Table of Contents

ISichibiyelo sokuqala singesinye sesivikelo esibaluleke kakhulu eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Sifakwe ngoDecember 15, 1791, sakha ingxenye yeBill of Rights, inguquko yokuqala eyishumi eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-United States. Lelilungiselelo lesisekelo livikela inkululeko eyisisekelo eminingi eyenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini wentando yeningi, zenza uhulumeni ulandise, futhi lizwakalisa izinkolelo zazo ngaphandle kokwesaba ushushiso.

Umbhalo WeSichibiyelo Sokuqala

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi: “Isivumelwano ngeke senze mthetho ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukuyisebenzisa kwayo ngokukhululekile; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo." Lamagama angamashumi amane nanhlanu avikela amalungelo amahlanu ahlukene kodwa ahlangeneyo akha isikhalazo senkululeko yaseMelika.

Ukuqonda ulimi oluqondile lokulungisa kubalulekile ngoba izinkantolo ziqala ngalombhalo oqondile lapho zihlaziya izingxabano. Igama ngalinye linesici esiphezulu ekuchazeni okungokomthetho, lilolonga indlela lamalungelo asetshenziswa ngayo ezimweni zezwe ezingokoqobo ezibhekene nezimo ezihlukahlukene.

Umlando Nemvelaphi

IBhili of Rights yahlongozwa ukuba imelane ne-Anti-Federalist emelene nomthetho-sisekelo. Isizukulwane esisunguliwe sasaba ukuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, uhulumeni omusha ubengaba nobushiqela. ISichibiyelo sokuqala savela kulokhu kukhathalela, sabeka imingcele emandla kahulumeni ukuze siphazamise inkululeko yabantu eyisisekelo.

Izihloko ezimbili zokuqala azizange zivunyelwe yizwe, ngakho isihloko esikhuluma ngokulahla nokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sagcina singesokuqala. Lokhu kubeka isisekelo kubaluleke kakhulu njengesivikelo esiyinhloko kuyi - Bill of Rights.

Abadwebi basebenzisa ifilosofi yokuKhanyiselwa, amasiko omthetho avamile esiNgisi, nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu ngoshushiso olungokwenkolo nokucusumbulwa kukahulumeni. Baqonda ukuthi umphakathi okhululekile wawudinga izakhamuzi ukuba zikhulume, zikhuleke, zimemeze, ziqoqe, futhi zifake isicelo ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni. Lezisivikelo zaziwukuvukela isikhathi sazo futhi ziqhubeke zihlukanisa umbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: I - Cornestone Yenkulumo Yentando Yeningi

Lesivikelo sidlulela ngalé kwamazwi alotshiwe, amazwi obuciko, ukuziphatha okungokomfanekiso, ngisho nezindlela ezithile zokukhuluma zezentengiselwano.

Lokho Okuvikelwayo

INkantolo Ephakeme ithole ukuthi inkulumo ingase idlulele ngalé kwenkulumo nencwadi endaweni yokuziphatha okukhulunywa kuyo, lapho izenzo zithumela khona umyalezo ongokomfanekiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushisa ifulege noma ukugqoka ibutho elimnyama lengalo kuye kwathola isivikelo sokuKhunyelwa Kokuqala.

Inkulumo evikelekile ihlanganisa ukukhulumela kwezombangazwe, ukukhulumela okungokwenkolo, imisebenzi yobuciko, inkulumo yesayensi, ngisho nemibono ecasulayo noma engathandeki. IJaji uWilliam Brennan Jr. labhala ukuthi "uma kunesimiso esiqinile esisekela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kuwukuthi uhulumeni ngeke anqabe ukuvezwa komqondo othile ngenxa nje yokuthi umphakathi uthola lomqondo ucasula noma ungathandeki.

Isivikelo sidlulela emithonjeni yezindaba nasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezincwadini ezivamile ezinyathelisiwe kuya ekuxhumaneni kwanamuhla ngezinombolo. Icala elihilela ukuxhaswa kwezimali zomkhankaso liye labonisa ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwemali okuthile kubhekwa njengokukhuluma.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Izinga lesivikelo sokukhuluma esiphathelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma esinikezwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala alilinganiselwe. Izinkantolo ziye zaveza izigaba eziningana zenkulumo ezithola isivikelo esilinganiselwe noma ezingekho emthethweni.

Omunye umngcele obalulekile uhlanganisa inkulumo edala ingozi eseduze. IJaji u-Over Wendell Holmes Jr. lachaza ukuthi "umbuzo kuzo zonke izimo ukuthi amagama asetshenziswe ezimweni ezinjalo futhi angokwemvelo yini kangangokuba adala ingozi ecacile nekhona yokuthi izoletha ububi obungathandeki obuthi uMkhandlu unelungelo lokubuvimbela." Lendinganiso, kamuva eyacwengisiswa yizenzakalo ezilandelayo, ivumela uhulumeni ukuba avimbele inkulumo esongela ukuphepha komphakathi ngokushesha.

Ezinye izigaba zenkulumo engavikelekile noma elinganiselwe zihlanganisa ukusongela kweqiniso, ukugqugquzela isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo, ukuhlambalaza, ukukhohlisa, ukuhlambalaza, nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabantwana. Umehluko uphakathi kokukhuluma ngenzondo nobugebengu benzondo.

Ukulwa namazwi − ukuthukwa kwabantu abathile ngamabomu ukuze kubangele ubudlova — futhi akunaso iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Nokho izinkantolo ziye zayisebenzisa kancane lemfundiso, ziqaphela ukuthi ngokuvamile impikiswano enamandla ihilela ulimi olushubile okungafanele luvinjelwe.

Isisekelo sokuqukethwe vs. Ukuqukethwe-Neuttics

Umehluko phakathi kwemithetho esekelwe ekuqukethe nakuqukethe okungangeni ndawo ufezile indima enkulu ezimweni zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Imithetho esekelwe ekuqukethe ilawula inkulumo esekelwe entweni yayo, kanti imithetho equkethe ilawula isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma. Uhulumeni unomthwalo onzima ekuvikeleni imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe, ngoba iyakwazi ukucubungula ngokunembe.

Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthi uhulumeni angabeka imingcele enengqondo lapho, lapho, abantu bekhuluma khona, futhi bekhuluma kanjani − njengemithetho yomsindo noma ivumela izimfuneko zemibuthano emikhulu ($] uma nje lemithetho ingacaci ngokusekelwe esigijimini esinikezwayo. Nokho, imithetho ebhekene nemibono ethile noma izihloko ezithile ibhekene nokubukezwa okunzima kakhulu komthetho-mthetho.

Inkululeko Yenkolo: Izivikelo Ezimbili Eziyizinhlangano

Iziphakamiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala senkolo ziqukethe iziphetho ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene: Ukumiswa kuka-Claus no-Free Expression Claus. Ndawonye, bakha uhlelo oluvimbela uhulumeni ekusekeleni inkolo kuyilapho bevikela amalungelo abantu okusebenzisa ukholo lwabo.

Ukumiswa KukaClaus

ISivumelwano sika-Claus senqabela i-Call Congress ukuba iqhube inkolo eyodwa phezu kwenye futhi inqande nemikhuba yenkolo yomuntu. Leli lungiselelo livimbela uhulumeni ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho noma ukubonisa inkolelo engokwenkolo kunokungakholelwa, noma ehlukile.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene kokuhlola ukuphulwa kukaClaus. Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni sinenjongo yezwe, ukuthi intuthuko yaso eyinhloko noma ivimbela inkolo, nokuthi idala uhulumeni oweqisayo ophambana nenkolo. Lezizindinganiso zisiza ekunqumeni ukuthi uhulumeni uweqe umngcele ovunyelwe wokuhlala kwenkolo ukuba ungayifuni.

Ukumiswa kwamacala ka-Claus kuvame ukuvela emongweni ohlanganisa izikole zomphakathi, ukuxhasa ngemali kahulumeni, ukuboniswa kwezenkolo empahleni yomphakathi, nomthandazo wemithetho. Isigqebhezana sidinga uhulumeni ukuba alondoloze ukungathathi-hlangothi, futhi angasekeli noma avimbele inkolo (ngoba kuqashelwe indima yenkolo emphakathini namasiko aseMelika.

Ukuzivivinya Ngokukhululeka KukaClaus

I - Free Execree Claus ivikela amalungelo abantu okuqhuba izinkolelo zabo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni. Abantu bangaya ezinkonzweni zenkolo, bagqoke izingubo zenkolo, bagcine amaholide enkolo, balandele imingcele yokudla, futhi bahlanganyele kweminye imikhuba eyisisekelo sokholo lwabo.

Nokho, njengenye iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, isivikelo sokuzivivinya sokukhululeka sinemingcele. uhulumeni ungabeka imithetho engathathi hlangothi enikeza imingcele yokuthi ngokuzenzakalelayo umkhuba ongokwenkolo onzima, nakuba izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zaqinisa isivikelo sokusetshenziswa kwenkolo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

Izinkantolo zilinganisela ukuvivinya umzimba ngokukhululekile ngokumelene nezithakazelo zikahulumeni ezincintisanayo, zihlola ukuthi imithetho iwumthwalo omkhulu yini umkhuba ongokwenkolo nokuthi uhulumeni unezizathu eziphoqelelayo zanoma yimuphi umthwalo onjalo. Lokhu kulinganisela kuqaphela kokubili ukubaluleka kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nesidingo sokusebenzisa imithetho ethile ngendlela efanayo.

Umbango Phakathi Konkulunkulu Ababili

Ukumiswa kuka-Clausle and Free Execrect Clausle ngezinye izikhathi kudala ukungezwani. Umkhuba wenkolo wokuzibandakanya ungabonakala uthanda inkolo, kuyilapho ukwehlukana okuqinile kungase kuthwese umthwalo onzima wokuqhuba inkolo. Izinkantolo zilawula lokhu kucindezeleka ngokufuna ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo kuyilapho zivimbela ukuvunyelwa uhulumeni. Lokhu kulinganisela okubucayi kubonisa umbono womphakathi lapho izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ezihlukahlukene zingachuma khona ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni noma ukukhetha.

Inkululeko Yezingcingo: Izakhiwo Zesine

Inkululeko yezindaba ivikela ilungelo lezinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba nezintatheli lokuqoqa, ukunyathelisa, nokusakaza izindaba nokwaziswa ngaphandle kokucusumbulwa uhulumeni noma isijeziso.

Indima Yezindaba Ezikhululekile Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Izindaba ezikhululekile zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile emphakathini wentando yeningi. Zitshela izakhamuzi ngezenzo zikahulumeni nezindaba zomphakathi, zihlola ububi nenkohlakalo, zinikeza imvume yemibono ehlukahlukene, futhi zinikeza izinhlangano ezinamandla isibopho sokulandisa. Imithombo yezindaba isebenza njengenja eqaphile, ihlola uhulumeni nezinye izinhlangano ezinamandla ngenxa yomphakathi.

Isivikelo esiyinhloko sihlala njalo: Uhulumeni ngeke uhlole noma ujezise imithombo yezindaba ngokukhipha ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso noma ngokuveza imibono, ngisho nalapho lezo zincwadi ziphoxa izikhulu noma zibekela imibandela kahulumeni inselele.

Inkululeko Ephambili Necindezelwe

Izinkantolo ziye zasungula isivikelo esinamandla ekuvimbeleni ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe uhulumeni ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe. Ukungavumelani nomthetho kusho ukuthi uhulumeni ubhekene nomthwalo onzima kakhulu ukuze uthethelele ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kokwaziswa. Lokhu kuvikela kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yezindaba ingasakaza ngaphandle kokufuna imvume kahulumeni, nakuba abamemezeli bengase babhekane nemiphumela yezinhlobo ezithile zezinto ezilimazayo ngemva kokunyatheliswa.

Izindaba zijabulela futhi isivikelo ekuqoqeni izindaba, nakuba lesivikelo singesona esiphelele. Izintatheli zivame ukufinyelela izindawo zomphakathi kanye nezindaba ezifana nezakhamuzi ezivamile, futhi uhulumeni akanakukhetha imithombo yezindaba esekelwe embonweni. Nokho, izimpawu zezindaba kanye nokutholakala okukhethekile kusengaphansi kwemithetho elinganiselwe, elinganiselwe.

Ukuvukela Nokuqamba Amanga

Nakuba inkululeko yokunyathelisa inamandla, izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba zingabekwa icala lokuhlanjalazwa − ngokuveza izinkulumo ezingamanga ezilimaza idumela lothile. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa izindinganiso ezikhudlwana kubantu abadumile nohulumeni abafuna ukufakazela ukuhlanjalazwa, ifuna ukuba zibonise ukuthi izinkulumo ezingamanga zenziwa nge "inzondo engokoqobo"""____ulwazi lokudumela noma ukungalinaki iqiniso.

Lezi sivikelo ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukubika izindaba zomphakathi ngentshiseko ngezinye izikhathi kungase kuhlanganise amaphutha, nokuthi ukwesaba ukulahlekelwa akufanele kubangele ukuncishiswa kwezindaba ezibalulekile.

Inkululeko Yomhlangano: Ilungelo Lokubutha

Ilungelo lokubuthana ngokuthula livikela ikhono labantu lokubuthana ndawonye ngezinjongo ezishoyo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubhikisha, imibhikisho, imibuthano, ukumasha, neminye imibuthano yomphakathi lapho abantu behlangana khona ukuze baveze imibono efanayo noma basekele izimbangela.

Umhlangano Onokuthula Nenkulumo Yomphakathi

Amalungelo omhlangano enza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuveza amazwi azo ngokuhlanganyela nabanye abakhathazekile. Imiboniso yomphakathi iye yafeza indima ebalulekile kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kusukela ekumashanileni amalungelo abantu kuya ekuvukeleni impi kuya ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo zanamuhla. ISichibiyeli Sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lokuhlanganyela kulezi zinkulumo ezihlangene, ngisho nalapho imiyalezo ingathandeki noma ingathandwa.

Isivikelo sidlulela kuphela engqungqutheleni enokuthula. Ubudlova, ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla, kanye nezinye izenzo ezingekho emthethweni zingaphandle kwesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Uhulumeni ungabeka isikhathi esinengqondo, indawo, kanye nezindlela ezibekelwe imingcele emihlanganweni ukuze abhekane nezidingo ezingokomthetho ngokuphepha komphakathi, ukugeleza kwezimoto, nokungena ezikhungweni zomphakathi, uma nje lemingcele ingekho futhi ishiya eminye imikhondo yokuxhumana.

Izimfuneko Zemvume Nemithetho

Izindawo eziningi zidinga imvume yemibuthano emikhulu noma imiboniso ezindaweni zomphakathi. Izinkantolo ziye zasekela izimiso zemvume ezinengqondo ezifeza izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokusola okusekelwe embonweni. Nokho, izimfuneko azikwazi ukunikeza izikhulu ukwahlulela okungalawuleki ukuze ziphike imvume esekelwe ekukhulumeni okuhleliwe.

Ilungelo lokubuthana lifinyelela ezindaweni zomphakathi ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezindawo zomphakathi ezivamile njengamapaki nasemaceleni. Uhulumeni awunawo amandla okulinganisela ukubukeka kwalezi zindawo ezivamile kunakweminye impahla yomphakathi. Ukuhlaziya kuxhomeke ekutheni umkhathi unjani nokuthi unjani futhi unjani ubekelwe imingcele.

Ilungelo Lokunxusa: Ukufuna Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Sikahulumeni

Ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo livikela ikhono lezakhamuzi lokuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ukufuna izinguquko emthetho noma enkambisweni, nokucela isenzo sikahulumeni sokuxazulula izinkinga. Leli lungelo lihlanganisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana nohulumeni.

Izinhlobo Zokunxusa

Ukunxusa kuhlanganisa nokubhalela abameleli abakhethiwe izincwadi, ukuqulisa amacala, ukufaka izicelo ezingokomthetho, ukunikeza ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi, nezinye izinkulumo ezifuna ukuphendulwa uhulumeni.

Ilungelo lesicelo livikela nokutholakala kwezinkantolo nekhono lokufuna amakhambi ezikhalo.

Ukuzitika Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Nakuba uhulumeni ekwazi ukulawula izici ezithile zokunxusa, njengokufuna ukudalulwa kwemisebenzi nezindleko, ilungelo eliyinhloko lokuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni nabasekeli bezikhundla ezingokomthetho lisevikelekile.

Lesivikelo senza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngentshiseko enqubweni yentando yeningi, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka esabela kubantu abakhonzayo. Uma sihlangene namanye amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala, lesi sicelo sisiza ukuba kugcinwe ukuthi umuntu unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphendulela.

Inkululeko Yokuzihlanganisa: Ilungelo Elasetshenziswa

Amalungelo amaningana awenziwe alondeke kakhulu. Amalungelo ayisisekelo ahlanganisa inkululeko yokuzihlanganisa, kuhlanganise nemfihlo ezinhlanganweni zomuntu, kanye nenkululeko yokwaba, ukwamukela, nokufunda, kanye nenkululeko yokubuza, yokucabanga, nokufundisa.

Nakuba ingashiwonga ngokucacile embhalweni weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, inkululeko yokuhlangana iye yaqashelwa njengebalulekile ekwenzeni amanye amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala abe nengqondo. Abantu kumelwe bakwazi ukuhlanganyela nabanye abahlanganyela imibono yabo ukuze basebenzise amalungelo abo ngokunempumelelo okukhuluma, ukukhulekela, nokunxusa.

Inhlangano Ebonisa Ukusabela

Ilungelo lokuxhumana nezikhulumela livikela ikhono labantu lokujoyina izinhlangano ezisekela izimbangela, ezikhuthaza imibono, noma ezizisholo zonke. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amaqembu ezombangazwe, amaqembu ezenkolo, izinhlangano zenkolo, nezinye izinhloko ezakhelwe izinjongo ezizishoyo.

Uhulumeni akanakuphoqelela ukudalulwa kwezinhlu zamalungu uma ukudalulwa okunjalo kungenza ubungane bungakhathazeki, futhi ngeke ijezise abantu ngokukhetha kwabo. Izinhlangano ngokuvamile zinelungelo lokunquma izimpawu zabo siqu zamalungu uma lezozilinganiso zihlobene nezinjongo zeqembu ezizichazayo.

Inhlangano Eseduze

Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela nelungelo lokuzihlanganisa nabantu abasondelene, ukuvikela ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu nobuhlobo bomkhaya ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zathonya incazelo ewusizo yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokuchaza nangokusebenzisa izimpikiswano ezithile.

Schenck v. waseUnited States (1919)

Isikhulu sobuSoshiyali seQembu laseMelika uCharles Schenc waboshwa ngaphansi koMthetho ka-Espionage ka-1917 ngenxa yokunyathelisa amapheshana akhuthaza ukumelana nokubuthwa. ESchenc v. eUnited States, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngazwi linye yakwenqaba ukudluliswa kwesicelo sikaSchenc futhi yaqinisekisa ukuqiniseka kwakhe. Lelicala laqinisekisa ukuhlolwa "ngokucacile nokukhona" kwengozi yokuhlola imingcele yokukhuluma, nakuba lendinganiso kamuva yashintshwa ngezinqumo ezalandela.

IDes Moines (1969)

INkantolo Ephakeme yathi abafundi abawaqedi amalungelo abo angokomthetho okukhuluma... esangweni lesikole. INkantolo yathola ukuthi inkulumo yabafundi yayingavinjelwa kuphela uma iphazamisa inqubo yemfundo. Ngenxa yokuthi kwakungekho bufakazi bokuphazamisa okunjalo, isikole sasiphula inkululeko yokukhuluma yokuQaphela kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lelicala eliyingqopha - mlando lamisa isivikelo esibalulekile sokukhuluma kwabafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi.

Johnson (19989)

ETexas uJohnson (19989), iNkantolo ayizange ithole ukungcoliswa kwefulege lomphakathi ngaphandle komthetho, futhi eqinisweni, yayikubheka njengenkulumo evikelekile: nakuba isenzo sasicasula, sasingahlotshazwa njengokuhlambalaza komuntu siqu noma ubani odlulayo. Lesi sinqumo esiyimpikiswano saqinisekisa ukuthi inkulumo engokomfanekiso ithola isivikelo esingokomfanekiso ngisho nalapho inkulumo ewuphawu icasula kakhulu amaMelika amaningi.

U - Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Umthandazo oqashwe esikoleni ungqubuzana neSichibiyelo Sokuqala. INkantolo Ephakeme yavuma, isho ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke axhase imisebenzi enjalo engokwenkolo. Leli cala lamisa izimiso ezibalulekile zika Claus ngokuphathelene nenkolo ezikoleni zomphakathi.

USullivan (1964)

Lelicala eliyingqophamlando lasungula indinganiso "yobubi obungokoqobo" yokuhlambalaza kwezikhulu zomphakathi, idinga ubufakazi bokuthi izinkulumo ezingamanga zenziwa ngolwazi lokukhohlisa noma ukunganaki iqiniso. Lesisinqumo sanikeza indawo ebaluleke kakhulu yokusakaza izindaba zomphakathi, siqaphela ukuthi ezinye izinkulumo eziyiphutha azinakugwenywa empikiswanoni eqinile ezindabeni zomphakathi.

Intuthuko Yamuva

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo lapho inhlangano ehlanganyela emsebenzini wokukhuluma, kuhlanganise nokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa izigijimi zabanye, kuqondiswe ukuba ikwazi ukuvala imiyalezo efuna ukuyikhipha. Futhi, umbuso ungase ungaphazamisani nenkulumo yabadlali bomuntu siqu ukuze uthuthukise umbono wayo wokulinganisela kwemibono. Izenzakalo zamuva ziyaqhubeka zidingida indlela izimiso ezingokwesiko zeSichibiyelo sokuqala ezisebenza ngayo kubuchwepheshe nasemapulatifomu esimanje.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Sivikela Ezimweni Ezingafani

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani okuhambisana nomongo kusiza ekucaciseni izinga nemingcele yesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Izikole Zomphakathi Nezenzo Ezingahambisani Nezindaba Ezinhle

Abafundi balondoloza amalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala ezimisweni zemfundo, kodwa izikole zinegunya elikhulu lokulawula inkulumo yabafundi kunezakhamuzi ezikhulile. Izikole zingavimbela inkulumo ephazamisa kakhulu indawo yemfundo noma ephikisana nomsebenzi wemfundo wesikole. Nokho, izikole azinakuvimbela ukukhulumela abafundi ngenxa nje yokuthi abaphathi abavumelani nomyalezo noma bawuthole uphikiswana nawo.

Amayunivesithi omphakathi ngokuvamile kumelwe anikeze isivikelo esikhulu ezikoleni ezifundayo nezifundisayo kune-K-12, eqaphela ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yemfundo ephakeme nempikiswano eqinile yemfundo ephakeme. Imingcele esekelwe ekutholwe yikho ekholijini ibhekene nokucushwa okuqinile futhi ayisekelwa.

Umsebenzi Kahulumeni

Izisebenzi zomphakathi zinamalungelo okuQonda ISichibiyelo somphakathi, kodwa abaqashi bakahulumeni banegunya elithile lokulawula inkulumo yezisebenzi ehlobene nomsebenzi noma imisebenzi yasemsebenzini. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi isisebenzi sasikhuluma njengesakhamuzi ezindabeni zomphakathi noma njengezisebenzi ezindabeni ezithinta isithakazelo somuntu siqu. Ukukhuluma ezindabeni zomphakathi kuthola isivikelo esikhulu, nakuba uhulumeni engayivimbela inkulumo enjalo uma iphazamisa imisebenzi yasemsebenzini.

Amajele Nezempi

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala silinganiselwe kakhulu emajele nasemikhakheni yezempi, lapho ukukhathazeka nokusebenza kuthethelela khona imingcele eyengeziwe evezwayo.

Impahla Yangasese Nabaphathi Bemithetho Abangabodwa

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivimbela ukumiswa kukahulumeni, hhayi ukuziphatha komuntu siqu. Abanikazi bempahla yangasese nezinhlangano ezizimele ngokuvamile zingavimbela ukubonakaliswa kwempahla yabo noma ezinhlanganweni zabo ngaphandle kokwephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezinkinga Ezixazululwayo

ISichibiyelo sokuqala siyaqhubeka sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha njengoba ubuchwepheshe, umphakathi, nezindlela zokuxhumana zishintsha. Izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise izimiso zeshumi nesishiyagalombili kumaqiniso angamashumi amabili nanhlanu.

Inkulumo Yezinombolo Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ukuvela kwezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana kuye kwadala imibuzo ewubuzwe yeSichibiyelo sokuqala, izihloko ezihlanganisa ukulinganisela kukahulumeni kumapulatifomu e - Internet, ukulinganisela kwemishini yezinkampani ezizimele, ukuhlukunyezwa nokusongelwa nge - Internet, nokusetshenziswa kwezimfundiso ezingokwesiko ezingeni elisha lokukhuluma ngemishini. Izinkantolo zisakha izisekelo zokusingatha le zinselele kuyilapho zilondoloza izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zeSichibiyelo sokuqala.

Imali Yomkhankaso

Ukuhlangana kwemali nezombangazwe kuphakamisa izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala.Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi umkhankaso wokusebenzisa imali uhilela ukubonakaliswa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, okuholela ezinqumweni eziqeda imingcele yezimali ehlukahlukene.

Zonda Inkulumo Nezenzo Ezicasulayo

Ngokungafani nezinye imibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi, i-United States inikeza isivikelo esiqinile ekukhulumeni okucasulayo, kuhlanganise nenkulumo yenzondo engangeni ekusongeleni noma ekushukumiseni. Lendlela ibonisa isibopho sokubheka ukungathathi hlangothi nokungathemba uhulumeni njengomthombo wenkulumo eyamukelekayo.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nenkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Izingxabano phakathi kwezithakazelo zenhlalayenza nenkululeko yokunyathelisa ziyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa kokwaziswa okungahlukaniswa nezintatheli zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele ilungelo lomphakathi lokwazi ngokumelene nokulondeka okungokomthetho, inselele eye yayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu esikhathini sokuvuza kwamanani kanye nokusongela kobuphekula bembulunga yonke.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala kunikeza izakhamuzi amandla okusebenzisa lenkululeko ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho zihlonipha imingcele yazo namalungelo abanye.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho

Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sizivikela ekucubungulisweni kukahulumeni nasekujezisweni ukuze ziveze imizwa yazo, kodwa azizivikeli emiphumeleni yazo yangasese noma ziqiniseke ukuthi zingaba nepulatifomu.

Ushintsho luvikela ilungelo lokuveza imibono engathandeki, ecasulayo, noma ephikisanayo, kodwa aluzivikeli izinsongo, ukugqugquzelwa kobudlova obuseduze, noma ezinye izinhlobo ezincane zokukhuluma okungavikelekile. Ukuqonda lemingcele kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise amalungelo azo ngendlela enengqondo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Inkululeko yokuQonda yenza ukuba kube nenkululeko yokuba isakhamuzi esikhuthele.

Ukusebenzisa lamalungelo kusiza uhulumeni ukuba alandise, athonye isimiso somphakathi, futhi abe nengxenye enkulumweni yasobala.

Ukuhlonipha amalungelo abanye

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ukubonakaliswa komuntu ngamunye, ukuba umfowenu onomthwalo wemfanelo kuhlanganisa ukuhlonipha amalungelo abanye okuveza imibono ehlukile. Isivikelo se-antement sidlulela kuyo yonke imibono, hhayi nje leyo esivumelana nayo. Ukubekezelela imibono ehlukene, ngisho necasulayo, kubonisa ukuzimisela okuyisisekelo kwempikiswano ekhululekile nesobala.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile NgeSichibiyelo Sokuqala

Ukungaqondi okuningi okusakazekile ngesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala kungaholela ekudidekeni ngobukhulu nangokwemingcele yalamalungelo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Kuphela Esivimbela Uhulumeni

Inkolelo eyisididayo evamile iwukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela yonke imingcele yokukhuluma. Eqinisweni, sivimbela ukucushwa kwemithetho nesijeziso sikahulumeni. Abaqashi bomuntu siqu, amabhizinisi, izinhlangano, nabantu ngabanye bangavimbela ukukhulumela ngaphandle kokwephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Uma inkampani yezenhlalo yezokuxhumana isusa okugcwele noma umqashi eyala isisebenzi ukuba sikhulume, akukho ukwephulwa kweSichibiyelo sokuqala okwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba kuhileleke isenzo sikahulumeni.

Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko Akubona Nje

Enye into ephambene ukuthi isivikelo sokukhuluma asilinganiselwe. Njengoba kuxoxwe ngaphambili, izigaba ezithile zenkulumo azitholi sivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, futhi ngisho nenkulumo evikelekile ingaba ngaphansi kwemingcele enengqondo yesikhathi, indawo, nendlela esetshenziswayo.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Ayisho Ukukhululeka Ekugxekeni

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lokuveza imibono, kodwa futhi sivikela amalungelo abanye okugxeka, ukuphikisa, noma ukusabela kuleyonkulumo. Ukuphikisa nokugxeka akuwephuli amalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile; bayawasebenzisa. Ikhambi lenkulumo umuntu angavumelani nayo liyinkulumo eyengeziwe, hhayi ukuthulisa ngokuphoqelela.

ISichibiyelo Sivikela Okungaphezu Kokukhuluma Nje

Abanye abantu bagxila kuphela enkululekweni yokukhuluma kuyilapho bengazinaki ezinye izivikelo. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela amalungelo amahlanu ahlukene(inkolo, inkulumo, izindaba, ingqungquthela, nokunxusa ) ngamunye okhonza imisebenzi ebalulekile emphakathini wentando yeningi. Ukuqonda zonke lezisivikelo kunikeza umbono ogcwele wezinga lokulungisa.

Isichibiyelo Sokuqala Embulungeni Yonke

Ukuqhathanisa isivikelo saseMelika esikhululekile nalezo ezikweminye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi kukhanyisa izici ezihlukanisayo zendlela iU.S. nokuphikisana okuqhubekayo ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwenkululeko nezinye izindinganiso.

Isivikelo Esandile Ekukhulumeni Okucasukayo

I - United States inikeza isivikelo esikhulu kakhulu ekukhulumeni okucasulayo, okunenzondo, nokudlulele kunamanye amazwe amaningi entando yeningi.

Isivikelo Esiqinile Ekuvimbeleni Okuthiywa Ngaphambili

Umthetho waseMelika omelene nokuzibamba ngaphambi kokuba uqhathaniswe kakhulu nezinye izizwe. Indlela e-U.S. iveza ukungabaza okukhulu ngokucusumbula kukahulumeni nokukhetha ukuxoxa ngemiphumela elimazayo ngokulandela kunokucindezelwa ngaphambi.

Inkolo UClaus

Isivikelo esimbaxambili seSivumelwano sikaClaus noFree Execlerence Claus siveza indlela ehlukile yaseMelika yenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwazo amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala zingathola imithombo eminingi yemfundo nezinhlangano ezinikezelwe kulenkululeko.

Izinhlangano Zemfundo

Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Inkululeko yomphakathi , i-American Civil Libersion Union, ne Foundation for Individual Rights ne-Gradition zinikeza izinto zokufundisa, ukufushanisa, ukubukeza, nokuhlaziywa kwezindaba zeSichibiyelo sokuqala. Lemicebo isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde amalungelo azo futhi zihlale zinolwazi ngentuthuko yamanje.

Imithombo Kahulumeni

Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza ukufinyelela kweSiphakamiso sakuqala samalungelo abantu nezincwadi zomlando. I- Library of Congress inikeza uMthetho-sisekelo ocaciswe, ohlanganisa ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwencazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yelungiselelo ngalinye lomthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zamazwe zilondoloza imithombo yemfundo echaza izimiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala kanye namacala engqophaka ingqophaza.

Imivubukulo Engokwemfundo

Izikole zomthetho namayunivesithi zinikeza izifundo, izincwadi nemithombo ye-inthanethi ehlola umthetho weSichibiyelo sokuqala nenkolelo. Imfundo yezomthetho inikeza ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwezimfundiso zomthetho - sisekelo, intuthuko engokomlando nezinselele zamanje. Le mithola - mandla isiza abafundi, abacwaningi nezakhamuzi ezithakazelayo ezifuna ukuqonda okuphelele.

Imininingwane Yezomthetho

Imibono yenkantolo nokuhlaziywa komthetho kutholakala ngezindawo ezihlukahlukene ze-inthanethi ze-inthanethi ze-inthanethi. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zitholakala obala ngewebhusayithi yeNkantolo nakwezinye izingosi zokwaziswa okungokomthetho. Ukufunda imibono yangempela yasenkantolo kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela abahluleli abasebenzisa ngayo izimiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala emacaleni athile.

Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwenkululeko Yokuqala Yokuchithwa

Emakhulwini eminyaka angaphezu kwamabili ngemva kokudukiswa kwayo, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sisalokhu sibalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi nasenkululekoni yabantu baseMelika.

Inkululeko evikelwe yiSichibiyelo sokuqala ayikona ukuzibulala. Idinga isivikelo esiqaphile, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nezinhlangano ezizimisele ukusekela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda futhi zisebenzisa lamalungelo, ziqinisa impucuko yentando yeningi futhi zimela ukugxambukela ezinhlengweni eziyisisekelo.

Izinselele ze-Contemporary − kusukela ekuxhumaneni ngemishini kuya kwezombangazwe ezihlukene kuya ezinsongweni zenhlalankeko zesizwe, hlola izimiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala ngezindlela ezintsha. Izinkantolo, izakhamuzi, nabenzi bezimiso kumelwe baqhubeke bezama ukusebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlala njalo zomthetho-sisekelo ezimweni ezishintshayo, ukulondoloza isivikelo esiyisisekelo kuyilapho besingatha izinkathazo ezingokomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sibonisa isibopho esijulile esihlonipheni somuntu, ukuzibusa komuntu siqu, nokuzibusa kwentando yeningi. Siqaphela ukuthi abantu abakhululekile kumelwe bakwazi ukukhuluma, ukukhulekela, ukusakaza, ukuqoqa, nokunxusa ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni. Lenkululeko ihlukanisa imiphakathi ekhululekile emibusweni yebushiqela futhi yenza umsebenzi oqhubekayo wohulumeni wentando yeningi usebenze.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo: Ukusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Okuqala

Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo Sokuqala kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala.

Ukuhlanganyela Enkulumweni Yeningi

Khuluma nabahleli, izikhungo zezokuxhumana, izinkulumo zasobala emihlanganweni kahulumeni, noma izingxoxo nomakhelwane.

Izikhulu Eziqashelwayo

Izikhulu eziqashelwe zidinga ukuzwa kubantu abanezici ezihilelekile ukuze ziqonde izinto ezikhathaza umphakathi nezithandwa yibo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezimpini Ezinokuthula

Ukubambisana kukwenza uzizwe uvumelana nabantu futhi ubonise ukuthi usekela ushintsho lwesimiso. Ukubhikisha ngokuthula kuye kwabangela izinguquko ezinkulu emphakathini nasezombangazwe kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Inkululeko Yokusekela Yokunyathelisa

Zibophelele ekufuneni imithombo yezindaba ephambili, uhlanganyele ekubikeni okubalulekile, futhi uvikele inkululeko yokunyathelisa lapho ihlaselwa. Izindaba ezikhululekile zixhomeke ekusekeleni komphakathi nasekuqapheni ukucusumbulwa nokwesatshiswa.

Sebenzisa Ukholo Lwakho

Inkululeko yenkolo ivikela ilungelo lokulandela unembeza wakho ezindabeni zokholo nengokomoya.

Xhumeka Ezinhlanganweni

Ukuzihlanganisa nabanye abanezici kanye nemigomo yakho kwenza ukuba ukuqoqa iqoqo kuphumelele futhi kuhlanganisa amazwi abantu ngabanye.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siyisisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika, sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo edingekile ekuzilawuleni kwentando yeningi nasekuhlonipheni komuntu. Isivikelo sayo esihlanu (inkululeko yenkolo, ukukhuluma, imithombo yezindaba, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa) sisebenza ndawonye ukuze sakhe indawo yokuzimela komuntu siqu, impikiswano yomphakathi eqinile, ukulandisa, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Lenkululeko ayizona nje izimiso ezingekho emthethweni kodwa amathuluzi awusizo izakhamuzi eziwasebenzisa nsuku zonke ukuze ziveze imizwa yazo, zisebenzise ukholo lwazo, zihlale zinolwazi, zihlelele ushintsho, futhi zikwazi ukulandisa ngamalungelo.

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala siye savela ngencazelo yokwahlulela, ivumelanisa izimiso zeshumi elinesishiyagalombili neshumi elinesishiyagalombili nenkathi ishintsha izimo kuyilapho ilondoloza izibopho eziyisisekelo zenkululeko nohulumeni olinganiselwe. Le nqubo eqhubekayo yokuchaza nokusebenzisa iqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sihlala sibalulekile futhi siphumelela.

Njengoba izakhamuzi zisebenzisa isimo sokwaziswa esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, isimo sezombangazwe esihlukahluka ngokushesha, nobuchwepheshe obushintsha ngokushesha, izimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala zinikeza izikhombo ezibalulekile. Zisikhumbuza ukuthi imiphakathi ekhululekile ixhomeke empikiswaneni esobala, ukubekezelela imibono ehlukahlukene, ukubonakala kohulumeni, nokuhlonipha unembeza womuntu ngamunye.

Ngokuqonda, ukusebenzisa, nokuvikela inkululeko yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, izakhamuzi zifeza imithwalo yazo yemfanelo emphakathini wentando yeningi futhi zilondoloze lenkululeko edingekile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Lesivikelo asiqinisekisiwe ngamazwi esikhumba kuphela, kodwa ngokuzibophezela okuqhubekayo kwezakhamuzi ezinolwazi ezimisweni zenkululeko, ukulingana, nokuzinqumela okuchaza umbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika.