Ubuqali buyifilosofi engokomthetho echaza umthetho-sisekelo osekelwe ekuqondeni kokuqala kwencwadi ngesikhathi emiswa ngaso. Lendlela ithonya izimpikiswano eziningi ngokuphathelene namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise namalungelo okungangeni e-octal e-U.S. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukukholelwa kokuqala kuye kwasuka emfucumfucweni kuya ekuchazeni komthetho-sisekelo, ukuguqula izinqumo ezinkulu zeNkantolo ePhakeme nezimiso zomthetho. Ukuqonda ukuthi izimiso zakuqala zisebenza kanjani kubantu abangathembekile kudinga ukuhlolisiswa ngokucophelela komo womlando, ulimi lwemibhalo, nokuhlola ukucungacubunga komthetho.

Isisekelo Sokuqala

I-pritary ikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo inqunyiwe ngesikhathi sokuthathwa kwayo. Kunezinto eziningi ezingafani phakathi kobukhomanisi, kodwa ezivelele kakhulu namuhla yiye- uqobo lomphakathi [, olubuza ukuthi yini umuntu onengqondo abengaqonda ukuthi umbhalo usho ukuthini lapho wamukeleka. Lokhu kungafani nezinguqulo zakuqala ezigxile ezizinzisweni zamaFramers. UJaji uAnton Scalia wayengummeleli ophambili walendlela, ephikisa ngokuthi unikeza ukubikezela, ukuvimbela, futhi uhlonipha izinqubo zokwahlulela.

Izazi zezobuchwepheshe zenqaba umqondo “womthetho ophilayo” ozivelela ngezindinganiso zomphakathi. Kunalokho, baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ziyinqubo efanele yokushintsha. Lomcimbi wendlela yokusebenza unemiphumela eqondile yendlela amalungelo achazwa ngayo (ikakhulukazi lawo angachazwanga ngokucacile). Kubantu abangewona amanani akhona, okunesimo sabo esingachazwanga kakhulu ngekhulu le-18, ukuhlolwa kokuqala kuvame ukuphendukela ekubhalweni okuqondile kwemiyalelo yomthetho, njengathi “abantu,” noma“ amadodana,” noma “amakhekhe.”

Inzuzo: Ukuze uthole ukucubungula okuningiliziwe kwemfundiso yesiqalo, bheka i- Constitution Annotediated yengxoxo yezindlela zokuchaza [[.

Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nabangaphili

Amalungelo abantu abangewona amafektha ngaphansi komthetho wase-U.S. anikeza i-templicate eyinkimbinkimbi yesivikelo nokulinganiselwa. Ezinye iziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo zibhekisela ngokucacile ku- “izente,” njengakuMalungeni noma kuma-Immunio Claus weSichibiyelo se-14th. Amanye, njenge-Curvement and Encimence Claussmetion, akhuluma ‘ nganoma yimuphi umuntu” noma “noma yimuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwayo.” Lokhu kuhluka kombhalo kuye kwaholela ekwakheni okungaphucukile: amalungelo athile athathwa njengabalulekile futhi anwebela kubo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sokufuduka, kuyilapho amanye amalungelo egcinelwe izakhamuzi.

Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Ambulelwa Bonke Abantu

INkantolo Ephakeme sekuyisikhathi eside ikholelwa ukuthi i-Act Programme Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu ne-Aumelt Protection Claus of the 14neth Refection ivikela “noma yimuphi umuntu,” kuhlanganise nomthetho ongekho ngokomthetho noma ongekho. Icala leLandmark libonisa lesi simiso. YUK [v. Hopkins [1866] [18] [INkantolo]), iNkantolo yashaya umthetho weSan Francisco owasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni ngokusemthethweni kunezihambi zaseChina, uphethe ukuthi isivikelo seSiphetho se-Gintshiwe ye-Genethiwerdetic , ukuthi isivikelo se-Genethiwervement (186696), i-engamela i-kathiwe i-ogconsorce igwebon ebhekene isigwebo esine ngelungelo esine sokuvikelwa yizethiwe yizehlulelwa nge-gehlulelo.[Fote-Gene.] ngokufanayo, futhi

Muva nje, uMathews v. Diaz [1997], iNkantolo yasekela imfuneko yeMedicare imfuneko yokuhlala iminyaka emihlanu, kodwa yaqaphela ukuthi ngisho namalungu angewona ama-intshi anamalungelo afanele enqubweni embusweni yezinzuzo zikahulumeni. Futhi u-Zvydas v. Davis [2001], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke uvale ngokungenasiphelo ngemva kohlelo lokususwa kokugcina, ngoba iSibekisi seSimendo sesihlanu sisebenza kubo bonke abantu abakhona eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki isimo sabo sokufuduka.

Lezi zinqumo zisekelwe ekuqondeni kombhalo nomlando ukuthi inkulumo ethi “inkosi” eMthethweni ihlanganisa wonke umuntu ongaphakathi kwe-U.S. noma i-curent. Abaqaphi bakudala bavame ukuhlola umongo womlando: ngesikhathi sokuFunyaniswa kwe-, “indodana” yayiqondwa ngomthetho ovamile ukuhlanganisa abantu bezizwe kanye nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, umbono oqiniswa yiSiphendulo se-Ninth neSiphendulo se-Tenth ezikhombaneni ezibhekisele ku-“bantu” ngomqondo obanzi.

Amalungelo Agcinelwe Izakhamuzi

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amalungiselelo athile omthetho-sisekelo alinganisela ngokuqondile amalungelo “amadoda.” Ama-Oligion noma ama-Inmunity Claus avikela“imfuno noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi zase-United States,” iNkantolo Ephakeme ekuyichazeni ngokuncane, ngokuyinhloko agxila emalungelweni afana nokuvota kuhulumeni, ukuhamba ngemibango, nokungena ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. ISichibiyelo se-14th ngokwaso sihlukanisa phakathi kwe- “zintente” (kodwa kwe-United States ne-oRommont) kanye“ nezigebe zamalungelo” ezihlukene.

Ukuqamba kuyilungelo elivelele kakhulu elibekelwe izakhamuzi. Umthetho-sisekelo, ngeZichibiyelo ze 144 neshumi elinesihlanu, izivalo zisho ukuthi zisusa ekubekeni ilungelo lezakhamuzi lokuvota, okusho ukuthi abantu abangewona amaphoyisa abanalo ilungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokuvota embusweni noma kukhetho lukahulumeni. Lokhu kuye kwaqiniswa yizenzakalo ezifana nesithi FOLEY v. Connelie [[12]] [10] [10]), esekela imfuneko yamaphoyisa yokuba amaphoyisa abe izakhamuzi, futhi Cabell v. [FLT][FLT][FLT][3] [198], eyavumela ukuba i-Californian-ezenzile ingabi yi-endi. INkadelela izikhulu zeNka izikhulu ezithile zeNkalelo. Inkantolo iphawula ukuthi inzuzo ethile yezezentengohulumeni yeze ngokomthetho yezezwe.

Izinzuzo zenhlala- kahle nazo ziye zalinganiselwa. I-Chester of the Federal and Work Front Reconciliation Act ka-1996 (PRWORA) imisa imithetho eqinile engekho-mfashinini, ivimbela izakhamuzi ezingokomthetho eziningi ezisemthethweni ekutholeni inzuzo kahulumeni ezihlolwayo eminyakeni yazo yokuqala emihlanu. INkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT]] [FLT]] Matys v. Diaz[[FLT] [[FLT]] [1] futhi kamuva [[FLT]] ivimbela ukuvikelwa kwe-Homeland Security v v. Regents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia yaseCalifornia[FLT] [FLT] [20] yavuma ukuthi uMkhandlu uqondiso-mfutho obanzi ngokuzuzisa abafokazi ezinwini ezinwini ezimweni ezilinganayo. Ngokushosholonye ukuthi ukuqonda komthetho wombuso wokuqala ukuviselwa kwemvelo kugunyaza kanye nokubusa kwezelelwa kwemvelo.

Izincazelo Zamalungelo Angakhohliswayo Zasekuqaleni

Abaqambi bezinkolo abathathi iziphetho zabo ngamalungelo angekho. Impikiswano ivame ukuxhomeke ekutheni ilungiselelo elithile lomthetho-sisekelo lisebenzisa igama elithi “i-parson” noma“ize,” futhi ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi iwuthethelela kanjani lowo mehluko.

Impikiswano Edinga Ukuba Izakhamuzi

Abasunguli abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuyinhloko waklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Bakhomba eMthethweni wokuqala, obhekisela ku-“amagugu” ezimfunekweni eziqinile zikaMongameli, i-Senator, nabameleli, naku-Clause of Article III. Ku-Diate Reformation of 1450 Reformation Claus yene yenezelwe ukugumbula [[FL: 0] u-Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857] futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu abazalwe eUnited States bayizakhamuzi. Kulombono, ukuqonda kokuqala akuzange kunikeze amalungelo alinganayo ezombangazwe kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvota kwakulinganiselwe ezindaweni eziningi ezisungulwayo, nasemithethweni emvelweni engokwemvelo edinga ukuba babe nenkathi ende yezena esaba ukuba babe neyo esaba ukuba babe nesabelo esiphakathi kwezombangazwe.

Icala elihluzekile: Ku [FLT] iUnited States v. Verdugo-Urquidez (1990), iNkantolo ehlukene phakathi yathi isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola nokuquleka okungaqondakali sisebenza ekhaya lomfokazi ongeyena umsunguli eMexico. IJaji elikhulu Rehnquist, libhalela iningi, isho ukuthi: “Abantu” abavikelwe yiSichibiyelo sesine babhekisela esigabeni sabantu abayingxenye yomphakathi wesizwe. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi amalungelo athile omthetho womthetho womhlaba wonke kanye nezakhamuzi.

I “Persin” no“Citin” Umehluko

Abanye abasunguli baphikisa ukufundwa okuncane, bephawula ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo usebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe “ilunga” ngamalungiselelo ngokuphathelene nenkululeko eyisisekelo. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane sivikela“noma yimuphi umuntu,” njengoba kwenza iSichibiyelo sesine (ukuphenya okungenangqondo) neSichibiyelo seSisithupha (amalungelo okuqulwa kobugebengu). Laba basunguli bakuqala baphikisa ngokuthi amaFramers akhetha ngamabomu ukuthi “indoda” emongweni ohlanganisa ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla, okubonisa injongo yokunweba isivikelo kubo bonke abantu abakhona embusweni.

Lombono usekelwa ngomthetho ongokomlando. Ngesikhathi sokuQala, izihambi zazingaphansi komthetho wobugebengu omningi futhi zazingamangalela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwegunya lombuso lokwahlukahlukana. IAlien Tort Scyte ka-1789 yavumela abafokazi ukuba balethe amasutusi awenziwe ngokwephula umthetho wezizwe. ISivumelwano Sokuqala, esasihlanganisa amaFramers, samisa imithetho eyayinikeza inqubo yokuvikela abafokazi ababuya ngokudingiswa. Le misebenzi yangaleso sikhathi isikisela ukuthi ukuqonda kokuqala kwakuqaphela ukuthi ukungangeni-zithizenzi njengamalungelo emongweni eminingi.

[ I-External Resource:[ Ingxoxo yezazi ifingqwe kahle kulesi sihloko se-' Georgotown Immigation Law Journal [.

Izimpikiswano Zezomthetho Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuqamba amanga kuyaqhubeka kulawula izingxabano zanamuhla ngokugcinwa kwemithetho yokuthunyelwa kwabantu, izinzuzo zomphakathi nokuvota.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Nokuhlelwa Okufuduka

Izimiso zesimiso somphathi wokufuduka zikaTrump zakhuthaza amacala amaningana avivinyelwe izimiso zokuqala. Icala lokuvinjelwa kokuhamba, HTML v. IHawaii (2018), yahlanganisa igunya likaMongameli lokuvimbela ukungena kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. INkantolo, isebenzisa isisekelo esinengqondo, isekela ukuvinjelwa. Umthetho kaKennedy uqaphela ukuthi u-Constanty ubeka “isimiso esiyisisekelo sesivikelo esifanayo, esisebenza kubo bonke abantu.

Enye indawo yokujezisa ijele lokuboshwa kweminye imigoqo. Isinqumo samuva sashiwo ngaphambili ukuthi uZadvydas asingqubuzani nenqubo eqinile yokuvalelwa kokugcina, kodwa kamuva amacala anjenge Jenings v. Rodriguez [2088] inqubo eshintshiwe, ephethe leyo mvume yokuvalelwa kwabafokazi abathile ayenzeki ngaphansi kokufunda okuqinile kobuzwe nomthetho we-Immigation nomthetho. Umthetho Alito, ngokwenani, uthembele embhalweni nasemcimbisweni womlando, uphikisa ukuthi ukuqonda kokuqala kwe-habespus nenqubo efanelekile akudingedingedingenze isibopho sokuzwa kwezwi lonke i-ie.

Izinzuzo Zenhlalakahle Nezomphakathi

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamalungelo ombuso, okungokokuqala, kanye nokungangeni ezimpikiswaneni ezimayelana nemingcele yombuso nzuzo. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zazama ukuvimbela abafuduki abangagunyaziwe ukuba bamukele imvume yamazwe ahlukene, amalayisense omshayeli, noma izindlu zomphakathi. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zisebenzisa isisekelo esinengqondo, kodwa ochwepheshe bakuqala baphikisa ukuthi amandla amaphoyisa ngokomlando ahlanganisa igunya lokuhlukanisa izikhawu ezisekelwe ezizweni ezikude, ngaphandle kokuba ukuphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kuwe Arizona v. United States [20] [202] yahlasela izingxenye ze-S.B. 1070 ezisekelwe ezikhundleni ezingeni ezisulwini zobusweni, kodwa iJastiastians i-Scaliast Scalia isekela ukubusa noma ukugobeka kwezimiso zokuqala.

Muva nje, iNkantolo Ephakeme yeSikhungo Sesokulondeka Se Homeland v. Regents weYunivesithi yaseCalifornia (2020) yakholelwa ukuthi ukuphinde iqondiswe kweTrump ye-DACA kungabukelwa kodwa kungafinyelelwa kumalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Icala laqokomisa ukucindezeleka phakathi kwekhono lokulawula ukufuduka nenqubo efanele ye-DACACA eyamukelayo. Abaqondisi bathambekele ekumelaneni nomphathi omkhulu wenkampani, kodwa abanye bayavuma ukuthi uma nje isihambi sikhona, ulimi “olunye lomthetho womthetho” luyasebenza.

Ukuthola Amalungelo Abangawatholi

Nakuba abantu abangewona amanani emithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni engenalo ilungelo lokuvota, amanye amagunya anjengoSan Francisco, iChicago, namadolobhana amaningana eMaryland . kwaye andisa amalungelo okuvota okhetho bendawo kubantu abangewona amavoti, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho. Lemithetho ibekelwe inselele ezisekelweni zikahulumeni, kodwa umbuzo kahulumeni ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo iyakuyinqabela yini imithetho enjalo. Abanye abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi i-Community Clastiale neSinyushicioclethi se-15 enqabela ngokungagunyazi imvume yokuvota ngenxa yelungelo lokuvota. Abanye baphikisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo seSigqi sishiya izimfanelo zokuvota ezizweni, futhi zingachaza ukuthi “obebebebenzisahluleli njengoba bethanda, uma nje bengafuni amalungelo ezakhamuzini. Ingxoxo ihlala ihleli enkantolo eminingi.

Izicelo Zobulungisa Nokulingana

Ukuhlangana kwezimiso zobuProgramu kanye namalungelo angekho embonini kuphakamisa imibuzo ejulile mayelana nokwakheka komthetho-sisekelo. Uma umthetho udinga ukuba incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ibekwe ekhulwini le-18, khona - ke ingakusingatha kanjani ngokufanelekile ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokufuduka kwembulunga yonke kwanamuhla? Ngokuphambene, uma isivikelo soMthetho-sisekelo “abantu” ngempela sisendaweni yonke, kungani kufanele sibe nendaba yokuba nezakhamuzi?

Ukulinganisela Ukuqamba Amathuna Nezindinganiso Zanamuhla

Izazi zomthetho zivame ukuvuma ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi ephelele, kodwa bagomela ngokuthi umbhalo wawo nencazelo yawo yokuqala kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile. Ukuguqulwa kwamalungelo abantu abangewona amagugu, baphikisa ngokuthi, kufanele kufike ngenqubo yentando yeningi yokulungisa imithetho, hhayi ngencazelo yokwahlulela. Lombono uye waholela ekuziphatheni okuqinile: izinkantolo kufanele zisekele imingcele eminingi kahulumeni yabangewona amagugu, uma nje zingaphulanga incazelo yokuqala yamalungiselelo.

Abagxeki balendlela, kuhlanganise nabasunguli abathile abavelele njengoProfesa Randy Barnett, baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi yeSichibiyelo seMiyalo yeMinyaka Eyishumi nane” imisho ebanzi kuneNkantolo Ephakeme eye yaqaphela, ekwazi ukuvikela inkululeko yezomnotho namalungelo athile enhlalakahle kubo bonke abantu. Lenkulumo yangaphakathi yabaqali isikisela ukuthi ifilosofi ayisho umphumela owodwa ezimweni eziningi; kunalokho, idlulisela izimpikiswano ebufakazini obungokomlando nasembhalweni.

Ekugcineni, umbuzo wokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokuqondene nencazelo yawo yokuqala noma uhlotshaniswe nezindinganiso zamanje uhlala uphila. Kubantu abangaphili, izigxobo ziphakeme kakhulu, njengoba ukukwazi kwabo ukufinyelela amalungelo ayisisekelo ("kukamuva, inqubo elinganayo, isivikelo, inkululeko ekucwaseni, − ixhomeke endleleni igama elithi “perenso” eliqondwa ngayo. UbuShonam asiniki impendulo elula; bufuna ukuba sihlolisise lokho okuhloselwe amaFramers namaratifiers, nokuthi leyo njongo iguqulela ngayo ezweni abangeke bakucabange.

Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwezazi zemvelaphi yokuqala, amajaji, nabasekeli iqinisekisa ukuthi lo mhlaba womthetho uzohlala unamandla. Njengoba isimiso sokufuduka nendlela eyakhiwe ngayo iNkantolo Ephakeme iguquka, ukuchazwa kwasekuqaleni kwamalungelo angewona abalulekile cishe kuyoqhubeka kuhlela izinqumo zezimpawu zezenzakalo amashumi eminyaka ezayo. Ukuqonda lesi sici kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqondisa indawo engokomthetho yezakhamuzi, ukuba abe yingxenye, nesivikelo somthetho-mthetho e-United States.

Inzuzo: ukuze uthole ukucubungula okuningi kakhulu kwezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme ezihilela amalungelo angewona asemthethweni, hlola imvume yobulungisa enqubweni yokufuduka kanye nokufanele..