AmaRepublic amelela olunye lwezinhlobo ezihlala njalo nezisakazeke kakhulu zokubusa kwentando yeningi, ngokuyinhloko okulawula indlela izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke ezikhetha ngayo abaholi bazo futhi zihlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi. Emkhakheni wayo, irepublic iyisimiso lapho izwe libhekwa njenge "indaba kawonke-wonke" (] ithengisa ), futhi zonke izikhulu zilandisa ngezakhamuzi ngemithetho yezakhamuzi ngokuzinqubo ezimisiwe ezingokomthetho nezikhethekile. Le ngxenye ehlukanisayo nemithetho eqondile yemvelo, lapho izakhamuzi zivota khona ngokwazo ngokwazo, nangezimiso zemithetho ezindaweni lapho amandla ebanzi ekhona. Ukuqonda izimiso amaRiphabliki akhetha ngazo abaholi abaholi bawo abaqala ukuvota nakuhlela izinhlelo eziphambili zokuzingenisela phambili.

Iyini IRepublic?

IRepublic ivame ukuchazwa ngokuzibophezela kwayo ekubuseni umthetho, ukumeleni, nokuvikela amalungelo. Ngokungafani nedemokrasi eqondile lapho isakhamuzi ngasinye sivota khona kuyo yonke impikiswano, irepublic inikeza abameleli amandla okumisa izinqumo kubantu. Lesi sakhiwo esimelelayo siklanyelwe ukunqanda ubushiqela obungase bube khona, ukuvikela amalungelo amancane, futhi ivumele amalungelo engeziwe okungagunyazi nezimiso zomthetho. Igama ngokwalo lisuka egabeni lesiLatini sresta par , okusho "into esobala" noma "indaba kahulumeni," ligcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni uyibhizinisi yazo zonke izakhamuzi, hhayi ukuzenzela imfuno yombusi.

Izisekelo zefilosofi zamarepublic anamuhla zalolongwa yizihlakaniphi ezinjengoNiccolló Machiavelli, owabhala ngokubusa kwerepublic ku- yakhe] Discovees kuLivy, futhi kamuva nguMontesquieu, omibono yakhe ngokuphathelene nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yathonya kakhulu abalawuli boMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States. UJames Madison, ku- Federalist No., waphikisa ukuthi i-revation ingalawula kangcono izingozi zeqiniso kunedemocralitiocture ephelele, ngoba abamelelwe abameleli bangabahluliwe bangaba nenanise. Lemisuka engokomlando namuhla ibheke lezi zimiso zezimiso zembulunga yonke.

Izici eziyinhloko zeriphabliki zihlanganisa:

  • Imithetho yoMthetho: isebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu, kuhlanganise nakulabo abanamandla. Akekho ongaphezulu komthetho, futhi izinqubo zomthetho zibonakala futhi ziyazivelela.
  • Incazelo: Izakhamuzi ezikhethwe izikhulu ukuba zithathe isinyathelo kuzo ekumiseni umthetho, ekuqondiseni iziphathimandla, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezindima zokwahlulela. Laba bameleli banikezwa icala ngokhetho lwezikhathi ezithile.
  • Amalungelo azimele: Irepublic ihlanganisa ingcaca yamalungelo noma isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esivikela abantu ekunqandeni kwentando yeningi engalawulwa. Lamalungelo agcinwa yijaji elizimele.
  • Ukuhlukanisa ama-Power: uhlukaniswa phakathi kwamagatsha amaningi − njengomphathi, i-project, nokwahlulela .ukuvimbela noma iyiphi into ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa siyisibonakaliso sokubusa kweriphabliki.

Ukungena ngokujule kakhulu ekuziphendukeleni komlando wemibono yerepublic, bhekisela U.S. National Archives, ephethe imibhalo yokuqala yokusungula ehlanganisa lezizimiso.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kokubusa KweRepublic

Nakuba amarepublic evame ukuhlanganiswa nenkathi yanamuhla, lo mqondo unezimpande zasendulo. IRome Republic, eyathatha kusukela kuma-509 BCE kuya ku-7 BCE, ingenye yezibonelo zokuqala nezinethonya elikhulu. AmaRoma akhetha ama-consul, izigelekeqe, nama-tribune, futhi asungula isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuhlanganise namandla e-veto e-tribune. Nakuba ilinganiselwe ngezindinganiso zanamuhla `abesifazane nezigqila zazingenakuvota] iRiphabliki yamaRoma yabeka isisekelo sokubusa kwabameleli.

Ukuwa kweRome Republic kwathathelwa indawo ukubusa kombuso, kodwa inhloso yeRepublic yavuselelwa phakathi neNkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi Yempucuko ezindaweni zasedolobheni njengeFlorence neVenice. Kamuva, izihlakaniphi zokukhanyiselwa kwekhulu le-17 neleshumi elinesibhozo zathuthukisa inkolelo yerepublic, igcizelela amalungelo engokwemvelo nezivumelwano zezenhlalo. INguquko yaseMelika (1775-171783) kanye nokusungulwa kwe-U.S. Constitution ngo-1787 yasungula i-partional ebanzi enkulu eyayizoba isibonelo sezizwe eziningi. Inguquko yaseFrance yafuna ukumisa iRiphabliki, nakuba ukuvusehlakazeka kwayo.

Namuhla, amarepublic athatha izindlela eziningi: izimiso zobumongameli (umz., i-United States), izimiso zephalamende (umz., iJalimane, iNdiya), kanye nezimiso ezithatha isikhathi esincane (umz., iFrance). Ngasinye sivumelanisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuma nomthetho nomthetho nomongo waso. Ukuqonda le nguquko kusiza abafundi nabafundisi ukuba bazise kokubili amandla kanye nemisebenzi kahulumeni wezwe.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezikhetha Ngayo Abaholi Bazo: Inqubo Ejabulisayo

Ukukhethwa kwabaholi eRepublic kuyinqubo yezindawo eziningi eklanyelwe ukuguqula intando yabantu ibe yi-presence engokomthetho. Nakuba amaphuzu acacile ehluka ngokwezwe, amarepublic amaningi ahlanganyela uhlelo olufanayo oluhlanganisa nokhetho, izinqubo zokukhetha nokukhipha izitho zomthetho.

Indima Eyinhloko Yokukhetha

Izinhlelo ziyikhokhisi yanoma yiliphi irepublic. Zinikeza inqubo evamile, enokuthula yezakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe ukuthi ubani ozozimelela emazingeni endawo, esifunda, nakwezweni. Izinhlelo zingaqhutshwa ngezikhathi ezimisiwe cishe iminyaka emibili, emine, noma eyisithupha. Ubuninzi bokhetho buqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bahlala benecala kukhetho.

Ukhetho lwanamuhla lubuswa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi nezimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile. Amakhomishane azimele, izimiso zokuvota, kanye nezimiso zobubonisi zivamile. Nokho, ubuqotho bokhetho buxhomeke kakhulu ekuthembekeni komphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi izindaba zazo zokuvota futhi inqubo ayilawulwa, zisengozini kakhulu yokuhlanganyela. Ngokuphambene, ukumangalelwa kokukhohlisa noma ukuphazamisa kwezimiso kungaqeda ukuqiniseka kuso sonke isimiso se-riphabliki.

2. Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko Nokukhetha

Ngaphambi kokhetho oluvamile, amaqembu ezombangazwe avame ukwenza ukhetho oluyinhloko noma izimemezelo zokukhetha abazobhapathizwa.

  • Ovula izikhangiso: Noma imuphi umvoti obhalisiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulungu weqembu, angahlanganyela kwezengxenye eyinhloko. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukufakwa okubanzi kodwa kungasetshenziswa kabi ngokuvota okusemthethweni (umz., abavoti beqembu eliphikisayo abawelela ukusekela umuntu obuthakathaka).
  • I-Primerive ezivalekile: Amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kuphela angavota esigabeni seqembu lawo siqu. Lokhu kuqinisa ukubambisana kweqembu kodwa kungakhipha abavoti abazimeleyo ekuhlanganyeleni ezigabani zokuqala zokukhetha umfundaze.
  • Semi-Valed Prime: amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kanye nabavoti abangahlanganyela, kodwa amalungu abanye abahlukene angakhishwa. Lokhu ukuyekethisa okunweba ukuhlanganyela kuyilapho kulondoloza ithonya eliyinhloko lombhanqwana.

I-Caucuses, ngokuphambene, iyimihlangano elula kakhulu lapho amalungu eqembu exoxa khona ngabazobhapathizwa bese evota, ngokuvamile ngesandla noma ngokuboniswa kokusekela. Ayivamile namuhla kodwa isasetshenziswa kwezinye izifundazwe zase-U.S. nakwamanye amarepublic. Inqubo yokukhetha inemiphumela ebalulekile: ukukhetha okuvame ukunquma ukukhetha okukhona kokuvota okhethweni abavamile.

3. Izimiso zokukhetha nokusakaza

Okhetho oluvamile luyisigaba sokugcina lapho abavoti bekhetha khona phakathi kwabavoti abathweswe izitho. Indlela abavota abaguqulwa ngayo babe izihlalo noma amandla okuphatha iyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwama-republic. Isimiso esivamile siqala-ukubekwa-muva (FTPPP), esisetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, ne Canada. EFPTP, umvoti ovota kakhulu enqobileni, ngisho noma bengaqiniseki kakhulu. Abagxeki bethi i-FPTP ingaholela ekumisweni okusontwayo nasekulahleni ivoti.

Ezinye izimiso zihlanganisa:

  • Ipropatigation i-(PR): ama-sett kumphathi wendlu yomthetho anikezwa ngokwesilinganiso samavoti atholwa yiqembu ngalinye. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswa kumarepublic amaningi aseYurophu, njenge-Jalimane ne-Netherlands, futhi sithanda ukuveza imifelandawo ehlukene.
  • I-Choice Voting (RCV): Abavoli abaneziqu ngokulandelana. Uma kungekho mvoti ofinyelela amavoti amaningi aphambili, abavoti abashiwe abaphansi kakhulu bayasuswa futhi amavoti abo asakazwa. I-RCV isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinjenge-Maine (U.S.) nakukhetho lwezigele zase-Australia. Kunganciphisa isidingo sokhetho oluyinhloko oluhlukile nokukhuthaza ukubambisana.
  • Izimiso ezimbili-Round System: Ezivamile kumarepublic kamongameli njengeFrance neBrazil, lapho uma kungekho mdwebi ozuza khona inani elikhulu kakhulu emzuzwini wokuqala, kukhishwa ijubane phakathi kwabacosheli ababili abaphezulu.

Isimiso ngasinye sinemisebenzi yokudayisa ngokwezimo, ukuzinza, nokwaneliseka kovoti. Ukuze sicatshukiswe kabanzi izimiso ze-electal, i-Electoral Society Reformation Society [[[FLT: 1] inikeza izincazelo eziningi.

4. Imihlangano Nezinqumo Zeqembu Ezihlobanisa Amagama

Ngemva kokhetho oluyinhloko, amaqembu avame ukuba nemihlangano yesizwe noma yezikhulu zokukhetha ngokusemthethweni futhi athathe isigaba seqembu. Lezizenzakalo zisebenza njengendlela yokugcina yokuhlanganisa imiphumela eyinhloko kanye nomhlangano womphakathi wokwakha amandla. Izivumelwano ezivela kubantu abavelele, amaqembu enzalo, noma abaphethe isithakazelo zingathonya ngokuphawulekayo ukukhethwa okuvamile ngokusekela ngokusemthethweni nangokubanzi.

Ukuhalalisa Emkhubeni: Amalungelo, Izindlela, Nokuhlanganyela

Ukuvota kuyindlela eqondile yokuthembisana isakhamuzi eriphabliki, kodwa isenzo sokuvota sizungezwe izici ezingokomthetho, ezingokomthetho, nezingokwenhlalo ezinquma ukuthi ubani ovotayo, kanjani, nokuthi zibaluleke kangakanani izinto abavotayo.

Ukuqamba Amalungelo Nokutholakala Kwawo

I-volution universal − ilungelo lokuvotela zonke izakhamuzi ezindala kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili, ingcebo, noma isikhundla sezenhlalo (=impumelelo yamuva nje eUnited States. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 yanqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni, neSichibiyelo se 19 sanikeza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. Nokho, izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngemithetho yamavoti, ifelon ilahla ukukhonzwa, kanye nezimiso zokuvota ziqokomisa ukuthi ukutholakala kwezinhlanga kusemncintiswaneni.

Amarepublic anamuhla alwela ukwenza ukuvota kutholakale ngokushesha ngokunikeza amavota okuvota, amaposi, neziteshi zokuvota ezihamba-hambayo. Nokho imingcele enjengemigqa emide, imiklamo edidayo, noma imingcele ekuvotelweni okungekho, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemiphakathi yabambalwa nabathola imali ephansi. Ukukhomba ngokusemthethweni kuwumthwalo oyinhloko wanoma yiliphi iriphabliki elimelela izindinganiso.

Izindlela Zokusakaza Imali

Isenzo sokuvota esingokoqobo siye sasuka kumavoti nakumaphepha kuya emishinini yokuvota nezimiso ze - Internet.

  • Iphepha Lophawu lwe-paper Ballots: Izivori ziphawula ukukhetha kwazo ephepheni, ezibe sezibalwa ngesandla noma ngemishini yokubona. Ama-paper bolots anikeza irekhodi lokuqinisekisa futhi awakwazi ukucusha, kodwa ukubala ngezandla kungabanejubane futhi kuthambekele ephutheni.
  • Imishini esetshenziswayo emazweni anjenge-Indiya ne-Brazil, ama-EVM avumela ukunwetshwa ngokushesha. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngokushintsha nokuntula iphepha kuye kwaholela amanye amazwe (umz., i-Netherlands) ukuba awashiye.
  • Iposi-In ne-abcelee Voting: ithandwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kobhadane lwe-COVID-19. Ukuvota ngeposi kwandisa ukutholakala kodwa kwandisa ukwesaba ngokukhwabanisa, nakuba ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukukhohlisa okunjalo kuyinto engavamile kakhulu.
  • I-Internet Voting: isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezimbalwa kukhetho olulinganiselwe (umz., Estonia okhethweni lwephalamende). Nakuba kungcono, ukuvota ngo-inthanethi kungenisa izingozi ze-inthanethi ezidlula izinzuzo zemali-mfantu eningi.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokubuya

I-voter surpout iwuphawu oluyinhloko lwempilo ye-riphabliki. Izimpawu eziphezulu zokuthi izakhamuzi zizwa amavoti azo futhi zihileleke enqubweni yezombangazwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvota okuphansi, kungabonisa ukunganaki, ukudideka, noma imigoqo yokwakha. Ngokwemininingwane evela ku- INternational Institute for Democratic and Electoral Leance (IDA), isilinganiso somvoti wembulunga yonke siyekile kancane phakathi namashumi eminyaka amuva, nakuba ihluka kakhulu ngezwe. Izici ezithonya ukuncintisana kokhetho, ukubhalisa, ukuvota, ukuvota, nokusebenza okuqaphele, nokusebenza kukahulumeni.

Lapho abafundi nezakhamuzi beqonda indlela amavoti abo aphendukela ngayo esimisweni nasobuholi, cishe basebenzisa lelo lungelo. Ngakho - ke izikole nezinhlangano zomphakathi zibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isiko lokuvota.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukuvikela IRepublic

Ukugunyazwa kweRepublic kuxhomeke hhayi kuphela okhethweni olukhululekile kodwa nasezivikelweni zokwakha ezivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kombuso. Ukuhlukana kwemibuso kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa (ukubulala, ukumisa, noma ukuphatha ngokwahlulela). Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, umongameli angagunyaza umthetho, uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa umthetho we-vetoes nezikhulu eziwusekelayo, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho. Izindlela ezifanayo zikhona kwamanye amarepublic, nakuba ukulinganisela okuqondile kuhlukile.

Izinhlangano ezizimele njengemishini yokuvota, izinhlangano ezimelene nokonakala, kanye nemishini yokunyathelisa ekhululekile nazo zibalulekile. Zinikeza ukukhanya, ukuhlola ukuziphatha okubi, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi abaholi baphendule umphakathi ngaphandle kwalokhu kuhlola, ngisho nezimiso ezihlelwa kahle zingathonywa inkohlakalo, ukukhohlakala, noma ukuphamba kwempoqo.

Izinselele ZamaRepublic Asesikhathini Esidlule

Ukuqonda lezi zithiyo kubalulekile kothisha nezakhamuzi ezifisa ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa ukubusa kweriphabliki.

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

EmaRepublic amaningi, amaqembu ezombangazwe aye ahluka kakhulu, aholela ekuhlukanisweni okukhulu. Lokhu kungaphumela ekubekeni imingcele yemithetho, lapho kucishe kube nzima khona ukuvumelana, futhi imisebenzi kahulumeni enjengokuhlela noma ukumisa imishado iyephuza. Ukuvota futhi kubangela ukungathembani ezinhlanganweni futhi kungenza abavoti bathambekele kakhulu ekukhulumeni ngokweqile. Izimbangela zihlanganisa ukuhlukanisa, ukuhlukanisa okudala izifunda ezilondekile, nethonya labashisekeli abaguquli abakwizingenisi. Amakhambi ahlanganisa nezinguquko ezikhuthaza ukuhlangana okungalawuleki, njengokuvota okuvota okungahluzeki kwezindawo eziphezulu.

Imali Kwezombangazwe Nezezimali Zemikhankaso

Izindleko ezinyukayo zemikhankaso kanye nethonya lezisebenzi ezinkulu ezinikelayo − ukuthutha, izikhungo, abantu abacebile, namaqembu enzalo − ziye zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka okuye kwathi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zinyukele emasheleni kunasemakhokheni azo. E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme ] iCitaisens United[ isinqumo [2010] esizimele semali yezombangazwe, okuholela ekuqhutyweni kwenani lemali e"enkonti" neyamakhulu i-PAC. Amanye amaRepublicractalkthery anemingcele eqinile, kodwa ukuthambekela kwembulunga yonke ngemikhankambo ebizayo kudala i-stionsss. Imikhankambiso yomphakathi, imikhawulo yomnikelo, imikhawulo yeminikelo, nokubonakala kwemikhankathazo.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Inkathi yezokuxhumana iye yaletha izinselele ezintsha: ukwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo kungasakazeka ngokushesha ngemithombo yezokuxhumana yomphakathi, kululaza ukwenza izinqumo nokwehlisa ukwethembela ezinqubweni zokhetho. Abadlali bangaphandle futhi bangazama ukuphazamisa okhethweni ngokukhuthaza amahlelo noma amahlebezi. Ukulwa nokwaziswa okunganembile kudinga imfundo yezezindaba, izimiso ze-clup zobulungu, kanye nezinhlangano ezizihlolelayo ukwaziswa okungahlolwa ngokunenzuzo kuhlonyiselwe kangcono ukuvikela ubuqotho be-ripublic yabo.

Ukucindezelwa Kwezinto Ezishisayo Nokuvinjelwa Kwamabhangqa

Nakuba amarepublic efuna ukuhlasela yonke indawo, ngokwesiko amanye amaqembu abhekene nezithiyo eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa amandla awo okuvota. Amasu okucindezela amavoter ahlanganisa imithetho eqinile ye-ID, ukukhishwa kwemicu evotayo, ukunciphisa amahora okuvota angaphambili, nokuvala izindawo zokuvota ezindaweni ezimbalwa. I-Gerrymander(ukudweba imingcele yesifunda ekhethayo ukuze asekele isigaba esisodwa [@FLT:1] futhi anciphisa ithonya elikhulu leqembu elithile labavoti. Izinselele ezingokomthetho namaqembu asebenza ngokumelene nalemicikilisho eqinile, kodwa ayaqhubeka eyimpi ekhona ezindaweni eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT:] Brenan Center yeJastic[FFLD:1] inikeza ukucwaninga okukhulu ngelungelo lokuvota kanye ne-german eUnited States.

Isiphetho: Ikusasa Lobubusi BeRepublic

AmaRepublic awami ndawonye; aphenduleka ngokubheka phambili ezinkingeni ezintsha, izinguquko zobuchwepheshe, nokushintshashintsha kwemibono yomphakathi. Inqubo yokukhetha abaholi (kusukela ezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokhetho ukuya ezindleleni zokuvota kanye nokuvikela okungokomthetho) kusempilweni yanoma yiliphi irepublic. Ukwaziswa, ukugada kwezakhamuzi kuyinhlolo - vo yokuhlola okusemqoka ekusekeleni izinkolelo zombuso weriphabliki.

Kubafundi nothisha, beqonda indlela amarepublic asebenza ngayo ayinyathelo lokuqala lokuba abe abahlanganyeli abakhuthele kunokuba izibukeli ezingenzi lutho. Ngokuqonda izinqubo zokukhetha umholi, ukubaluleka kwamalungelo okuvota, kanye nezinsongo ezingase zilulaze izinqubo zentando yeningi, abantu banganezela ekwenzeni irepublic yabo ibe nesibopho sokubusa, futhi iqine ngokwengeziwe. Ikusasa lerepublic lixhomeke kulokhu kubopheka okuhlangene.