Imililo Yasendle Nokungcoliswa Kwamanzi: Inhlekelele Esabisayo

Imililo yequbula iye yakhula entshonalanga ye-United States nakwezinye izindawo eziphehlwa ngomlilo, iqhutshwa yisomiso esithatha isikhathi eside, amazinga okushisa anyukayo, nokushintsha kwezindlela zomhlaba. Le mililo ayibulali nje kuphela amakhaya nezindawo ezizungezile kodwa futhi idala usongo olukhulu oluhlala njalo ekuphuzeni amanzi. Uma umlilo wemvula uvutha emanzini akhulisiwe ampompoza amadamu, imifula, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imiphumela ingadala ukusabela okuhlangene okuhlanganisa i-contaminemin @ash, izinsimbi ezisindayo, izakhi, nezakhi, kanye nezimiso zamanzi ayingozi. Ukusheshisa amanzi ahlanzekile ngokulandela lezi zenzakalo kuye kwaba yinseleleko empilweni empilweni empompane nenkampane, insela efuna ukusabela okusheshayo okukhona kanye nokuthatha isikhathi eside.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela umlilo osha ngazo, izithiyo imiphakathi nezinhlangano ezibhekana nazo lapho zisabela ekungcoleni, kanye nezimiso eziye zavela zokusingatha lezi zingozi. Ngokuhlola izenzakalo nezindlela ezilandelayo, siqokomisa isidingo esibucayi sokulawula amanzi anamandla enkathini yokushisa komlilo.

Umphumela Wemililo Yasendle Egunjini Lamanzi

Imililo yasemanzini encishisiwe ishintsha i-hydrology ne-geochemistry ngezindlela ezingahlala iminyaka. Ukuqina kwezinga lamanzi kuxhomeke ekushiseni komlilo, izici ezicwebile, uhlobo lwenhlabathi, kanye nobungako bemvula yangemva komlilo. Ukuqonda lemiphumela kubalulekile ekuklameni ukusabela okuphumelelayo kwenqubo.

Ukungcola Okungokomzimba Nokungasaphathwa Okuvamile

Imililo ephakeme ishisa uhlaza nenhlabathi ephilayo, ishiya umhlaba ungenalutho futhi uvuseleleke amanzi. Lokhu kunciphisa ukunyakaza futhi kwandisa kakhulu indawo. Izimvula zokuqala ezinkulu ngemva komlilo zingabangela ukukhukhuleka okukhulu kwenhlabathi, amathani omlotha, nezinsalela emiseleni. Ukulayisha kuphakamisa amazinga emvula, ukufakwa kwamanzi, futhi kungadlula izinga lokwelapha izitshalo ezivamile. Ezimweni ezingaphezulu kakhulu, amadamu angabangela ukuguguleka okukhulu kwenhlabathi, umlotha, umlotha, kanye nemfucumfucu kuncipheke. Isibonelo sika-2002 Fire eholweni eholweni egcwele imfucucwe, izindleko zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi, izindleko zezindawo ezibiza izigidi ezigcwele, futhi ezibiza izindleko eziphuthumayo.

Amakhemikhali Angcolisayo: I - Ash, Insimbi Nezinhlayiya Ze - Pyrolytic

I-ash evela ehlahleni eshisiwe inezakhi ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-calcium, i-magnesium, ne-magneziyam, kodwa futhi ingenza ubuthi obungasetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-arsenic, umthofu, ne-mercury eyayigcinwe enhlabathini yasendle nasemachibini. Uma umlotha uvulela emanzini, ungaphakamisa amazinga ezakhi zezakhi zegazi (ni ze-nitrogne ne-phosphosus), ibangela ukuqhakaza kolwelwesi oluyi-algal okuveza ubuthi obungaxubene nobungamanzi angaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushiswa kwezinto zemvelo ezikhiqiza i - polycyclyhyractown (amas) nezakhi ezithile ezishayo. Lezi zinto zingabangela ukuba gazi libe nokungcola okuqhubekayo emanzini namanzi. Imilingo eshiswayo eshisa izakhiwo noma izakhiwo zezimboni eziphambili: amapulasi, ukhuni, izimoto, izimoto, izimoto, ezinye zezindlu zasendlini, ezinye izitha, ezinye izitha, ezinye izitha, ezinye izitha, ezinye izitha, amanzi

Izingozi Zesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo Nezincane

Izimo zemoto zangemva kwemililo zingaphakamisa ukungcoliswa kwemicrobial. Ukulahleka kwesembozo se-veget kunciphisa i-filtation engokwemvelo, kuvumela amagciwane ezidumbuni zezilwane, izimiso zokusansimbi, noma ashiswe ukuba angene emanzini. Amazinga okushisa amanzi emanzini ezindaweni ezingemva komlilo angathuthukisa ukukhula kwamabhaktheleki. I-fecal coliform kanye E. Izikholi [imicrozi] zibhalwe kaningi ngemva kwemililo, i-necessititting yamanzi amanzi ancibilisa iziqhuma. Inhlanganisela ze-tribial nemicbial inganqoba ukukhula kwe-chlose kanye no-octivation, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni zamanzi amancane ezindaweni zokwelapha.

Izinselele Ekulawuleni Ukungcoliswa Kwamanzi

Ukusabela ekungcoleni kwamanzi okubangelwa umlilo ovuthayo kunikeza izinselele eziyingqayizivele zokusebenza, ukuvumelana kwemithetho nokulingana okubangela ukuba kube nzima ukusabela esimweni esiphuthumayo nokululama isikhathi eside.

Ukucwengwa Kwamanzi Ngokushesha

Ngokushesha ngemva komlilo ovuthayo, izikhungo zamanzi ezisiza ukuphehla amanzi nezokuphilisa kumelwe zinqume ngokushesha ukuthi amanzi angcolile yini. Nokho, ukufinyelela amanzi ashisiwe kungavalwa umlilo onamandla, izihlahla eziyingozi, imithambeka engahleleki, noma umonakalo womgwaqo. I-Sampling kumele imboze izinhlobonhlobo zezithako ezingase zihlasele, okudingeka zihlolwe ngokukhethekile, futhi imiphumela ingathatha izinsuku noma amasonto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcoliswa kungasuka njengomlothathi wesi nencithane kunyakaze umfula noma izenzakalo zemvula zibangele izimpawu ezintsha zokungcolisa. Lokhu kungabangela ukukhungathekiswa nokungaqiniseki okunga okunga okungabangela ukudidelwa komphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma kungekho miphumela empilweni ekhona.

Ukusebenzisa Izinyathelo Zokwelapha Ngokuphuthumayo

Ngisho noma ukungcola kutholakala, kungase kube nzima ukwelapha. Ukuzibamba kakhulu kungabiza izisefo ezisheshayo zesihlabathi noma kudinga izilinganiso ezinkulu kakhulu zama-coagumist. Uma izinqubo zamakhemikhali zikhona, izinqubo ezivamile zokwelapha ezifana ne-chlorinan noma ukuhlahlela zingaba anele. Izimiso ezisebenza ngokuphazima kweso noma ukubuyisela i-osmicrosis zingadingeka, kodwa lezi zibiza kakhulu futhi zingaba khona. Imishini yokwelapha ixhomeke emazingenisikeni emoto noma ezixhumeni ezihambelanayo zomakhelwane, kodwa zombili lezi zidinga isikhathi sokuthumela futhi zingadingi ngokugcwele izilinganiso ze-contamistry. Ngokwesibonelo, i-201818 kampast in California, ingenza ukuba isimiso sokusakaza amanzi esishisayo, idinga ukuhlangana nokubuyiselwa okukhulu kwamanzi athathe iminyaka eminingi.

Ukucwaninga Ukuthi Amanzi Ahlanzekile Atholakala Ngokulinganayo

Imiphumela yomlilo ayisakazwa ngokulinganayo. Imiphakathi ehhadlayo, izindawo zasemaphandleni, namazwe esizwe ngokuvamile athembele ezimisweni ezincane zamanzi ezinemithombo elinganiselwe yezezimali nezobuchwepheshe. Lezi zimiso zingase zintule amandla okusebenzisa ukwelashwa okuphambili noma ukugcina imithombo yesisekelo. Phakathi nesivinini esikhulu, abantu abahluzekile bangabhekana nezikhungo ezibi ezithatha isikhathi eside, izindleko eziphakeme zamanzi afakwe emabhodleleni, noma ukuchayeka kakhulu emanzini angcolile. Ukusabela komthetho kuhlanganisa imishini yokuhlela imiphakathi elula ukunikeza usizo, ukunikeza izimali ngokushesha, futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukuthola amanzi aphuthumayo kungakhathaliseki iholo noma indawo.

Ukubambisana Phakathi Kwezinhlangano Nemiphakathi

Ukusabela okuphumelelayo kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi: izikhungo zendawo zamanzi, iminyango yezempilo, izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile, i-US Forest Service, i-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Nokho lamaqembu ngokuvamile anemithetho ehlukene, izimiso zokwaziswa, nemithetho yokuxhumana. Amagebhugebhu asebenza ngokubambisana angabambezela ukunciphiswa kwamanzi, ama-aseat quence, ukuthiya imithombo yezemvelo, futhi aholele ekubhaleni ngendlela eguquguqukayo. Ubunkimbini bukhula lapho imililo yemililo inqamula imingcele, umzekelo, ihlathi elisehlathini elihloselwe ukulawulwa yidolobha. Ukwakha nokusebenza kokwenza imisebe yomlilo kuvame ukugxeka kodwa ngaphansi kwenkathi yomlilo.

Ukusabela Kwemithetho Nezinqubo

Beqaphela usongo olukhulayo, ohulumeni abanezilinganiso eziningi baye basungula amathuluzi ezimiso okuqinisa ukulungiselela, ukusabela, nokululama.

Amasu Okusabela Ngokuphuthumayo

Amazwe amaningi kanye nezinto ezisebenza kuwo manje ziyayaleza ukuba kufakwe ukungcola kwamanzi okuhlobene nomlilo ovuthayo emalungiselelweni awo okusabela okuphuthumayo. La mapulani avame ukusho izimpawu zesilinganiso samanzi, izivumelwano zokunikeza izimpawu zomphakathi, nezivumelwano ezigunyaziwe zokwelashwa noma ukuthutha amanzi. Futhi athola imithombo yamanzi egciniwe kanye nokuhlangana. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo yimfuneko yeCalifornia yokuba zonke izimiso zamanzi zomphakathi zithuthukise icebo eliphuthumayo lokulungisa amakhelijikisha kokubili amakheli kawo mthombo wamanzi nesimiso sokusakaza ukuthembeka. Lamacebo kumelwe alungiswe minyaka yonke futhi asetshenziswe ngetebhusayithi yete. I-US Envition Protection Agency (EPA) ikhiphe futhi isiqondiso [[FLD:]] i-odrobodss elungiselelwe ukuphuza amanzi [FLD [FFF1]], okuhlanganisa ukuvikela kobuthelela.

Ukuxhasa Nemithombo

Imithombo yezezimali iyisici esiyinhloko sokuzivuselela. Izinhlelo ze-Federal Hazard Mitigation Active system ne-USDA's Emergency Watershed Program zinikeza iziphakamiso zokulawula ukukhukhuleka komlilo, ukuqina kwezakhiwo, nokukhucululwa kwamanzi. Ngo-2022, i-Congress yahlela izimali ezengeziwe nge-Bipartisan Infrastrastructivealalalalalractivealal Teadition yoMthetho wokusekela ukuvikelwa kwemisebe yemoto, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi engenisa i-AMbhoqo ye-odrogen engasiza izimiso zamanzi ezisheshayo. Izinhlelo ze-omfastoralthis eziwundleni ezingcono nezincane zisiza izinhlelo ezisemgangathweni eziphambili zemali ezincitshisiwe ezimponisweni zamanzi. Izinhlelo zokusebenza kwalethwa kwezemisebenzi zivame ukunikeza inselele izicelo ezingokwemindezo ezisemfanda ezindaweni eziphansi.

Izinyathelo Zokuqondisa

Izimiso zamanzi ezikhona, njengamazinga aphakeme awe-Defic Water Act (MCL) kanye ne-Conac Water Act yengqikithi yemithwalo yansuku zonke (TMDLs), ayeklanyelwe ukungcolisa komlilo engqondweni. Ngemva kwempi yelangakazi, izinto ezingcolisa umzimba njengensimbi ne-PAH zingadlula i-MCLs, kodwa ukuvezela imisebenzi engokomthetho yokuqapha ijubane lokuphoqelela ijubane lokusebenza kwempoqokoza ijubane lokulawula amanzi, kodwa zingakhela izingozi ezinkulu. Amanye amazwe akhiphe izisekelo zesikhashana noma ezinye izimfuneko zokuhlola ukuvumela imishini ukuba ikwazi ukubhekana nomonakalo wengozi. Indlela esheshayo ihilela ukufakwa komlilo emthonjeni owe ekuhlolweni kwamanzi nokuncishisweni kwamanzi okunga imvume yokulawula amanzi. Isibonelo, ukusungula kwe-station Resogoboardss Control i-FFF: [1]

Ukukhulumisana Kwasobala

Ukuxhumana okuqondile, okunembe, nokufanelekile ngokwesiko kubalulekile phakathi nezenzakalo zamanzi ezivuthayo. I-policies manje igcizelela ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela eziningi zezokuxhumana zokwenza isocial media, umsakazo wendawo, izihambo zesango, kanye nemihlangano yomphakathi. (ukufinyelela kubo bonke abantu.) Ukusungula iziteshi zokwazisa nohlelo olusebenza ngemishini eqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana kumelwe kukhulume ngesiqondiso sokuziphatha: uma ukubilisa amanzi, isikhathi eside kangakanani, nokuthi yini engayenza uma amanzi empompi engcoliswe ngamakhemikhali ahwalalayo (umz., gwema imvula eshisayo engakhipha umhwamuko). ICDC inikeza [[FLT:] imiphetho yokuvikela amanzi phakathi kwemililo eshisayo [FLD:1], kuhlanganise namachashazi amaningi ezilimini eziningi. Ukuhlanganisa nohlelo lwe-postboardid.

Ukuhlola Izenzo Zokuziphatha Eziphumelelayo

Ukuhlola lokhu kuhlola kwembula izici ezivamile zempumelelo kanye nezindawo zokuthuthukisa.

Isakhiwo Samanzi Avuthayo SaseCalifornia

Ngemva komlilo obhubhisayo ngo-2017 nango-2018, iCalifornia yenza i-Wildgrin Water Response Framework, isakhiwo esisebenza ngokubambisana esiholwa yi-State Water Resources Control Board. Lolu hlelo lumisa indima ecacile yendawo, uhulumeni, nomphakathi; ngaphambi kokuba kube nokubaluleka komlilo ophambili; futhi i-migqele inqubo yokukhipha imvume yokuphuza amanzi angena esimweni esiphuthumayo kanye nezinhlangothi ezinama-rabhu. Yadala futhi indawo ephakathi ye-data yokuhlola imiphumela yamanzi angaphandle, ivumela izinto ezihamba phambili nezingangeni lokungena ngokomthetho, ivumela ukuba zingene ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngonyaka 20 August Sthole, ukwakheka kokwelashwa kwenza ukuba kutholakale izinqubo ezincane ezisiza abantu abasengozini. Isifundo esisodwa sasiwukubaluleka kokuqonda imishini ebekwa phambili naleyo emshinini.

Icebo lokuvuselela amanzi ahlanzekile e-Oregon

Indlela ka-Oregon igcizelela ukuthembisana komphakathi nokululama okunesikhathi eside. I-Oregon Water Recovery Plan, eyasungulwa ngemva komlilo we-2020 Labor Day, ihlanganisa umkhandi we-according umkhandlu omelele i-athomuterter, ohulumeni besizwe, amaqembu ezolimo, nezinhlangano zendawo ezungezile. Izinhlelo zemali ziqede imisebenzi yokubuyisela izinto ngokubuyiselwa kwezinto kabusha njenge-reve-digraficd, izakhiwo zokulungisa ukubhoboza, futhi yagunyaza ukunciphisa umlilo esikhathini esizayo. Inikeza futhi iminikelo yokufaka imishini yangempela ye-tursdibidies nezimiso zokuxwayisa zakudala. Isiciso esiphawulekayo sidalwa sezimiso "zokufakwa emlilweni" uhlelo lwamanzi oluhlolwayo oluhlolwayo, oluqaphela ukuthi ihlelwe ngokwezimiso ezithile futhi luwenza afanele ukuzuza imali.

I-Lorado's imithombo yezokuvikela amanzi imikhumbi ehlotshisiwe

UColorado uye wasungula uhlelo oluhlangene lokubambisana okuhlanganisa amathe, abaphathi bamahlathi, kanye nemali egciniwe. Ngama- Lolu hlobo lwe-Colorado Water Conservation Board's Forest Health and Wildfilience uhlelo oluhlangeneyo oluhlanganisa ukusekelana kwezimali, lwenzelwe ukuncibilikisa amahlathi, ukushisa okugunyaziwe, nokubuyisela imoto ekwisibhamu esiphezulu esivuthayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-Coloradado Water Conservation Board's Forest and Wild Resilience] kunciphisa amathuba emililo enhlekelele ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uhlelo ludinga futhi ukunikela izimali ezifanayo, ukuthuthukisa umuzwa wokuba nomthwalo. I-2016 Beaver Creek Fireek eduze nedolobha laseGreley yabonisa inani elinjalo lokutshala izimali ezinciphekayo: ukuncibilika komlilo, ukuncipha kwemililo enciphekayo ngokushesha, futhi incishisiwe ngokushesha, izindleko ezincishisiwe.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba izimpawu zesimo sezulu ziqhubeka zikhula ngomlilo ovuthayo nonamandla, izinqubo zamanzi kumelwe zizivumelanise nenqubo entsha. Amasu esikhathi esizayo kufanele agxile ekuzinzeni kwesimiso sokwakha ngokuqina kwezakhiwo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe, nokuhlanganiswa kwesimo sezulu.

Ukuqinisa Izakhiwo

Ukufakwa kweminyango eqinile kunganciphisa ukuwohloka kwezakhiwo ezifakwa emanzini aqinile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwakha izakhi ezibomvu ezisezingeni elihlukene emadamuni (njengoba umlotha nomlotha ngokuvamile uhlala eduze noma ngaphansi); ukufaka izimiso zokususa inhlabathi ezinjengosi noma izisefo ezinamanzi aqinile; futhi ukuvuselela izitshalo zokwelapha ukuze kusingathwa ukubola okukhulu nemithwalo yamakhemikhali. Ukubuyisela isimiso sokubuyisela izakhi eziqinile kubalulekile ngokufanayo: ukubuyisela amapayipi asebe asebe asebe-adala ngezinto ezingamelana nokushisa futhi cishe zingamunca amapayipi avu avundla ama-aftaminer. Amanye ama-okitteeatrune aculta aving acunyuselwe amapayishishiwe uma imithombo yangaphandle incibilikile isengozini.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Amanzi Akhulayo

Ubuchwepheshe obusha bezokwelapha buthembisa ukuphatha izithakazelo ezihlobene nomlilo ovundlile. I-membrane filtertation (ukulinganisa i-nanofiltifiltiation) iphumelela kakhulu ekususeni i-turbidity kanye ne-athogens eziningi, kuyilapho izinqubo ezithuthukile zokusebenza kwe-oxida zingabhubhisa izakhi ezingokwemvelo. Amaqoqo awezokuhlinza ahlanganisa le sayensi yobuchwepheshe athuthukiswa ukufakwa ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini yangempela yezinzwa esebenzisa i-UV-Visublectensioneeetary noma i-froence ingabona ushintsho emazingeni amanzi ngokuqhubekayo, enze kube nezinquluko ezisheshayo. Ukucwaninga ngesayensi yesayensi nokuthuthukisa i-agcometic ithuthukisa izinhlelo zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi nakho ukugcwalisa.

Ukushintsha Isimo Sezulu Sibe Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi

Umlilo wenkungu uyingxenye eyodwa ye-nexus ebanzi yamanzi ashisayo ehlanganisa isomiso, izikhukhula, namazinga okufudumala. Ukusabela komthetho kufanele kuhlanganiswe phakathi namalungiselelo abanzi okulungisa isimo sezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuvuselela amalungiselelo okulawula aphethiwe ngokushintsha izinhlelo zomlilo, ukuhlanganisa ingozi yequzeka kwamanzi ekwakheni imishini yokuthola izingozi zokuthola amanzi, nokuhlela ukuvuseleleka komlilo ngemigomo ende egciniwe. Izinhlangano zesifunda nesombuso zidinga izingozi zesimo sezulu ezicatshangelwayo ezinqubeni zokuxhasa izimali zamanzi. I-EPA''''''''''''''''''''''''' imithombo yokulondoloza amanzi i-amanzi i-exct:1] inikeza amathuluzi okuhlola izingozi zesimo sezulu, kuhlanganise nemliboko.

Ukuqinisa Imikhumbi Yomphakathi

Ekugcineni, isimiso samanzi esiphumelelayo sixhomeke emiphakathini ebotshelelwe. Iziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlanganise izinhlelo zesayensi yomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zisiza khona ekuhloleni impilo ehamba ngemva komlilo, ukusungula amakomiti aphuthumayo asendaweni, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi ngokwesikhathi esidlule banesihlalo etafuleni. Uhlelo lwe-Fire Exploted Explated Communitys kanye nezinyathelo ezifanayo zinganwetshwa ukuze zihlanganise ngokuqondile ukuqina kwamanzi. Ngokukha inhlokodolobha yezenhlalakahle kanye nezakhiwo zezemvelo, imiphakathi iba ngcono ukubhekana nokuphazamiseka okubangelwa yizimo ezingapheliyo.

Ukungcola kwamanzi okuhlobene nomlilo kuyinkimbinkimbi, usongo olukhulayo olufuna ukusabela okuhlangene, okunezilinganiso eziningi zesimiso. Kusukela ekuhlolweni okusheshayo nasekunyangweni okuphuthumayo kuya ekubekeni izakhiwo ezisemzimbeni isikhathi eside nasekuhlanganeni komphakathi, isitho ngasinye kumelwe siqiniswe ngokusekelana okunikezelweyo, ngokulungisa izimiso ezicacile, nangokubambisana emaqenjini. Izibonelo ezivela eCalifornia, e-Oregon, naseColorado zibonisa ukuthi ukuthengwa kwemali nokusebenza ngokubambisana kwemizwa kuveza izinzuzo ezingokoqobo. Njengoba isivinini somoya siqhubeka sikhula, isimiso samanzi kumelwe sigcinwe sisesimweni esiqinile sokulawula inhlekelele, isimiso sokulungisa isimo esivikela impilo yomphakathi nendawo ezungezile nesezizukulwaneni esizoza.