Ukuthunyelelwa Esontweni Elingokomthetho

Ukubusa okungokomthetho kwakha umgogodla wegunya lanoma isiphi inkantolo lokuzwa nokunquma icala. Ngaphandle kwemithetho ecacile, kungalandela isiphithiphithi: izingxabano zingahudulelwa ezinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe, izahlulelo eziphikisanayo zingaphindaphindeka, futhi sonke isimiso somthetho singalahlekelwa ukubikezela nokulunga. Isinqumo asinqunyiwe [[[FLT:] kuphela [[FLT:]'''''inkantolo [[[FLT:]] [1] engenza, kodwa futhi [[FLT]] lapho [FLT], , futhi lapho [FLT] inquma ukuthi imingcele ikhona ihluleka khona ukulawula. ukuvimbela. [inani elisebenzayo] Amandla ayo. Abafundi bomthetho nokuqonda umlando, ukucunyuswa kweze izinqubo, ukucubunganisa amandla, [indlela, futhi ukuqondisa, iziyalezo zemithetho, lapho kuphakama izigaba zezindawo, uma kuphakama izinhlelo ezisebenzayo, uma kuveza izinhlelo ezikhona.

Kuyini Ukulahlwa Okungokomthetho?

Igunya elingokomthetho liyigunya elingokomthetho lenkantolo lokwenza izinqumo zomthetho nomthetho. Igama elivela e-Latin juristio `igunya lokukhuluma umthetho]. Ngomsebenzi wanamuhla, ukubusa kusebenza emazingeni amaningana: umthetho ngokomthetho, umthetho-mthetho, nomthetho ovamile. Umthetho-sisekelo, ngokwesibonelo, ulinganisela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezizahlulelwayo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, noma uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo (igunya lezempikiswano) kanye nezinkantolo ezihilela ubuzwe obuhlukahlukene noma izingangeniswangangomthetho owezwe ongaphezu kuka-R35 000 (isigaba sombuso esinegunya esivamile). Izinkantolo, ngokwehlukile, ngokwendlela ewuthola igunya kuzo zonke izimiso zemithetho nezimiso zemithetho engokomthetho, futhi umthetho jikelele kuzo zonke izindaba ezingagcinelwangagcinanga kuphela ezinkantolo zezwe.

I-listoricism ayiwona umqondo owodwa, we-monolithic. Ungahlukaniswa ube yizigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukubusa komuntu siqu, ukubusa kwendaba, kanye nendawo (yokuhlela). Izigaba ngazinye zikhuluma ngesici esihlukile samandla enkantolo, futhi zonke ezintathu kumelwe zibe khona ukuze inkantolo ilalele icala. Uma ikhona engekho, inkantolo ingenagunya futhi kumelwe ikhiphe icala ngaphandle kobandlululo, ivumele amaqembu ukuba aphinde aphendule icala ngokufanelekile.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesimiso

ISishaya-mthetho sase-U.S. siye samisa imithetho echaza ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuphawulekayo i-28 U.S.C. 31: 1331-1332. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ngokufanayo zikhipha imvume yokufinyelela ukuqulwa kwecala nezinkantolo ze-appelte. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho ye-procedal − njenge-Federal Regard of Civil Procedure", . Ukuqonda lemithombo ayiyona indaba yesivumelwano noma imvume esemthethweni. Izinkantolo kumelwe ziqinisekise ukubusa kwazo kuzo zonke izigaba, ngisho noma iqembu lingaphakamisi umbango.

Izinhlobo Zokulahlwa Kwamacala

Ukuzisola Kwakho Ngama - Pariti)

Igunya lomuntu siqu liphathelene negunya lenkantolo kubantu noma izinhlangano eziqanjwe enkantolo. Loluhlobo lokulawula luqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa akaphoqelelwanga ukuvikela icala endaweni engafanele kakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. isungule uhlelo olucaciswe ngokulandelana kwegunya lomuntu siqu, olusekelwe emqondweni “obudlelwane obuphansi” nesifundazwe se-aum. Icala lesifunda iShoe Co. v. Washington [1945]) ikholelwa ukuthi umbuso ungamisa igunya lomuntu siqu ngaphandle kwe-mShumo yombathi uma ummangalelwa enobuhlobo obanele nezweyo okudingeka ummangalelwa avikelele ndawo ayenze “izinto ezivamile zokudlala okuhle nobulungisa. ”

Ukubusa komuntu kungahlukaniswa futhi kube izinhlobo ezintathu:

  • En Personam Jurisdition: Amandla phezu komuntu wommangalelwa, aqanjwa ngokuvame ngokuba khona ngokoqobo, imvume (umz., ngesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano), noma imisebenzi yebhizinisi eqhubekayo nehlelekile. Lena indlela evame kakhulu futhi inikeza igunya lenkantolo ukuphoqelela isibopho somuntu siqu kummangalelwa.
  • KuRem Jurisdition: Amandla phezu kwempahla angaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo yenkantolo. Inkantolo inganquma ukuthi ubunikazi noma indawo ihlelwe kanjani ngisho noma umniniyo engenakufinyelelwa inkantolo. Nokho, isahlulelo ngokuvamile sithinta impahla, hhayi umniniyo ngokwakhe.
  • Quasi in Rem Juriscion: Amandla phezu kommangalelwa asekelwe embonini yabo ngaphakathi kwe-forum, asetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa isahlulelo esingavumelani naleyompahla. Loluhlobo lulinganiselwe kakhulu ngezinqumo zenqubo yanamuhla.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokwakha Ukuzinqumela

  • I-Redict or Domicile: abantu bangaphansi kwegunya lomuntu siqu esimweni sakhe sokuhlala; izinkampani zingaphansi kokubusa esimweni sazo sokuhlanganisa noma indawo eyinhloko yebhizinisi.
  • I-conect:[ Imikhosi ingavuma ukubusa ngokuvela enkantolo (ukubonakala okuvamile), ngokuvumelana (izigaba zokukhetha), noma ngokuhluleka ukuphikisa ngendlela efike ngesikhathi.
  • Abangathintwa abaphansi kakhulu: ukubusa okuqondile kuvela lapho ummangalelwa ethola ilungelo lokuqhuba imisebenzi ngaphakathi kwe-folum, futhi icala livela kuleyomisebenzi. Ukulawula okujikelele kuba khona uma abangathintwa abamangalelwa beqhubeka kakhulu futhi behlelekile kangangokuba “abasekhaya” e-forum (eji ] Daipler AG b. Bauman, 2014]).
  • Imithetho-Armtes:[ Zonke izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho emide yamandla enweba ukufinyelela kwezinkantolo zazo ukuba zikhiphe abamangalelwa abasesifundazweni (umz., zibangela ukulimala, ukuthutha ibhizinisi, noma izakhiwo). Umthetho kumelwe uhambisane nemingcele yenqubo efanelekile kahulumeni.

Ukulahlwa Kwendaba (Amandla Ohlobo Lomuntu)

Igunya lendaba libhekisele egunyeni lenkantolo lokuzwa amacala ohlobo oluthile noma ahlobene nendawo ethile engokomthetho. Ngokungafani negunya lomthetho, i-consitive ye-opersement ayinakususwa noma inikezwe ngemvume, noma inqunywe umthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho. Isahlulelo esikhishwa yinkantolo engenayo imibandela ayilutho.

Esimisweni sezinkantolo ezimbili zaseU.S., ukubusa kwezindaba kuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni:

  • I-Federal Jurisdiction: izinkantolo ze-Federal zinesimiso esilinganiselwe seze-curecule. Zingase zizwe amacala ahilela:
    • [[FLT:]][FLT]] Firedal Ask Jurisdiction (28.U.S.C. qhaqha 1331]:[[[] Amacala awe-'umthetho-mthetho kazwelonke, imithetho, noma izivumelwano.
    • Icala lobuzwe (28 U.S.C. 762):[ Icala phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene (noma phakathi kwesakhamuzi sase-U.S. nesakhamuzi sakwamanye amazwe) lapho isamba sempikiswano sidlula khona u-R35 000.
    • Admiralty ne Maritime Juristion: Icala elihilela amanzi avulekayo noma ezentengiselwano zaselwandle.
    • Bankruptic, Paten, Copyright, and Federal Crimes: Ezinye izihloko zezindawo zihlangene kuphela.
  • Izwe i-Jurisdiction: izinkantolo zikaHulumeni zinesimiso sezwe jikelele esilawulayo, ```'''''''. Zingazwa noma iliphi icala elingagcinelwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni kuphela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umthetho womkhaya, izingxabano zesivumelwano, amatort, izingxabano zempahla, nokuqulwa kwecala okuningi.
  • Expand vs. Juridition: Uma izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso zombili zinegunya ecaleni (umzk., izindaba ezihlukahlukene ezihilela umthetho wezwe), ukubusa kuyavumelana. Ummangalelwa angakhetha i-forum, efanelwe ukususwa ngummangalelwa. Ukulawula okuhlanganisayo − njengokuphikiswa noma ukuwiswa kwemali (i-agames) kuphela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezingayiphikisa lendaba.

Izinselele Endabeni Yokulahlwa

Ukunquma ukuthi icala “livele ngaphansi kwe-” kungaba nzima. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa umthetho “oholayo kakhulu wokukhononda,” obheke kuphela ekukhonondeni komphathi wecala ukuze kubonwe ukuthi lisekela impikiswano kahulumeni. Uma ulwelo lukahulumeni luphakanyisiwe, olungakhi ukubusa kwezwe. Ngokufanayo, ukuze kube nokubusa okuhlukene, amaqembu kumelwe ahlukane ngokuphelele, akukho mmangalelwa ongahlanganyela izakhamuzi nanoma yimuphi ummangalelwa. Lemithetho yezobuchwepheshe ivame ukuholela ekubekeni impikiswano.

3. Ukumangalelwa Kwendawo Ezungezile (Isimiso Sendawo Yonke)

I-econographic field, ebizwa nangokuthi i-oversity, igxila ezindaweni lapho izenzakalo ezibangela ukumangalelwa zenzeka khona. Nakuba kuhlobene kakhulu negunya lomuntu siqu, kuhlukile: inkantolo ingaba negunya lomuntu siqu kummangalelwa kodwa ingabi nalo igunya lokulawula indawo uma isenzeka ngaphandle kwemingcele yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo yecala likahulumeni eNew York ngokuvamile ayinakuzwa icala ngengozi yemoto eCalifornia, ngaphandle kokuba imithetho ekhethekile yezikhali isebenza.

Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukulawulwa kwendawo zihlanganisa:

  • Indawo ye-Invodent: Ngokuvamile, inkantolo esifundeni noma esifundeni lapho igebhubhukane ikhona khona indawo (incazelo ehlobene kodwa ehlukile). Imithetho ye-Venue :"i-vtegovernet" ikhomu elingcono kakhulu phakathi kwe-gue.
  • Imisebenzi yezentengiselwano: Inhlangano eqhuba ibhizinisi esifundazweni ingafanelana nalesosifundazwe uma kuvela ibhizinisi, ngisho noma indlunkulu yayo ikwenye indawo.
  • Imithetho ebanzi-Armtes:[ Lemithetho inikeza amandla ngokukhethekile izinkantolo ukuba ziqinise amandla phezu kwabangewona abaholi abasebenza izenzo ezithile ngaphakathi kwezwe, njengokufaka ithoyi, ukungena esivumelwaneni, noma ukusebenzisa impahla yangempela. Zikwazi ukunweba indawo.
  • I-Doctrine of Forum Non Convenie: Ngisho nalapho ikhona i-cover, inkantolo ingalilahla icala uma enye i-forum ifaneleka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimpikiswaneni zomhlaba wonke.

Izici Ezithonya Izinqumo Zokusola

Izinkantolo aziwamukeli ngokuzenzakalelayo wonke amacala abekwe ezinkantolo zazo.

  • Ukubekwa kwecala:[ Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ukulawulwa kwendaba kuxhomeke ekutheni icala lihilela umthetho kazwelonke, ukwahlukahluka, noma umthetho wezwe. Intengiselwano eyinkimbinkimbi iphakamisa imibuzo elawulayo ngezentengiselwano zamazwe aphakathi.
  • Izindawo ze-Parities: Indawo yokuhlala, i-domicile, nendawo eyinhloko yebhizinisi lawo wonke amaqembu kufanele ihlolwe. Ukulawula kokwehlukahluka, izakhamuzi zeqembu ngalinye zinqunywa njengosuku olugcinwa ngalo icala.
  • Amalungiselelo omfundisi: Izishaya-mthetho zesifundazwe ezivame ukumiswa ngemithetho ye-mende. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Xission Action Fairness Act ka-2005] yandisa ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi emikhulu yesigaba.
  • I-Due shote Process Imikhawulo yeNkathi: Izichibiyelo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane zivikela abantu ukuba bangaholelwa enkantolo ekude ngaphandle kokuxhumana okwanele ne-forum. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe ukuze zihlole ukungaguquguquki, uma kucatshangelwa umthwalo kummangalelwa, isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuchazeni impikiswano, nesithakazelo sommangalelwa ekutholeni usizo.
  • Ifakelwe empikiswaneni: Imithetho eminingi idinga umnyango wemali (umz. $75 000 (isilinganiso sezindawo ezihlukene). Uma isilinganiso singaqinisekile, inkantolo ingabamba izindlebe ezicacile.
  • .Timing noWaiver: Abalweli kumelwe baphakamise izithiyo zezwe ekuqaleni [1] Ngokuvamile ekuphenduleni noma ekuphenduleni. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphazamisa ukuzivikela. Nokho, imingcele yesimiso ingaphakanyiswa noma nini, ngisho nasekudluliseni.

Ukubaluleka Kokumangalelwa Esimisweni Esingokomthetho

Impicabadala ayiyona nje indlela yobuciko; ibalulekile ekubuseni umthetho.

  • Ukuzimela ku-Litigant:[ imithetho ye-Jurisciation ivimbela abamangalelwa ukuba baphoqelele abamangalelwa ukuba bahambe amabanga amade ukuze bazivikele. Baqinisekisa ukuthi amacala azwakala endaweni ehlangene kahle nempikiswano.
  • ukwenzeka kanye noMnyango wokwahlulela: Ukulawula okufanele kugwema ukuphindwa kwemithetho nokuphikisana. Uma icala ligcinwa enkantolo engalungile, liyaxoshwa noma lidluliswa, kugcinwe imithombo yokwahlulela. Nokho, amandla esimiso somthetho angaholela ekuthengeni kwe-um / kodwa lokhu kulawulwa ngokudluliswa kwezindawo kanye nezimfundiso eziqinile.
  • Imithetho ye-Predegion kanye nokungaguquguquki: izishayamthetho ze-Julidict ngokwazo ziba yizandulela. Izimo ezifana ne- International Shoe, [[FLT]] [[FLT]] DAILERT[, kanye Briston- shop-Mers Squib Co. Co. iNkantolo enkulu[[[FLT:]] (2017]) ilongesimo sokwakheka imikhondo yezimiso zombuso zomuntu siqu, ithonya izinkulungwane zesinqumo esilandelayo.
  • Ukuhlukanisa kwaMagunya: Icala lilinganisela amandla ezinkantolo ngokuphathelene nezishaya-mthetho neziphathi. Inkantolo edlula ukubusa kwayo isebenza ngaphandle kwendima yayo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlola kulondoloza ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni.
  • UbuFaredali: E-U.S., i-gassion imisa umngcele phakathi kwezwe negunya likahulumeni. Ihlonipha ubukhosi bezwe ngokuzivumela ukuba zinqume imithetho yazo siqu kuyilapho ziqinisekisa ukuphakama kwezwe lapho izithakazelo zesizwe zisengozini.

Izinselele Ekunqumeni Ukulahlwa

Naphezu kwezimiso ezimiswe kahle, imibuzo ye-gure ivame ukuphakama nge-ligitation eyinkimbinkimbi. Izinselele zanamuhla zihlanganisa:

Izenzo Ezihlukahlukene Nezigaba

Izenzo zekilasi ngokuvamile zihilela izinkulungwane zama-paltiff avela ezifundeni ezihlukene. Ngaphansi kwe-Standation Action Fairness Act, umbuso uvame ukuhlanganisa uma kukhona izinhlobonhlobo ezincane futhi isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-5. Nokho, ukunquma ukuba izakhamuzi zamalungu esigaba angashiwongo ngegama kungaba umthwalo, futhi izimpikiswano ngokungalingani kokumelelwa kwemigqa ngezinye izikhathi efiphele.

Isinqamulo-uhlu kanye nezenzakalo zomhlaba wonke

Izentengiselwano zembulunga yonke ne-Internet kuye kwadala indida ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, ingosi etholakala kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingama-50 ingabeka umniniyo ngaphansi kwegunya layo lombuso kunoma yisiphi isifundazwe, kuxhomeke ekusebenziseni isilinganiso sokusebenza nokuhlasela. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Walden v. Fiore (Unyaka ocaciswe ukuthi abangathintwa lommangalelwa kumelwe babe ne-atmentium ngokwayo, hhayi nje kuphela isikhulu esihlala lapho. Emongweni yomhlaba wonke, izivumelwano ezinjenge Hague Serverse Assembly ibusa inkonzo yeze phesheya, nemfundiso yezokulawula iziphetho ze-ommetho noma ngabe i-US.

Ukushintsha Kwe - Internet Nezinqubo Zobuchwepheshe

Izinkampani ze-ecommerce zibhekene nemithetho ehlukene. “abangathintwa abaphansi” bahlola imisebenzi ye-inthanethi: amawebhusayithi angenamsebenzi avumela ukuthengwa, ukulayishwa, noma izikhokhelo ngokuvamile ziyawenza. INkantolo Ephakeme kusamelwe ikwazi ukunikeza ikheli ngokugcwele enkathini ye-teknoloji, ishiye izinkantolo eziphansi zisebenzise amaqiniso amasha.

Izindawo Ezingangeni Ekhaya Nokudluliswa

Ngisho noma ikhona imvume, inkantolo ingalikhipha icala ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye-forum engagunyazi uma i-promen ifaneleka kakhulu. Lemfundiso ivamile emacaleni ahlukahlukene, njengezingozi zezindiza noma amabhokisi ahilela ama-opentiff akwamanye amazwe. Ngokuphambene, phakathi kwe-U.S., inkantolo ingadlulisela icala kwesinye isifunda ngaphansi kwe-U.S.C. 76 1404(a) ukuze kusiza amaqembu nafakazi, uma inkantolo ikhona futhi iphethe imvume nezindawo.

Imithetho Ejikeleza Isifundazwe eside Se-Arm

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilokhu zithumela imithetho yezikhali ezinde ukuze zandise noma zilawule izivumelwano. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe manje zilawula iziphathi ezingekho ezithatha indawo, njengehlazo, ezibangela ukulimala ngaphakathi kumbuso. Ukunwebeka komthetho ngokomthetho okunjalo kuyabekelwa inselele njalo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda ukulawula komthetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohamba ngezimiso zomthetho (ngoba kungumfundi, uthisha, umfundisi, noma udokotela. I-Juristia iqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zisebenza phakathi kwesikhundla sazo esigunyaziwe, ukuthi abamangalelwa abathweswa umthwalo ongafanele, nokuthi amacala axazululwa ngendlela elungile nephumelelayo. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yomuntu siqu, izihloko, kanye nokulawula indawo kudala uhlelo olulinganayo olulinganayo negunya likahulumeni. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezohwebo kuqhubeka kunciphisa amabanga, imithetho elawulayo iyoba yinqubo engenakugwenywa, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo ze-memo ye-gastion, inqubo yombuso, nobulungisa, kuzakuhlala njalo. Ngokuqonda lezi zinto eziyisisekelo, umuntu akatholi ukwazisa okujulile kuphela ukuthi iziphi izinkantolo ezinqumayo kodwa futhi ngokucace kakhulu ukuthi iziphi izinqubo zomthetho ezingokomthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Cornell Legal Information ye-stative , izinkantolo ezisemthethweni zegunya lenkantolo yezwe , kanye ne- Law Journal isihloko se-Duk'Union Juriscition emva kwe-Daimler.