Isingeniso: Izinsika Zobulungisa

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho kwakha itshe eliyikhombayo lomphakathi oyaliwe, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo omphakathi avikelekile, futhi ubulungisa bugcinwa ngokungaguquguquki. Phakathi nendawo, isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu sincike ezinsikeni ezintathu ezizimele: ikhompathimenti, izikhonkwane [[FLT] [[FLT:] [ii] amagqumo [[FLT]] [i] amagqubu [[FLT], [i], futhi [[FLT]] [i] i-[FLT] isholot thiwe], futhi ime eqinile inqubo yonke.

Ngokwe- i-Bureau of Justice Statistics, ukuboshwa okucishe kube izigidi eziyishumi kwenzeka minyaka yonke e-United States, futhi abantu abadala abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha bangaphansi kohlobo oluthile lokuqondisa. Lamanani agcizelela izinga elikhulu lokugcinwa komthetho nesidingo esibucayi sokuba insika ngayinye isebenze ngobuqotho, ngokunempumelelo, nangokulandisa. Lesi sihloko sihlola imisebenzi ehlukile yamaphoyisa, izinkantolo, nezinguquko, sihlola indlela abahlanganisa ngayo, futhi siqokomisa izihloko eziyinhloko ezilawula umthetho wanamuhla.

Indima Yamaphoyisa: Abasabela Kokuqala Emthetho Nasekuhleleni

Amaphoyisa angabameleli ababonakalayo kakhulu besimiso sobulungisa. Basebenza njengohlu lokuqala lokuvikela, abasebenza ngokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi, ukuvimbela ubugebengu, nokumisa imithetho nsuku zonke. Umsebenzi wabo usuka ezindaweni eziqapheni futhi usabela ekuhloleni izingcingo eziphuthumayo zokuhlola ubugebengu obuyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuphumelela kwamaphoyisa kuthonya ukuthembana komphakathi ngokuqondile kanye nempilo yesimiso sobulungisa.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yomthetho Ephoqelelwayo

Amaphoyisa anamuhla ahlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi ngaphandle kokuboshwa nje.

  • Ukuvimbela komthetho: udwendwe olusebenzayo, ukufinyelelwa komphakathi, namasu abekwe ngobuhlakani ajonge ukunqanda umsebenzi wobugebengu ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Izinhlelo ezinjenge indawo egcwele i-potop [ igxile izimali ezindaweni eziphezulu, ngokuvamile zibangela ukwehla okungalawuleki ebudloveni.
  • Ukuthola: ochwepheshe baqoqa ubufakazi, ofakazi bokuxoxa nabasoli, nokwakha amacala okuqulwa kwecala. Intuthuko ekuhlaziyweni kwe-DNA naku-tensics iye yaguqula amandla ophengululo.
  • [ Isivumelwano somphakathi:[ amaphoyisa omphakathi agcizelela ukwakha ubuhlobo phakathi kwezikhulu nezakhamuzi ukuze kuqashelwe ukubambisana nokuhloniphana. Uma izakhamuzi zithemba amaphoyisa, maningi amathuba okubika ubugebengu futhi zikhonze njengofakazi.
  • Ukusabela kobuqotho: izikhulu ngokuvamile zingozokuqala ukufika ezingozini, ezinhlekeleleni ezingokwemvelo, nasosongoni lokuphepha lomphakathi. Ikhono labo lokususa inhlekelele ingasindisa ukuphila.

INational Institute of Justice igcizelela ukuthi amaphoyisa aphumelelayo adinga ukulinganisela phakathi kokugcinwa kwemithetho kanye nokubambisana. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi iminyango ethatha izimiso zobulungisa zezenqubo yokulawula (ukubonela, ukubonakala, kanye nezwi) idinga ukulinganisela okukhulu kokulalela umphakathi kanye namazinga aphansi okukhononda.

Inqubo Yokuboshwa: Ukusuka Emphumeleni Onesizathu Esizwakalayo Kuya Ezixwayisoni Ezibi

Lapho ubugebengu buvela, amaphoyisa kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezingokomthetho ukuze aboshwe.

  • Ukubekwa phambili: izikhulu ziveza osolwayo ngezincazelo zofakazi, ubufakazi bevidiyo, noma uphenyo oluphambili. Kwezinye izimo, isiqinisekiso sitholakala ngokufakazelwa.
  • Isizathu esifanelekile: Isichibiyeli sesine sidinga ukuba ukuboshwa kusekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa", izizathu ezinengqondo zokukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa futhi osolwayo unecala. Lendinganiso ivikela abantu ekuboshweni ngokungenamthetho.
  • Amalungelo: Lapho eboshwa, abasolwayo kumelwe batshelwe ngamalungelo abo okuthula nokuba nommeli abekhona phakathi nokuphenywa. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaholela ebufakazini obuncishisiwe enkantolo.

Lezizivikelo ziklanyelwe ukulondoloza inqubo efanele, njengoba nje izikhulu zisebenza ngokushesha ukuze zivikele umphakathi. Nokho, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla phakathi nokuboshwa, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela amaqembu amancane angokohlanga nabantu abagula ngengqondo. Amakhamera omzimba azimele kanye namabhodi aqondisayo kuye kwasetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi ukuze kwandiswe ukulandisa.

Indima Yezinkantolo: Ukuhumusha Umthetho Nokukhipha Ubulungisa

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabameli bomthetho abangakhethi. Zinikeza i-produm ehlelwe kahle lapho abashushisi nabameli benikeza khona ubufakazi, amajaji anquma izindaba zezezindaba ezingokomthetho, futhi amajaji (noma abahluleli) anquma icala noma ubumsulwa. Isimiso senkantolo sisezinkantolo eziphethe izinkantolo zokuqala nezinkantolo ezihlola amaphutha angokomthetho.

Isimiso Senkantolo

Izimiso zenkantolo zanamuhla zivame ukuhlanganisa izitezi ezintathu:

  • [[QUTY:0] Izinkantolo: Lezinkantolo zilalela amacala okokuqala. Ziphatha iziphakamiso, izinyathelo zangaphambi kwenkantolo, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokugwetshwa. Kuye ngokwegunya, izinkantolo zokuqulwa komthetho zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezikhethekile (umk., inkantolo yomkhaya, inkantolo yezidakamizwa, inkantolo yezempilo yengqondo).
  • [ Izinkantolo ezi-Appenellate:[ [u-intermediate memonete memonete mestry zihlola izinqumo zenkantolo zokuhlola ukumiswa kwenkantolo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswe kahle. Awaziwaphindeli amaqiniso kodwa agxile emaphuthani angokomthetho okungenzeka athinte umphumela.
  • Izinkantolo ze-'FLT': Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe (umz. iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., isho izinkantolo eziphakeme) iphendula imibuzo ebalulekile yomthetho-sisekelo nezingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Izinqumo zayo zimisa izimpawu ezibophayo zesimiso sonke.

I-American Bar Association iphawula ukuthi isimiso somshuwalense sincike kakhulu kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ezimelela izithakazelo zazo, umahluleli enza njengongathathi-hlangothi. Lesi sakhiwo sihloselwe ukuveza iqiniso kuyilapho sivikela amalungelo omthetho sisekelo wabamangalelwa.

Izigameko Eziyinhloko Zecala Lesigebengu

Inqubo yenkantolo ihilela izigaba eziningana ezihlukene, ngasinye sinezimfuneko eziqondile ezingokomthetho:

  • Icala:[ Ummangalelwa ufunda izikhalo ngokusemthethweni futhi ucelwa ukuba angene ekuceleni icala, hhayi icala, noma umncintiswano. Umahluleli uhlela ibheyili noma akhulule ummangalelwa lapho ethola futhi ukuthi ukhona.
  • Intshukumo ye-Prebol: ukuthatha ama-attroney ama-attle ukuze kuncishiswe ubufakazi, ukulahla izikhalo, noma ukuphoqelela ukutholwa. Lokhu kuzwakala kuvame ukuthonya izinga lokuqulwa kwecala.
  • : Ukushushisa amacala kumele kufakazele ukuthi anecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza izinkulumo zokuvula, ubufakazi, ubufakazi obungokoqobo, kanye nezimpikiswano zokuphetha. Khona - ke abahluleli bakhipha isinqumo ngamabomu futhi babuyisa isinqumo.
  • Imvume: Uma ummangalelwa etholakalelwa enecala, umahluleli ubeka umusho osekelwe eziqondisweni zemithetho, ukuthutha/ukukhipha izici, nokutusa emibhalweni yangaphambi kwemvume. Izigwebo zingahlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukugcinwa, ukuhlawuliswa, noma inkonzo yomphakathi.

I-Plea ivumelana nezinqumo eziningi zobugebengu, ngokusho kwe- IHhovisi lobuBuphathi leNkantolo yase-U.S.. Nakuba le nqubo yamacala axoxiwe, abagxeki bangayicindezela abamangalelwa abangenacala ukuba bamangalelwe futhi banciphise ukubonakala kahle kwezimiso zobulungisa.

Ukukhipha Isigwebo Sokuhlakanipha Nokungalingani

Abahluleli basebenzisa ukuqapha okukhulu ekugwebeni, kodwa imithetho elinganiselwe ebophekile neziqondiso zokugweba ivimbela ukukhetha kwabo. Ukucwaninga kweprojekthi kwembula ukuhluka okuphikelelayo kwezinhlanga nezomnotho emiphumeleni yokugweba. Ukukhuluma ngalemithetho engekho emthethweni kuye kwaba yisici esiyinhloko sokuguqula ubugebengu, ngezindawo eziningi ezisekela imithetho yabo egwetshwayo kanye nezinye izindlela ezikhuphukayo zokuthatha isigwebo.

Indima Yezigwebo: Isijeziso, Ukubuyiselwa Kwezingane Ebusweni, Nokuphindisela

Izimiso zihlanganisa izikhungo nezinhlelo eziqondisa abantu ababoshelwe ubugebengu. Le nsika ihlanganisa amajele, amajele, ukuvalelwa, izijeziso ezisekelwe emphakathini. Imigomo emibili yokulungisa nokulungisa ijezi elibini .(ukujezisa) kubangela ukungezwani, kodwa kokubili kubalulekile esimisweni sobulungisa esilinganiselayo.

Izinhlobo Zethelevishini Enamandla

  • AmaProfy:[ Izakhiwo zikahulumeni nezindawo zokuhlala abantu abagwetshwe unyaka ongaphezu kowodwa. Amajele ayahlukahluka ngesilinganiso sokuphepha (esincane, esiphakathi, esiphakathi) nokutholakala kwezinhlelo. Kusukela ngo-2023, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1,2 baboshelwe emajele ase-U.S.
  • Izindawo ezisebenza endaweni eboshiwe zibambe abantu ngabanye abalindele ukuqulwa kwecala noma basebenzise imigwebo emifushane (ngokuvamile ngaphansi konyaka). IJails inqubo elinganiselwa ezigidini eziyishumi zamacala angaphansi konyaka, amaningi ahilela amacala aphansi nabantu abangakwazi ukuthenga ibheyili.
  • Isivumelwano:[[FLT:] inkathi ehlelwe ngenkantolo yokukhululwa okungaqondiswa emphakathini, ngokuvamile enezimo ezinjengokuhlolwa kwemilaliso, izimfuneko zomsebenzi, kanye nemishini yokuhlola njalo. Cishe abantu abadala abayizigidi ezingu-3,9 bakhona lapho behlolwa.
  • IParole: i-monol ikhululwe kwasekuqaleni ejele, futhi iqondiswa ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube sekupheleni kwesigwebo. I-Paroleboard ihlola ukuziphatha kwabakhona, ukuhlola ngengozi, kanye namasu okubuya ngaphambi kokukhululwa.

I-Federal Bureau of Prison nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zokulungisa ziqondisa lezi zindawo, kuyilapho izinhlangano eziqondisa umphakathi zengamela ukulingwa nokukhishwa kwesigwebo. Izinga eliphakeme lesimiso sokulungisa (jewebhu elingaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha) labantu abaqondiswayo — linikeza ithonya elinamandla emikhayeni, emiphakathini nasemithonjeni yomphakathi.

Ukulungisa isimilo. Isijeziso: Ukulinganisela

Emashumini eminyaka, izinguquko ezibekwe phakathi kwezinqubo zokujezisa kanye nezinhloso zokulungisa. "Naphezu kobugebengu" inkathi yawo- 1980 no 1990 zanda inani labantu basejele, kuyilapho izinguquko zamuva zigcizelela imikhuba esekelwe kubufakazi ukuze kuncishiswe ukuvuselelwa komthetho. Izinhlelo eziphumelelayo zigxile ku:

  • Imfundo nemfundo yevocational : Abahlanganyela emikhakheni yemfundo bangama-43% amaphutha okubuyela ejele, ngokwezifundo ze-RAND Corporation. Amakilasi e-GED, amakilasi asekolishi, kanye neziqinisekiso zokuhweba zilungiselela abantu ukuba baqashwe ngokomthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwelashwa kokuxhashazwa komphakathi: Abantu abangaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha% ababoshiwe bahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokusebenzisa izinto eziphazamisayo. Ejele nasemphakathini izinhlelo zokwelapha ezisekelwe kumphakathi zinciphisa kakhulu ukubuyela emuva nokuphindela emuva.
  • Izinhlelo ezikhuluma ngezindlela zobugebengu (njengezimo zesinqumo ezingezinhle, ukwenza izinqumo, kanye nezimo zengqondo ezingezinhlobo) zenza labo abahlanganyelayo bahlakulele amakhono angokwenhlalo.
  • Ukusekela kwe-Revector: Izindlu zokuthutha, usizo lokunika umsebenzi, nokunikeza iseluleko okuqhubekayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni impumelelo. I-United States efaka imali ezinkonzweni zobungane ibona ukuncishiselwa phambili komthetho futhi ithuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi.

Naphezu kwalokhu kungenela okuqinisekisiwe, izakhiwo eziningi zokuqondisa izigwegwe zisengaphansi, ziminyene, futhi zinezingakulungele ukulungiselela uhlelo olubalulekile. I-Vera Institute of Justice abasekeli bokuncishiswa nokutshalwa kwemali kwezinye izindawo ezisekelwe emphakathini, baphawula ukuthi i-United States ingenisa abantu abaningi kunanoma yisiphi esinye isizwe.

Inselele Yokubuyisana

I-Recivism .I-Recifism .Ikhomba elivamile kubantu ababoshiwe ukuba balungise futhi. ilokhu iwumphumela oyinhloko wokulungiswa. Imininingwane yesizwe evela kuyi-Bureau of Justice Statistics ibonisa ukuthi phakathi neminyaka emihlanu yokukhululwa, amaphesenti angaba ngu-50 eziboshwa ayaboshwa futhi. Amazinga aphakeme eziboshwa abonisa ukuhluleka ekulungiseni isimo nokusekela kokubuya kwezwe. Amasu okunciphisa i-recifism ahlanganisa ukuhlola izingozi zokuthatha isigwebo, ukushesha nokujeza ngezindlela ezithile zokujeziswa, kanye nezinhlelo zokulungisa izinhlelo zobulungisa ezihilela izisulu kanye nemiphakathi.

Ukuhlangana Kwamaphoyisa, Izinkantolo, Nesiyalo

Izinsika ezintathu zokugcinwa komthetho azizona zodwa; zakha umsebenzi oqhubekayo oqala ngobugebengu futhi uphele ngesigwebo (futhi ngokuvamile ukuqondisa). Ukuqonda ukuhlangana kwazo kubalulekile ekutholeni amabhodlela, ama - iefficiencies, namathuba okuguqula.

Indlela Amacala Ageleza Ngayo Esimisweni

Isenzakalo esivamile sidlula kulezi zigaba:

  • Ukungenela nokuboshwa:[ amaphoyisa aqoqa ubufakazi futhi athathe umsoli angene ejele.
  • Umphakathi osolwayo ufakwa ejele, umahluleli ubukeza amacala futhi abeke ibheyili phakathi namahora angu-48.
  • [[NT.0] Icala liqhubekeka ngokuqungatha, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokugwetshwa. Izinga lokulibala livame ukuvela ngenxa yezikhombi, ukuncenga, nokuqhubeka.
  • Indawo yokuhlukanisa: Ngemva kokugwetshwa, umuntu udluliselwa ejele noma ejele, noma abekwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa komphakathi.
  • Ukubuyiselwa noma ukuvuselelwa komnyango: Lapho izikhulu zesikhulu zikhululwa, izikhulu zesigwebo noma izikhulu zesigwebo zilalela ukuvuma. Ngaphandle kokusekela okwanele, eziningi zibuyela esimisweni.

Isigaba ngasinye sincike ekwazisweni okunembile, ekuxhumaneni ngesikhathi, nasekuqondiseni izinqumo. Ngokwesibonelo, imibiko yamaphoyisa kumelwe iphelele ukuze abashushisi bakhe amacala aqinile; izinkantolo zidinga ukuhlolwa okunokwethenjelwa kwezingozi ukuze kubekwe ibheyili nesigwebo; izijeziso kumelwe zitshele izinkantolo ngokuphulwa kwemithetho ukuze zivuse izijeziso.

Ukukhandleka Nokuhlanganyela Emigomweni

Naphezu kwemisebenzi yazo ehlukile, zontathu lezi zinsika zinezinhloso eziyisisekelo: ukusekela umthetho, ukuvikela umphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile. Izindlela eziphambili zihlanganisa:

  • Iproblem-Problem Courts:[ izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, kanye nezinkantolo zochwepheshe bezezokwahlulela zixhumene nokuphathwa ngokuhambelana nokwahlulela, ngokuvamile kuhilela izinhlelo zokuqondisa nokuqondisa kwamaphoyisa. Lezinkantolo zinciphisa ukunciphiswa kwezidakamizwa futhi zilondoloze izindleko.
  • Ukuhlanganyela: Izimiso zokwahlulela ezifakelwe ezisemthethweni zenza ukuba izimiso zomthetho wokwahlulela zikwazi ukuqinisa umthetho, izinkantolo, kanye nokulungisa ukufinyelela imininingwane yangempela enkathini yokuboshwa, imvume, nesikhundla sokuqondisa. Lokhu kunciphisa amaphutha nemisebenzi yemisebe.
  • Imikhandlu yezenhlalakahle:[ Amaqembu anezimo eziningi ahlela ukukhululwa komuntu ekuboshweni, ukuhlelwa kwezindlu, umsebenzi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukunciphiswa kokuphazamiseka.

Nokho, kukhona nokungezwani. Amaphoyisa angase abe nomuzwa wokuthi izinkantolo zilula kakhulu, kuyilapho amajaji egxeka amaphoyisa ngobufakazi obubuthakathaka noma ukwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo. Izikhulu zivame ukulwa nokugxambukela okubangelwa yizimiso zokwahlulela ezinokhahlo. Ingxoxo evulekile nokuqeqeshwa okuphambanisayo kungasiza ekuhleleni izisusa futhi kwakhe ukuqondana.

Izihlahla Ezilungisa Ukudla Nentuthuko Yesimiso

I-Instruction evela ekulungiseni ingazisa izinqubo zamaphoyisa nezenkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuncishiswa kwemithetho yecala phakathi kwabaphangi bezidakamizwa kungaholela amaphoyisa ukuba abeke inqubo engcono kakhulu ekuboshweni nasezinkantolo ukuze andise izinhlelo zokuzilawula. Ngokufanayo, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa asebenze ngesivinini kungabangela izinguquko nezinguquko zenqubo. Ukuhlola nokuzivumelanisa okuqhubekayo kubalulekile esimisweni sobulungisa esishintshayo ngezindinganiso zomphakathi nangobufakazi obungokwesiko.

Isiphetho: Ukufinyelela esimisweni Esinobulungisa Nesiphumelelayo

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho ngamaphoyisa, izinkantolo, nokuqondiswa kuwumzamo onzima noyinkimbinkimbi. Insika ngayinye inomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu futhi ibhekene nezinselele ezihlukene − kusukela ekwakheni ukwethenjwa komphakathi nasekuqondiseni izikhawu zecala kuya ekunciphiseni ukubulala nokuqinisekisa izimo zobuntu. Uma lezi zakhi zisebenza ngokuvumelana, zisekela umthetho futhi zivikela ukulondeka komphakathi. Uma zihluleka, ukuhlukanisa nokungabi nabulungisa kuveza ukuqiniseka okuqeda ukuqiniseka kuso sonke isimiso.

Izinguquko eziqhubekayo − njengokuguqula ibheyili, ukugweba ukulungiswa kwesiqondiso, ukusebenzisa izinkantolo ezicanda izinkinga, nokutshala izimali ezinkonzweni zokuguqula izigebengu, qhama izinyathelo ezithembisayo zokusingatha indlela elinganiselayo nephumelelayo. Izakhamuzi, abakhi bezimiso, kanye nodokotela ngokufanayo kumelwe baqhubeke behileleke ekulolongeni isimiso sobulungisa esilungile, esikhanyayo, esibonisayo, nesinesibopho. Isilinganiso sokugcina sempumelelo asisona nje isibalo sokuboshwa noma izinkolelo, kodwa izinga isimiso esikhipha ngalo ubulungisa obulinganayo kubo bonke abantu.