanywa oFata abasunguliweyo ukuze bavimbele noma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni elilodwa ekuqoqeni amandla adlulele. Inqubo eyisisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukuqondisa, namagatsha okwahlulela ngalinye kubaluleke kakhulu ngamanye angakwazi ukuvimbela izenzo zabanye abantu. Lesimiso sibonakala kakhulu enqubweni yomthetho, lapho indalo yomthetho kahulumeni idinga khona i-Profektha ebucayi phakathi kwalashathathu elilinganayo. Ukuqonda indlela ukuhlola nokulinganiswa komthetho kubaluleke ngayo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda amaqiniso asebenzayo okwenza inqubo eUnited States. Lesimiso sokuzimisela ukulandisa, futhi ekugcineni siveza imithetho ephakeme kakhulu kunaleyo engenziwa ngaphansi kwegunya elikhulu. Umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owenziwayo, uyaqhubeka ukuvikela isilinganiso esiwusizo.

Izinsika Ezintathu Zamandla: Ukuhlola Okunemininingwane

Uhulumeni kahulumeni waseU.S. uhlukene phakathi ube amagatsha amathathu ahlukene kodwa ancikene nawo.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Izwi Labantu

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo simisa igatsha lemithetho ``iSishaya-mthetho''.) i-badamaral, ehlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Indlu, namalungu ayo angu-45 ahlukaniswa abantu, iklanyelwe ukuba isondelene nabantu, enamalungu akhonza amagama amabili eminyaka. ISishaya-mthetho, enamalungu ayikhulu (isifunda ngasinye), inikeza izimemezelo ezifanayo kuwo wonke amazwe, kanye nezingalo ezikhonza iminyaka eyisithupha. Indlu iphethe amandla ayinhloko esikhwama semali, ilawula yonke imali esetshenziswa nguhulumeni, futhi inegunya lokumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa intela, nokulawula ibhizinisi yezentengo yomthetho. Igatsha eliphethe umthetho yinjini yokwenza umthetho, kodwa amandla ayo okudala imithetho ebaluleke kakhulu kwamanye amagatsha amabili.

Igatsha Eliphethe: UMphoqeleli Womthetho

Isigaba II sezabelo zokubusa kuMongameli wase-United States. Leligatsha linomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolo. UMongameli usebenza njengoMyaleli-in-Sikhulu wamabutho ahlomile, angaxoxa ngezivumelwano (nemvume yeSishaya-mthetho), futhi amise amajaji angokomthetho nezikhulu eziphethe. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa amandla amakhulu kaMongameli, avumela umphathi ukuba alahle umthetho odluliswe yi-Congress. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli angakhipha iziyalezo zesikhulu sokuqondisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni kahulumeni, nakuba lezi zingaphansi kokubukezwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela futhi zingamiswa ngomthetho womthetho we-constala. Igatsha elikhulu lihlanganisa futhi amandla amakhulu omthetho owenzisa imithetho enikezwa nsuku zonke, ewenza umkhandiswayo wenqubo enamandla.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Umlandeli Womthetho

ISiphakamiso III simisa iNkantolo ePhakeme futhi sinika amandla okusungula izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza incazelo yemithetho, liyisebenzisa emacaleni ahlukene, futhi linqume ukuthi liyawephula yini umthetho. La mandla okwahlulela, aqashelwa kakhulu enkantolo, agunyaza ukucindezelwa kwezombangazwe futhi awavumele ukuba asebenze njengezigwegwegwe zecala . INkantolo Ephakeme ingashaya phansi kwe-ocester noma isifundazwe, inikeza i-enquisitoo yokuhlola i-gractial. Nokho, amajaji ngokwawo avikela izikhundla zawo ekuphileni, ancishiswe yinkantolo ezombangazwe futhi agunyazwe yinkantolo ebusayo, futhi ashiciswe yinkantolo egunyaza izinkantolo.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Incwadi Yokudlala Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Uhambo lwemali ukusuka embonweni ukuya emthethweni luyinqubo ende nenzima, eklanyelwe ukuhlisa ijubane lokwenza izinqumo nokuphoqa. Isigaba ngasinye sinikeza ithuba lamagatsha amathathu ukuba athonye futhi aqikelele ukuthi noma imuphi umthetho omusha ucatshangelwa ngokucophelela.

Umsuka Nesenzo Sekomiti

Iphepha lingaqala kunoma yiliphi igumbi lomthetho, ngaphandle kwentela yemali, okumelwe iqale e House of Messages. Uma seliqalisiwe, isambathiso sabelwe ikomiti efanelekayo ukuze sibukezwe. Amakomiti ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi "amahhashi" eSishayamthetho ngoba anezimemezelo, ezwa ubufakazi kochwepheshe nabagcini-mathikithi, futhi aphawule (isiphelo) isikhwama. Kulapho kulapho ikheli lokuqala elibalulekile likhona, njengoba isihlalo sekomiti singakhetha ukubulala isikhwama ngokungayiphathisi. Inqubo ivumela ukuba ihlolwe ngokukhethekile, iqinisekise ukuthi umthetho ukhona uma usebenza futhi ucabangela imiphumela.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Uma kubikwa kahle isikweleti esiphuma ekomitini, singena phansi egumbini lengxoxo nokuvota. Imithetho yempikiswano iyahluka phakathi kwendlu neSigele. Endlini, impikiswano ilinganiselwa kakhulu yiKomiti Yomthetho. ESigqeni, impikiswano ivulekile kakhulu, futhi lelicebo lapho i-genentator ingalibazisa khona ukuvota ngokukhuluma isikhathi eside ngokuvimbela inkathi. Ukuvota kwe-Roti kusetshenziswa i-3thth of the Servement (60) ukuqeda i-palbuster. Le-proccot iyi-qhinga elinamandla lapho i-pasensile ukuba ifunela iningi ukuba lisekele. Ukuvota kwe-Rovate kudinga i-offalote eyi-3 ye-octers.

Ukubuyisana Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, kumelwe udlule womabili amagumbi ngendlela efanayo. Uma iSigele sidlula inguquko ehlukile kunendlu, ikomiti yengqungquthela − ehlanganiswe amalungu asemagumbini womabili − isungulwe ukuxoxa ngokuyekethisa. Umbiko wengqungquthela owenziweyo kumelwe uvunyelwe yiyo yomibili indlu neSishaya-Nkathi ngaphandle kokulungisa. Lesi sinyathelo ngokuvamile silapho izingxoxo ezinamandla kakhulu zenzeka khona, njengoba abaholi kumelwe bavumelane nezinto eziza kuqala ezihlukene futhi bathole isisekelo esisodwa. Isidingo solimi olufanayo sivimbela noma igumbi elivela egumbini lokugcina lomthetho.

Isenzo Sobumongameli: IVeto Ne - pocket Veto

Ngemva kokuba womabili amakamu esedlulise isikweleti esifanayo, sinikezwa uMongameli. UMongameli unezindlela ezine ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. Okokuqala, uMongameli angasayina isikweleti somthetho, okuwumphumela ovame kakhulu. Okwesibili, uMongameli angakhipha isikweleti, asibuyisele eSivumelwaneni ngenkulumo ephikisayo. Lokhu kuyi ukuhlola okuqondile ngamandla omthetho. Okwesithathu, uma uMongameli engenzi lutho phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi (ngeSonto) kuyilapho iSishaya ingqungqungquthela sisene, isibambiso sivele sibe umthetho ngaphandle kwesi saso somgunyazo sikaMongameli. Okwesine, uma iSishaya umongameli ekwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphumelela ngokungenzi lutho, esibizwa ngokuthi iphakethi.

Isinqumo Sangemva Kwesivumelwano: Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ngisho nangemva kokuba isikhwama sesibe umthetho, uhambo lwaso alusiqedi. Igatsha lokwahlulela linendaba yokugcina. Noma yimuphi umuntu noma umuntu omiyo angabekela umthetho inselele enkantolo, ephikisa ngokuthi uphula umthetho-mthetho. Icala lingasebenza ngendlela edlula esimisweni sokudlulisa izikhalo se-guant kuze kube yilapho befika eNkantolweni Ephakeme. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ivuma ukuzwa icala futhi kamuva imithetho yokuthi umthetho awuvumelani nemithetho, iyaphela futhi ingabi nalutho kusukela osukwini lwesinqumo. Lamandla okubukeza izibalo, nakuba engashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni-sisekelo, ayisona isiciko sesisekelo sezekethi ye-sekhodi, iqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imithetho inamathela emthethweni omkhulu yezwe.

Ekuhlaziyweni Kwezingcingo Eziyinhloko Egunyeni Elingokomthetho

Ngaphandle kwezinyathelo zenqubo yomthetho, izinqubo eziningana zisebenza njengemingcele enamandla eMkhandlwini. Lezi zivivinyo ziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuphambana kwemithetho futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi imithetho iyavumelana nomthetho-sisekelo obanzi kanye nentando yabantu.

I - Veto Engumongameli: Isenzo Esiphambene Esinamandla

Ngokulindelekile i-veto iyithuluzi eliqondiswe kakhulu likaMongameli lokulungisa umthetho. Iphoqelela uMkhandlu ukuba uphinde ucabangele isibeko, futhi uma ukwenqaba kukaMongameli kuthandwa ngokwezombangazwe, kungaba nzima ukuba iSishaya-Mkhandlu siqoqe izingxenye ezimbili ezintathu ezidingeka ukuba ziholwe. Ukuhlasela akukona nje ukulahla; kuyisici sokuxhumana okuqondile. Kuvame ukusebenzisa ukusongela ukuhlanganisa phakathi nenqubo yomthetho ukuze kuxoxiswe ngezinguquko zesivumelwano ngaphambi kokuba ifike edeskini lazo. Usongo nje lwe-veto lungasusa amagama empikiswano eSivumelwaneni. Ukugxazulu sidinga i-headtotoory ezindaweni zombili zamakhaya, okuyinto evame kakhulu. Eqinisweni, kungaphansi kwesihlanu% kuzo zonke izigxazulu zomlando waseMelika lungawasusa amandla avamile, ukuhlola lomlando we-Genegnercial quence.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Umgcini - mthetho

Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme okumisa imithetho engekho emthethweni ukuhlolwa okujulile kakhulu kwamandla omthetho. Indima yeNkantolo njengomchazi wokugcina woMthetho-sisekelo isho ukuthi ngisho nomthetho odluliswe ngokunqwabelana okukhulu futhi wasayinwa nguMongameli ungaphelelwa amandla. Amacala emfundo anjenge Brown v. v]. [FLT] [FLD] [1] [1] [1954]] [indima enzima] [iNkawumthetho] [i-Gawulayokugcina umthetho wezwe], evimbela imithetho yezinhlanga, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele yemithetho ye-Gwalthi ye-om, [[FLT] ehlangene v. Lopz[FLT] [[FLT]] [19595] [195], okuyibeke ububanzi bezinga leNkakhulu leNkame lokulawula, ibonisa ukuzimisela kokulawula kokubili nendlu yesizwe. Lenhlangano iqinisekisa imingcele yemithetho engokomthetho.

Ukuphatha Kwenhlangano Namandla Okuthenga

Nakuba amagatsha aphethe nezokwahlulela ehlola iSishaya-mthetho, uKhongolo lunamathuluzi anamandla okuhlola umqondisi wesigungu. Ngokulawula i-Congregational, ukuzwa, ukuhlola, nokuthatha iziphakamiso ukuze kuqondiswe indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. Amakomiti angabiza izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ukuba zifakaze, zifune amabhukwana, zifune izimali ezigunyaziwe, futhi zihlole izimali zezinhlangano. Ukulawula umthetho wemali kuyindlela yokulawula i-Congressting congress. Ngokulawula iziphakanyiso, i-Cangressko ingaqoqa, ingaqoqa, incintiswe, noma ibeke imibandela yezinhlelo zezikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Congressko anganqaba ukuxhasa inyathelo lobungamelwa ngaphandle kokudlulisa umthetho omusha. Lomthetho wokulawula uhlelo lokulawula kuyinhlawulo lwegatsha lokuhlala lilandisa emalini efuna ukumiswa.

Amandla Afunayo

UKhongolo luphethe amandla ayingqayizivele okukhipha izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, uMongameli, noMahluleli. Indlu yabameleli inamandla okungasheshi (iletha amacala), kuyilapho iSigele sithatha icala. Le nqubo iyindlela yokuhlola kokubili amagatsha aphethe nawamajaji. Nakuba ukujezisa kuyinqubo yezombangazwe futhi kungasetshenziswa kalula, kusebenza njengesithiyo ekusebenziseni amandla angathi sína. Ukusongela kokungamela umongameli kungathonya ukuziphatha futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izikhulu eziphakeme azingaphezulu komthetho. Nokho, i-galelo elikhulu lamagatsha amabili anezihlalo zokuvota lokukhonzwa kwenza ukususwa kube yivela okungavamile.

Umphumela Obanzi Wamasheke Nokulinganisela Ngomthetho

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sinemiphumela emikhulu nehlukahlukene ekwakhekeni kwemithetho. Asiklanyelwe ukuphumelela, kodwa ukuhlongoza nokuzinza. Amaphuzu alandelayo abonisa indlela lesi simiso esibumba ngayo ukwakheka kokugcina nohlobo lomthetho wase-U.S.

  • Ukuhlanganisa iBipartishashir nokuhlehla: ngoba ukudlulisa umthetho kudinga ukubambisana kwawo womabili amakamu oMkhandlu futhi ngokuvamile ukusekela kukaMongameli, kunesikhuthazo esinamandla sokwakha imifelandawo ebanzi. Usongo lwe-Precialbuster eSigeqeni noma umongameli we-veto amabutho asekela ukuxoxa nokulinganisela izihlongozo zawo ukuze athole ukusekelwa kuwo wonke amagumbi. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuphumela emithethweni engahambi kahle futhi ehlala isikhathi eside, njengoba ibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu.
  • Amaqembu ama-Hasty kanye no-Ill-Umthetho Ocaciswe: I-vetosss ububanzi obuningi ````i-veto''''ihlola ikomiti kuya kweyaphansi kuya empikiswaneni engenzeka ngenqubo yomthetho. Le sixwayiso siyisihluthulelo sesimiso sobuProgramunta. Iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ihlolwe ngokucushwa okuqinile, ukuphikisana komphakathi, nendilingane yenguquko. Ivimbela iningi lesikhashana ekujahenekeni ngezinguquko ezinkulu ezingasehlela imiphumela engahleliwe.
  • Isivikelo sama Minority Rights namaLungelo ngamanye: Imfuneko yemisebenzi emikhulu ezimweni ezithile (njengoba ilawula noma i-Constitution) ivikela izithakazelo ezimbalwa. I-Bill of Rights namandla okuhlola ukwahlulela kunezela isivikelo esengeziwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zemithetho azikwazi ukuwanyathela kalula amalungelo abantu noma amaqembu. Lomkhakha wesivikelo uyisisekelo sesizathu sobude besikhathi sokuphila kwesimiso.
  • Yandisa ukugcinwa nokulandisa: Ngenxa yokuthi abadlali abaningi bahilelekile enqubweni yokwenza umthetho, kunzima ukwenza izinqumo ngasese. Ukuzwa, izimpikiswano zaphansi, nokuvota okucushwayo kuyimibhalo yomphakathi, ivumela izakhamuzi, izintatheli, namaqembu abaphathi ukubona ukuthi abameleli babo babo babo babo bavota kanjani. Ikhono legatsha ngalinye lokuhlola nokwengamela abanye likhuthaza isiko lokubona ngokucacile. Lokhu kulandisa kusiza ekwakheni ukuthemba umphakathi ebuqomeni bukahulumeni.
  • Ibonisa i-Promotical Skill and Negotiation: Ukubusa okunempumelelo ngaphansi kwalesimiso kudinga amazinga aphezulu ekhono lezombangazwe. Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe babe abaqaphi abanekhono, abakhi abahlangene, nabaxhumanisi abahleli abahleli abahleli abahleliwe. Ikhono lokulawula imidlalo eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamagatsha liyimfuneko yokumisa izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo. Lokhu kuqinisa ukubaluleka kokuhola nolwazi lwenhlangano olunolwazi.

Ngokwengxenye enkulu, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuguqula inqubo yokuvota kwemithetho kusukela ekuvoteni okulula kwe-onke ukuhlanganisa ukuvumelana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni alinganayo. Lokhu kuxoxisana, nakuba kuvame ukuthatha kancane, kwenza umthetho we-U.S. uqine kakhulu futhi wamukeleke kakhulu kunemithetho edluliswe ngaphansi kwezimiso eziphakathi. Ibonisa isibopho esijulile esisekelweni sokuthi amandla kumelwe alinganiswe ukuze aqinisekise inkululeko. [FLT:] National [FFF:3] [FT] unikeza umbhalo ogcwele we-CYM [F:] [FLT] [FM] [FM] inikeza izikhambiso zemininingwane yemikhondo nemibhalo engokomlando., futhi, [[FLT:]

Isiphetho: Ukunconywa Okuqhubekayo Kwamandla Ahlukene

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siyisisekelo sombuso waseMelika. Yinqubo eshukumisayo nevame ukuxabana ehlela wonke amaqembu omthetho kahulumeni. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu futhi banikeze indlela yokulinganisela amanye, abasunguli bakha uhulumeni oye wabonakala uqinile ngokuphawulekayo ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Nakuba ungaholela ekubusweni nasenkingeni, lesimiso esifanayo sivimbela ukuqina kwamandla, sivikela amalungelo ngamanye, futhi siqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ikhiqizwa ngenqubo yokuhlela nokuhlehla. Abafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi, ngokufanayo, ukuzwa phakathi komthetho, isikhulu, namagatsha abalulekile nje ekusebenziseni ulwazi olunenzuzo. Ukulinganisela kokuphefumula, kuyaqhubeka kuveza isimiso sokusebenza kwezimiso ze-United States.