Usizo lwangaphandle luye lwaba isisekelo sentuthuko yomhlaba wonke, ukusekela yonke into kusukela emitholampilo yasemaphandleni e-Afrika kuya ezimisweni zemfundo eseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. Nokho naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka okutshala igebe phakathi kwemisebenzi ephumelelayo yomshayeli nesilinganiso esikhulu, ukungenela okungaguquguquki kuhlala kubanzi. Uhlelo lomshayeli onciphisa ukufa kwabantwana ngo-30% kwesinye isifunda ngokuvamile ahluleka ukuveza imiphumela efanayo lapho lunwetshwa kulo lonke izwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ukunyuka kunzima kangaka (* futhi kungokokwenza kangcono) kudingekile ekwenzeni usizo oluphumelela kakhulu, oluhlala njalo.

Ukudlula ukungenela kosizo lwangaphandle kusho ukuthatha indlela eqinisekisiwe nokwandisa ukufinyelela kwayo ukuze izuzise abantu abaningi, ngokuvamile ngaphesheya kwemongo ehlukene. Akukona ukwenza okufanayo; kudinga ukujwayela izindawo ezintsha, ukulawula izimali ezinkulu, ukuhlela abadlali abaningi, nokwakha ubunikazi bendawo. Ngaphandle kokuhlela ngokucophelela, izikali zingaholela emonakalweni ohlanekezelwe, ukuchitha imithombo, ngisho nokulimala okungalindelekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinselele ezivame kakhulu zokudwebela izinhlelo zosizo eziphumelelayo futhi sidwebe amasu obufakazi obusekelwe ekuzingeniseni.

Ukuqonda Inselele Yokukhubazeka

Izinhlangano zentuthuko zivame ukugubha ukuphumelela kwezindiza, kodwa uhambo olusuka kumshayeli ukuya kuphinde kufike kunezithiyo. Ukuhlola kuka 2016 kwe-Brookings Institution kwathola ukuthi amaphesenti angaphansi kwangu - 20 okungenela kwe-aces emazweni asathuthuka afinyelela izinga. Izizathu ziyahlukahluka, kodwa ngokuvamile zisuka ekuhlulekeni kokubheka kusengaphambili umongo, imithombo, noshintsho lapho isimiso sinwebeka.

Igebe leSikali seSisikeshi

Abashayeli basebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwa kakhulu, ngezimali ezinikezelwe, nangezisebenzi ezizimisele kakhulu. Bangase basetshenziswe emphakathini owodwa lapho inhlangano isebenza khona inobuhlobo obujulile futhi ingazivumelanisa ngokushesha. Ukushintsha kudinga ukulingana kokuphumelela emiphakathini eminingi noma engamakhulu, ngokuvamile ngezimiso zikahulumeni ezingenakho ukuvumelana komzimba noma imithombo efanayo. Igebe alisona nje esisodwa sobukhulu kodwa eliyinkimbinkimbi: okusebenza kumshayeli kungasebenzi ngokwesilinganiso ngoba isimiso sinamandla sihlukile kakhulu.

Okwenza Ukukhuphuka Kuvame Ukuhluleka

Ukwehluleka ekulinganiseni kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ezibanzi: ukuhlaziywa okunganele kwezimo zendawo, akwanele emazweni amukelayo, nokungalingani komsebenzi oqinile phakathi kwababosheli. Lokhu akubodwa; ngokuvamile kuyaqinisana. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungenela kwempilo okungalinganiswanga ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuziphatha okufuna impilo kwendawo kungase kuhluleke ukufinyelela inani labantu abahloselwe, okuholela ekuncipheni futhi kuchithe imali. Ngokufanayo, uma izisebenzi zezempilo zendawo zingaqeqeshwanga noma zingashukunyiselwa, izinga lesimiso lingasehla njengoba likhula.

Izithiyo Ezivamile Zokulawula Ukungenela Kosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe

Ukungathintwa kwemibhalo

Okusebenza kwelinye izwe noma isifunda kungase kungafanelekile nhlobo kwenye indawo. Izimiso zempucuko, izimiso zezombangazwe, izakhiwo zezomnotho, kanye nezikhulu zezenhlalo zihluka kakhulu, ngisho nakulelo zwe elifanayo. Uhlelo olunika abesifazane amandla ngemicrofinance eBangladesh, ngokwesibonelo, lungase lungahunyusheli emphakathini lapho abesifazane bengenakukwazi ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni amabhange. Ukungavumelani kombhalo kuhlanganisa ukuhluka kwemiklamo yezezimali: i-messaudial yempilo esebenza enhloko - dolobha enolwethemba ye-inthanethi engasehluleki ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ngokuvumelana okungajwayelekile.

Ukuzivumelanisa namasu nomongo wendawo akuyona nje inqubo yobuchwepheshe kuphela, kodwa kudinga ukuhlangana okujulile nemiphakathi, ohulumeni, nezinhlangano zendawo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukungenela okulinganiswe ngengozi kungaba okungabalulekile noma ngisho okulimazayo. Izinhlangano zentuthuko zomhlaba wonke njenge USAID[ ngokuqhubekayo kugcizelela isidingo sentuthuko eholayo yendawo, kodwa ukusuka ekusebenziseni izimemezelo kuya kuseyinselele.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Ukukala kudinga imali, abantu, nemithombo eyisisekelo entulekayo emazweni amukelayo. Ukuxhasa imali akuvamile ukuxegelwa noma ukuthatha isikhathi eside, futhi izimali zikahulumeni emazweni atholakayo zinciphile. Inhloko - dolobha yomuntu iboshwe kakhulu: kungaba nodokotela abaqeqeshiwe, othisha, noma onjiniyela abasebenza ngohlelo olushayelwe kahle. I-Infrabracturacture . @rapounds, ugesi, izimiso zamanzi, cishe azinakukwazi ukusekela ukuthunyelwa kwezinkonzo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nohlelo lokulinganisa isilinganiso semali lungagcinwa noma lungahluleka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imingcele yemicebo akuyona nje kuphela inani kodwa ngezinga. Iprojekthi yesikhashana yokuxhasa ngemali idala izisusa eziphambene: Izinhlangano zingajaha ukusebenzisa imali kunokutshala ezimisweni eziqinile. Umbiko 2020 we-Global Development[[FL:1] uqokomisa indlela ukuxhasa okuhlukene kwezezimali okulula ngayo ukulimaza izimiso zezempilo e-Afrika, nezinhlelo eziningi ezimile ezincintisana nezisebenzi ezilinganiselwe nesisekelo sesisekelo.

3. Ukubambisana Nokungalawuleki

Izibalo eziphumelelayo zifuna ukuhlanganiswa kwababambi-mathikithi abaningi, abaphethe i-odoli besizwe, i-NGO, i-sog, izingxenye ezizimele, kanye namaqembu omphakathi. Ngamunye unezizakhelo zakhe, izimpawu zesikhathi, kanye nokubika izimfuneko. Izakhiwo ezibuthakathaka zingaholela ekusebenziseni, ekusebenziseni i-inteciencies, ne-turf. Kwezinye izimo, izinhlelo ezilinganiswayo zibekwa phezulu ngaphandle kokuthenga indawo, okuphumela ekunqandeni noma ekuphikiseni okusebenzayo.

Izinselele zokubusa zinkulu kakhulu ezifundeni ezintekenteke noma ezifundeni ezinezikhungo ezibuthakathaka. Ngisho nasemazweni aqinile, ukuhluleka ukubambisana kungalimaza imiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lokudla oluhlelwa yiWorld Food Programme lungaphumelela ekuthuthukiseni ukudla, kodwa uma iNkonzo yemfundo ingaluhlanganisi uhlelo lwesikole nezinhlelo zesikole noma uthisha, ithonya liyoba lincane. Ukwakha izimiso eziqinile zokubambisana kwasekuqaleni kubalulekile, kodwa kudinga isikhathi, ukwethembana, nentando yezombangazwe.

4. Ukuhlolwa Nokuhlolwa Kwamacala

Imisebenzi eminingi yosizo yakwamanye amazwe iklanywe ngokuhlola nokuhlola (M&E) okusebenza kumshayeli omncane kodwa kuhlehle ngokwesilinganiso. Ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okungalinganiyo emakhulwini amaningi ezindawo kubiza kakhulu futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwezimo. Ngaphandle kokuveza kwangempela, amathuluzi awakwazi ukubona izinkinga ngokushesha noma alungise indlela yokuthatha indlela. Ukuhlela uhlelo ngaphandle kwe-M& eqinile; E kufana nokushayela imoto nge-opperfix-fix-" ungahamba ngokushesha, kodwa ungavele uphahlaze.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunikeza okukhishwayo ngokuvamile kugxila ekukhishweni (isizk. inani lamanetha ombhede asakazwayo) kunokuba libe nemiphumela (umzk., ukuncishiswa kwezifo zikamalaleveva). Lokhu kukhuthaza ukukhuphuka okubukeka kahle ephepheni kodwa okuhluleka ukuveza ithonya langempela. Izinqubo ezintsha ezinjengokulawula okushintshayo nokuhlola okusheshayo kungasiza, kodwa akuzona ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezinye izinsiza.

Amasu Okunqoba Izinselele Ezinhle

Nakuba izithiyo zibalulekile, azinakunqotshwa. Ubufakazi obukhulayo obuvela emizamweni ephumelelayo bukhomba emacebweni amaningana angathuthukisa imiphumela ngokuphawulekayo. Lamacebo awazona izinhlamvu zesiliva, kodwa anikeza abanikeleyo, ohulumeni, kanye nezinhlangano ezisebenzisayo ibalazwe.

Ukuhlaziya Umbhalo Okunamandla Nokuvumelana Nezimo

Ngaphambi kokulinganisa noma ikuphi ukungenela, abanikazi bezimali namathuluzi kumelwe bafake imali ekuqondeni kahle umongo omusha. Lokhu akuhlanganisi nje ukuhlola kobuchwepheshe kuphela (umzz., ukusakazeka kwezifo, amazinga okufunda) kodwa futhi nokuhlola kwezombangazwe, udwebo lwezempucuko, nokudweba ibalazwe. Izindlela zokufaka isikhala.

Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano engekho kuhulumeni i-BRAC yahlela uhlelo lwayo lwezempilo olusekelwe emphakathini kulo lonke elaseBangladesh ngokuthatha kuqala izilinganiso eziningiliziwe ezidinga usizo esifundeni ngasinye esisha, bese iqeqesha abesifazane bendawo njengezisebenzi zezempilo eziqonda isiko nolimi. Lendlela yokuzivumelanisa yavumela i-BRAC ukuba ilondoloze izinga eliphezulu njengoba ikhula, ifinyelela izigidi zabantu.

Ukuhlola Ikhono Lasendaweni

Ukukala ngeke kuphumelele ngaphandle kokuqinisa izimiso nabantu abazosekela uhlelo ngemva kwesikhathi eside ngemva kokuphela kweminikelo. Lokhu kusho ukutshala imali ekuqeqesheni, ezisekelweni zezakhiwo, nasekuthuthukiseni izinhlangano zohulumeni bendawo, umphakathi wezakhamuzi, kanye nabantu abasebenza nabo emagumbini. Isakhiwo somphakathi asiyona isikhungo esisodwa kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo yokuqeqesha, ukunikeza umxhumanisi, nezimiso eziqinisayo.

Abanikazi bangashintsha futhi ekusekeleni imali esekelwe kuyiprojekthi baye ezindleleni ezisekelwe kuhlelo ezisekela uhulumeni wezimali kanye namaqhinga esizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iGlobal Fund to Alwa nengculaza, isifo sofuba nomalaleveva, inikeza imvume enkulu yokuthi amazwe angayisebenzisa ukuqinisa izimiso zawo siqu zempilo, hhayi nje ukungenela okuqondile. Lokhu kwakha ubunikazi bendawo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulinganisela kuvumelana nezinto eziza kuqala ezweni.

3. Ukuqinisa Imishini Yokubambisana

Ukubambisana okusebenzayo kudinga ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezicacile zokuqondisa, imigomo ehlanganyelwe, nokuxhumana okungaqondakali. Lokhu kungafinyelelwa ngezinqubo zokuhlela ezihlangene, amakomiti anezinkonzo, namapulatifomu ahlanganisa abanikeleyo, uhulumeni, nomphakathi womphakathi. Ukuhlanganisa izimfuneko zosizo nokuncishiswa kwemingcele nakho kuyingozi. I-OECD’s Busan Prevince for Effective Development Cooperation inikeza iziqondiso zokuhlela nokuziphendulela, kodwa ukusebenza kuyaguquguquka.

Ubuchwepheshe bungasiza futhi: ama-minumeter drive drive board alandela intuthuko esikhathini sangempela angathuthukisa ukubambisana nokubona. Nokho, lamathuluzi kumele asetshenziswe njengemishini, hhayi ukubuyisela ukukhomba ngokubhekene nokwakheka. Embonini yezokwelapha, i-World Health Organization iholele imizamo yokuhlela amaketanga okuthengiselwa kwembulunga yonke emijovo, ebonisa indlela imigaqo ecacile nemininingwane ehlukene evimbela ngayo ukuphindaphindeka phakathi nezinkinga.

4. Ukufunda Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Ukukala akuyona inqubo elandelanayo; idinga ukufunda nokulungisa okuqhubekayo. Izinhlelo kufanele zakhe ngezindlela ezivumela abaphathi ukuba baqoqe ukwaziswa, bahlaziye ukuthi yini esebenzayo nokuthi yini engasebenzi, futhi benze izinguquko ngokushesha. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi abaphathi bokulungisa noma “ukufunda ngokwenza.” Abanikazi bangakusekela ngokuxhasa lokhu ngokuxhasa iM& izinhlelo ezifanelekela injongo ngokwesilinganiso, nangokuvumela ukuvumelana nezimiso zemali nezimiso zezikhathi ukuba ziphendule ubufakazi.

Izindlela zokuhlola isikhathi sangempela, njengokuhlola okusheshayo nokusebenzisa isayensi, zingasiza ekutholeni izinkinga zisezingeni eliphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo olukhulu lokukhucululwa kwendle eNdiya lwasebenzisa ukunikeza ukwaziswa ngezikhathi ezithile kwezisebenzi eziphambili ukulungisa indlela yokuthumela nokuhambisa, okuholela ekuthatheni phezulu izindlu zangasese. Ngaphandle kwaleyo simiso sokufunda, isimiso besiyochitha izigidi ngezindlela ezingaphumeleli.

Ukunakekela Imali Elondolozwayo

Ukukala kudinga ukuxhasa isikhathi eside, okuqinisekile. Ngokuvamile, abanikelayo banikeza izivumelwano zesikhashana ezingavumelani nezikhathi zeminyaka eminingi ezidingekayo ukuze zilinganiswe. Imishini yemali ehlangeneyo, ehlanganisa izimali zomnikelo nemali egciniwe yangasese noma imithombo yasekhaya, ingasiza ibhuloho. Ohulumeni emazweni anikwayo bangandisa futhi ukuqoqwa kwemali ngentela, umshuwalense wezempilo, noma ngezinye izindlela.

Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano njenge International Development Association ye World Bank (IDA) inikeza imali ebolekwayo encishisiwe futhi inikeza leyo mali encishisiwe ehambisana nokwenyuka kokusekela, kodwa kumelwe ihlanganiswe ngosizo lwezobuchwepheshe ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla okuthola inzuzo. Ekugcineni, umgomo ukushintshela ekuncikeni kweminikelo ekusekeleni inqubo ekhokhelwayo ethatha iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu kodwa ebalulekile ekutholeni imiphumela ehlala njalo.

Izifundo Nezifo Ezifundiwe

Ukuhlola izibonelo zangempela zokuhlolwa kwezwe kungakhanyisa kokubili imikhuba engcono nezihibe. Impumelelo ephawulekayo ukulinganiswa kwezinhlelo zezisebenzi zezempilo zomphakathi e-Ethiopia. Kusukela ngomshayeli ezifundeni ezimbalwa, uhulumeni nomngane baqeqeshelwa futhi bathunyelwa izisebenzi zezempilo ezingaphezu kuka-40 000 ezweni lonke. Impumelelo yahlanganisa ukuzinikela okuqinile kwezombangazwe, ukuhlanganiswa kwesimiso somphakathi sezempilo, ukuxhasa ngokusekela izimali, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zendawo. Umphumela waba ukwehla okukhulu ekufeni kwabantwana nokuthuthukiswa kwempilo.

Esinye isibonelo isilinganiso sezinhlelo zokudluliswa kwemali enemibandela eLatin America. I-Progresa (manje i-Procradenting) yaseMexico yaqala njengomshayeli wendiza ogxile emiphakathini empofu yasemaphandleni. Ngemva kokuhlola ngokuhluzekile kwabonisa imiphumela emihle emfundweni nasempilweni, uhlelo lwanwetshwa emazweni amaningi futhi kamuva lwasetshenziswa emazweni amaningi. Izifundo eziyinhloko zahlanganisa ukubaluleka kokuzifunela ngokusekelwe ezimisweni eziqondile, ukutshala izimiso zokukhokha nokulunga, nokuzigcina ukuvumelanisa ukuze kulungise izinga elizuzisayo nezimo njengoba izimo zishintsha.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehluleka ukulinganisela uhlelo lokuthuthukisa ezolimo oluthembisayo e-Saharan Afrika engaphansi kubonisa amaphutha avamile. Umshayeli onikeza iseluleko esisekelwe kumakhalekhukhwini kubalimi abancane wabonisa ukwanda okukhulu, kodwa uma kulinganiswa emazweni amaningi, amazinga okutholwa ehla. Izimbangela zazihlanganisa ukungakhokhelwa kahle kwe-inthanethi yomphakathi, ukuntula ulimi lwasendaweni, nokungaqeqeshwa okunganele kwabalimi ekusebenziseni lenkonzo. Lo hlelo lwalungasebenzisi isilinganiso esanele ekuziphatheleni i-mome noma isikhundla sendawo ngaphambi kokuba ikaliswe.

Isiphetho: Indlela Engaphambili

Ukudlula kwezindlela zosizo zangaphandle eziphumelelayo kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa izinselele azinakunqotshwa. Ngokuhlolisisa izimo zendawo, ukutshala izimali eziqinile ekwakheni amandla endawo, ukuhlanganisa izimiso eziqinile zokufunda, nokusekela izimali, izinhlangano zokuthuthukisa zingavala igebe lomshayeli eliya eqhweni. Imali ekhokhelwayo inkulu: izigidi ezengeziwe zabantu zingazuza kumakhambi aqinisekisi, futhi amadollar osizo angasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kakhulu.

Njengoba umphakathi womhlaba wonke uphishekela i-Sstainable Development Zomgomo, isilinganiso kumelwe sisuke ngemva kokucabanga sidlulele engxenyeni eyisisekelo yohlelo. Abanikazi, ohulumeni, namathuluzi kudingeka babophe isibopho sokubambisana okuthatha isikhathi eside kanye nezindlela ezivumelanayo ezenza ukunyuka. Ngokufunda kokubili ekuphumeleleni nasekuhlulekeni, usizo lwangaphandle lungaba amandla amakhulu kakhulu entuthuko yembulunga yonke.