Isisekelo Sokuziphatha Sakuqala Kuhulumeni

Umqondo wokubusa kwezimiso ungalandelelwa emuva ezizweni zasendulo. Izimiso zokwethembeka, ubuqotho, nokulandisa zazivame ukugxila emithethweni yokuziphatha yemiphakathi. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi, amathonya alandelayo athonya isisekelo semithetho yezimiso zokuziphatha zanamuhla:

  • UMthetho KaHammurabi (u - circa 1754 BC) wamisa imithetho yokubusa ngokungakhethi futhi wanikeza imiphumela yokufumbathisa nenkohlakalo phakathi kwezikhulu.
  • Izincwadi zikaPlato zagcizelela ukubaluleka kobuholi obuhle nomqondo wokuthi ababusi kumelwe baqondiswe ukuhlakanipha kunokuzithakazelela.
  • U - Aristotle wakhuluma ngemithwalo yemfanelo yokuziphatha yezikhulu zomphakathi, ethi ukubusa kufanele kusekelwe ezintweni ezinhle ezivamile kunokuba kusekelwe enzuzweni yomuntu siqu.
  • IRome Republic yasungula umqondo we [[FLT: 0]cursus saltum, uhlelo olubalulekile lwezikhundla zomphakathi olunemithetho eqinile emelene nokufumbathisa nenkohlakalo evotiwe.
  • Ifilosofi yobuConfucian eMpumalanga Asia yathuthukisa umqondo wokuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zihlanganise ukuziphatha okuxekethile futhi zibe izibonelo emphakathini.

Lezi zinqubo zezimiso zokuziphatha zakuqala, nakuba zingamiswanga njengemithetho yanamuhla, zamisa ukulindela ukuthi inkonzo yomphakathi ifuna indinganiso ephakeme yokuziphatha. Zaqaphela futhi ukuthi amandla ngaphandle kokulandisa ngokungenakugwenywa aholela ekuxhashazweni. Ngaphesheya kwemiphakathi, isihloko esiphindaphindwayo sacaca: labo abaphathiswe igunya kumelwe bagcinwe esindinganisweni esingeyona izakhamuzi ezivamile. Lenkolelo eyisisekelo iyaqhubeka isekela umthetho wezimiso zokuziphatha zanamuhla. Ukushintsha kwefilosofi yokuziphatha kuya emthethweni ophoqelelwe kuthatha amakhulu eminyaka, kodwa imbewu yabekwa kulamasiko asendulo.

Ukwanda Kwemithetho Yemithetho Yomthetho

Njengoba ohulumeni babezihlela kabusha, isidingo sezimiso zokuziphatha saqala ukuba sobala. ngekhulu le - 19 nelama - 20 kwaba nentuthuko ebalulekile kulendawo, eyayiqhutshwa ukwanda kwezezimboni, ukwanda kwemithetho yezomthetho, kanye namahlazo aphakeme aqeda ukwethembana komphakathi.

Umthetho We - “pendoleton ” Nokuphela Kwesimiso Sama - spool

E-United States, i-Pendleton Act ka-1883 yaphawula ukuqala kokuqasha abaqashwa abafaneleyo enkonzweni yomphakathi, ukunciphisa inkohlakalo eyayichuma ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuphanga. Ngaphambi kwalomthetho, imisebenzi kahulumeni yanikezwa isisekelo sokwethembeka kwezombangazwe kunokuba ibe yikhono, ukwakha impucuko lapho izikhulu zazizizwa zikweleta izingqongqo esikhundleni somphakathi. IPendleton Act yamisa iKhomishanti yeSisebenzi sikaNobhusayithi futhi yayala ukuba kuhlolwe izikhundla eziningi zikahulumeni. Le nguquko engokomthetho yayiyisinyathelo sokuqala esibucayi ekuqondiseni izindinganiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zemithetho. Izinguquko ezifanayo zenzeka kwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise neNyakatho ye-Uni yase-Unizimu-Trevenly Report (1854), eyaholela ekusungulweni kwenkonzo yezemisebenzi yomphakathi esekelwe ekusekelweni kwenzuzo yomphakathi.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo Ngokumelene Nezinqubo

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba nokwanda kwemizamo yokulwa nokonakala, ikakhulukazi phakathi neNkathi Ehamba phambili eUnited States. Izintatheli ezikhomba i-Muckrak zadalula ukugconwa okusakazeke kakhulu kohulumeni bamadolobha, izishaya-mthetho zombuso, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ekuphenduleni, abashisekeli benguquko balwela imithetho yezimiso zezimiso zezezimali eziqinile, kuhlanganise nemithetho yezezimali, izimpawu zezezobumpoqo, kanye nezobungameli. Ukumiswa kwe-Federal Bureauniauni of Investigation (FBI) ngo-199088 ngenjongo yokulwa kwenkohlakalo nokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni. Nakuba imizamo ye-FBI yakuqala yayigxile engxandelweni yemithetho yezempi, igunya layo elipheli linwe kakhulu kancane kancane kancane ukuba ihlanganise ukonakala komphakathi. Lenkathi yabona futhi ukumiswa kwe-Fonsethicrobictic Actives Actives (U.S.S.) kwakwenza ngokungekho emthethweni kwezikhulu zezikhulu zezizwe zezizwe zezizwe.

Ihlazo Lamanzi Nezimiso Zokuziphatha Kumthetho Kahulumeni

Ihlazo laseWatergate elisebuhlazweni ngawo-1970 labangela ukukhishwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha kuhulumeni, kwaholela ekutholeni i-Ethics in Government Act ka-1978. Lo mthetho ophawula izenzakalo zakudala wawuyimpendulo eqondile ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwamandla phakathi nokuphathwa kweNixon. Isenzo esimisiwe sokuziphatha okuhle, sadala iHhovisi Lemithetho Kahulumeni (OGE) ukuze yengamele ukuthobela, futhi ifune ukuvezwa kwezelulekwa kwezezimali kuziphathimandla eziphakeme. Yaveza futhi ukubekwa kweseluleko esizimele sokuhlola ukulahlwa kobubi ngezikhulu zegatsha eziphetheyo eziphezulu. U.S. Isenzo sonyaka ka-1979 sithathe i-Office yezimiso zokulungisa ukuziphatha, sisusa ukusabela kobukhomba impova. Kunalokho, ukulinda amahlazo embubhisweni, uhulumeni manje wawunendawo yokuvimbela izingxabano zezelelwa futhi umphakathi.

Imithetho Nentuthuko Eyinhloko

Phakathi nawo wonke amakhulu angama - 20 nasekuqaleni kwelama - 21, kwamiswa imithetho ehlukahlukene ukuze kuxoxwe ngezinkinga ezithile ezingokwezimiso zikahulumeni.

  • I - Ethics in Government Act (1978) yamisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha futhi yasungula iHhovisi Lezimiso ZikaHulumeni, elinikeza isiqondiso nokuqeqesha izisebenzi eziphethe amagatsha.
  • I - Lobbbing Dislosure Act (1995) yayihlose ukunikeza umbono ocacile ngokuphathelene nemisebenzi ekhuthazayo ngokufuna ukubhaliswa nokubikwa kwezindleko ezifunwa abantu.
  • I - Honest Leadership and Open Government Act (2007) yaqinisa imithetho elawula ukunxenxa, ukubonakala okusobala kakhulu kuhulumeni, nesijeziso esiqinile sokuphula.
  • UMthetho weSTOCK (202) wenqabela amalungu eSishaya - mthetho nezisebenzi zegatsha eziphethe ukuba asebenzise ukwaziswa okungekukho emphakathini ukuze azuze futhi kwadingeka ukuba kutholakale imali eningi.
  • I - Anti - Lobbying Act (1919) yavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemali efanelekayo emisebenzini yokukhuthaza, nakuba ukuphoqelela kwayo umthetho bekungalingani.

Lemithetho inemgomo ofanayo: ukwakha uhulumeni lapho izikhulu zilandisa khona emphakathini kunasezithakazelweni ezizezamuntu siqu. Ingxenye ngayinye yomthetho eyakhelwe ukuphumelela nokuhluleka kwabanduleli bazo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Honeigh Leader and Open Government Act ivale izikhala ezimo-mfashini ku-19959 Lobbing Displaise Act, ikakhulukazi emnyango owehlanekezelayo phakathi kukahulumeni nomkhakhakha. I-STOCK Act, idluliswe ngaphakathi ekumangaleleni izikhalo ezingelelwe amalungu eKhosi, yakhuluma ngegebelele eyayikhona amashumi eminyaka naphezu kokuqaphela inkinga. Lendlela yokubonisa ukuvumelana kwezimiso zokuziphatha kumelwe kuqhubeke njalo ukuze ihambisane nokushintsha kwezindlela nezobuchwepheshe.

Izinselele Ekusebenziseni Imithetho Eyisisekelo

Naphezu kokumiswa kwemithetho yezimiso, kusalokhu kunezinselele ekusetshenzisweni nasekuqinisweni kwazo.

  • Ukungaqapheli phakathi kwezikhulu zomphakathi imithetho yokuziphatha ekhona, ikakhulukazi emazingeni kahulumeni nawendawo lapho imithombo yokuqeqesha ilinganiselwe khona.
  • Imithombo elinganiselwe esetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso zokuziphatha ziyasebenza, okuholela ekuvimbeleni ekuhloleni nasekuvimbeleni okubuthakathaka.
  • Ukucindezela kwezombangazwe okungase kululaze ukuthobela izimiso zokuziphatha, kuhlanganise nokuphindisela okumelene nokushaya ikhwelo nokuyekelela kwezikhulu ezimisiwe kwezombangazwe.
  • Umnyango ohlanganisa uhulumeni nomkhakha ozimele, lapho izikhulu ezazikade zisebenzisa khona ukuxhumana kwazo ukuze zizuze inzuzo yomuntu siqu ngaphandle kokwephula umthetho.
  • Ukunamathela kwemithetho yokuziphatha evumela izikhulu ukuba zihileleke ekuziphatheni okubonakala kungafanele kodwa okungaphula ngokomthetho.

Lezi zinselele aziyona i-United States kuphela. Emazweni amaningi, imithetho yezimiso zokuziphatha ikhona ephepheni kodwa ayiphoqelelwa kakhulu ngenxa yezinhlangano ezibuthakathaka, ukungenela kwezombangazwe, noma izinqubo zamasiko ezibekezelela ukonakala. Ngisho nasebushineni obusungulwe kahle bentando yeningi, igebe phakathi kwezindinganiso zomthetho nokuziphatha okungokoqobo lingaba elibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, amahhovisi ezimiso zokuziphatha okuzimele kwezinye izifunda ezingenawo amandla angaphansi kwe-popona noma igunya lokuqala ukuhlola ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kwakha isimiso lapho ukugcinwa kuxhomeke ekuthandeni kokukhonzwa kwalabo abalawulwayo, okungalawuleki.

Enye inselele ephikelelayo ubunzima bokuchaza ukuziphatha okungokokuziphatha ngendlela eqondile ngokwanele ukuba iphoqelelwe futhi ivumelana nezimo ngokwanele ukuba isetshenziswe ezimweni ezihlukahlukene. Imithetho ebanzi kakhulu ingashaywa indiva ingathi ayinakuphoqelelwa, kuyilapho imithetho emincane kakhulu ingagwenywa yilabo abazimisele ukugwema ukulalela. Izikhulu eziphethe kumelwe zihlale zilinganisela lezi zimfuno eziphikisanayo, ngokuvamile lapho zibheke ukugcinwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha njengosongo emandleni abo noma ethonya.

Indima Yokucabanga Komphakathi

Umphakathi ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuphumeleleni kwemithetho yezimiso. Uma izakhamuzi zifuna ukulandisa nokubona, kungaholela ekuqinisisweni kwemithetho eqinile nemithetho eqinile. Izici eziyinhloko ezithonya umbono womphakathi zihlanganisa:

  • Izindaba ezikhuluma ngokuwohloka kwezimiso zokuziphatha kuhulumeni, ezingavusa intukuthelo yomphakathi futhi zibangele ukucindezela kokuguquka.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa komphakathi ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nokubusa nezimiso zokuziphatha, kuhlanganise nokuhlanganyela emahholo amadolobha, ukukhulumela umphakathi, nemikhankaso yokuqasha.
  • Imizamo yezemfundo eyayihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukuqaphela izindinganiso zokuziphatha nezindlela zokubika ukwephulwa kwemithetho.
  • Ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, okuyehla lapho ukwephulwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha kungajeziswa futhi kukhuphuka lapho ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa kubhekwa njengokulungile nokungaguquguquki.

Ubuhlobo phakathi komphakathi nokugcinwa kwezimiso buyi-syclip. Amahlazo aphezulu e-profile aqeda ukwethembana, okuthi kamuva kubangele ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kokuguqula. Uma izinguquko zikhona, uma zibonakala ziphumelela, ukuthembana kungakhiwa kabusha kancane kancane. Nokho, lomjikelezo uxhomeke ekuqikelweni kwamandla abonakalayo. Uma ukuphulwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha kuhlolwa futhi kujeziswa, umphakathi ubona ukuthi isimiso siyasebenza. Uma ukujeziswa kunganakwa noma kujeziswa, ukugxeka kuyakhula. Lokhu kungenxa yalokho kungenza ukuba indikimba ezimele, njengeHhovisi yemithetho kaHulumente neya-gesters, ibaluleke kakhulu. Zinikeza inqubo ebonakalayo yokulandisa engasiza umphakathi ukuba ukulondoloza ukuqiniseka ngisho nalapho izikhulu zihluleka.

Izokuxhumana zikhuliswe kokubili izici ezinhle nezimbi zalendlela enamandla. Kwesinye isandla, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokushesha ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokungavumelani kwezimiso zokuhle nokuhlelwa kwemithetho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungasakaza amanga futhi kwakhe isimo sokusola esilula ukuqeda ukwethemba ngisho nalapho izikhulu ziziphatha ngendlela elungile. Izikhulu eziphethe kumelwe ziqondise lendawo ngokucophelela, ziqinisekise ukuthi ukuxhumana kwazo kusobala futhi izenzo zokuphoqelela ziyabhalwa kahle futhi ziyafinyeleleka obala.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngemithetho Yezimiso

Amazwe ahlukahlukene aye asungula izici zawo ukuze athuthukise ukubusa kwezimiso, ngokuvamile ebolekana lapho evumelana nezimo zendawo. Ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa:

  • IUnited Kingdom’s Poganyry Act (2010) yamisa izinyathelo ezibanzi zokulwa nokonakala, kuhlanganise necala eliqinile ezinhlanganweni zezentengiselwano ezihlulekayo ukuvimbela ukufumbathisa.
  • I-Canada's Conflict of Interect Act (2007) ihlose ukuvimbela izingxabano zesithakazelo phakathi kwezikhulu zomphakathi futhi imise iHhovisi leSiphakamiso seSithakazelo ne-Ethics Commissioner.
  • I-National Anti-Corruption Commission (2022) yase-Australia yasungulwa ukuze ilungise ukonakala kuhulumeni kahulumeni, ngemva kweminyaka yokuqasha i-coration nge-wadioce yamaqembu abonisa ukukhanya.
  • I-Anti-Corruption ne-Civil Rights Commission (2008) yaseNingizimu Korea ihlanganisa ukugcinwa kokulwa nenkohlakalo nesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi nokudluliswa kwezicelo zokuphatha.
  • I - Honoctics Investigation Bureau yaseSingapore (1952) ibhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezinhlangano eziphumelela kakhulu ezimelene nokonakala emhlabeni, ezinamandla amakhulu okuhlola nokusekela okunamandla kwezombangazwe.
  • I-European Union’s Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF, 1999) ihlola ukukhwabanisa, inkohlakalo, kanye nokuziphatha okubi okuhilela imali nezinhlangano ze-EU.

Imihlangano yezizwe eminingi nayo iye yahlela imithetho yesizwe. INhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene emelene noHlomelo (UNCAC, 2003) yamisa izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zokuvimbela, ukuphambanisa, nokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe. INhlangano yezentengiselwano zezezimali Co-ooparoliation and Development (OECD) Anti-Briby Convention (1997) ifuna ukuba amazwe angamalungu asebenzise kabi ukufumbathisa kwezikhulu zomphakathi zakwamanye amazwe ezihwebelaneni zomhlaba. Le mihlangano yakha uhlelo lwendlela yokusizana ngokomthetho nokuhlanganisa, yenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezikhulu ezonakele ukufihla izimali noma ukubalekela imingcele.

Naphezu kwalemizamo yomhlaba wonke, izinhlobonhlobo eziphawulekayo zisalokhu zikhona endleleni imithetho yokuziphatha ephoqelelwa ngayo. Kwamanye amazwe, amanxusa amelene nokonakala azimele futhi anezisekelo ezinhle; kwamanye, abuthakathaka futhi angaphansi kokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe. Izici zempucuko zifeza indima. Emiphakathini lapho ukuphana izipho nokukhetha izikhundla kugxile kakhulu emphakathini, uhlukanisa phakathi kwemikhuba engokomthetho yamasiko nokuziphatha okungahlonipheki kungaba yinselele. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke nezinhlelo zosizo eziye zabekwa kakhulu ekwakheni kwezimiso zokuziphatha, kodwa intuthuko ivame ukuncipha futhi ayilingani.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zemithetho Yezimiso Ezifanele

Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguquka, ngokufanayo nemithetho yezimiso zokuziphatha kuhulumeni. Iziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo zingahlanganisa:

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubona Ingaphandle

Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kobuchwepheshe ukuze kuthuthukise ukubonakala nokulandisa kungezinye zentuthuko ezithembisa kakhulu. Ukuthatha amasu okwaziswa okunyathelisa izivumelwano zikahulumeni, ukudlulisa amarekhodi, nokuthola okungokwezimali kumafomethi afundeka ngomshini kwenza kube lula ukuba izintatheli nezakhamuzi zibone imikhondo esolekayo. Ukuhlakanipha nokwaziswa okungahleliwe kungenza ukuba isithakazelo sixabane ngokukhipha izingxenyana zemali ngokuthola imithombo yemali. Ubuchwepheshe buhlolelwa ukuvikela nokuhlola izimali ezingeni eliphansi. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bufaka futhi izingozi ezintsha zezimiso zokuziphatha, njengobandlululo olungokomthetho ekwenzeni izinqumo nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamathuluzi okuhlola. Imithetho yesikhathi esizayo idinga ukuxoxa ngale zinselele ezihlukene.

Ukuqinisa Ukubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukubambisana okunamandla kwezizwe zonke ekulweni nokonakala embulungeni yonke kubalulekile njengoba ukugeleza kwezimali kuya kudlula. Ukuvuselelwa, izivumelwano zokusizana ngokomthetho, nokuhlolwa kungamathuluzi anzima. I-International Anti-Corruption Academy (IACA) eVienna isebenza njengesikhungo sokuqeqesha nokumisa amandla, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezifana ne-Transparency International ziqhubeka zisekela izindinganiso eziqinile zomhlaba wonke. Izivumelwano zesikhathi esizayo zingahlanganisa amalungiselelo okushintshana kokwaziswa okuzenzekelayo ngenzuzo yempahla kanye nesivikelo esikhucushiwe abavuli ababika ukonakala.

Imfundo Nokuqeqeshwa

Imfundo eqhubekayo nokuqeqeshelwa izikhulu zomphakathi ngokuziphatha okuhle kuyisici esiyisisekelo sanoma yisiphi isimiso sokuziphatha esiphumelelayo. Kunokuba kuncike ekunqanyulweni kuphela ngokujeziswa, izindlela zanamuhla zigcizelela ukwakha isiko lezimiso zokuziphatha ngokuqeqeshwa njalo, abaqondisi bezimiso eziqashelwe ezinhlanganweni, kanye nesiqondiso esicacile sokulawula izinkinga zokuziphatha. Ukuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ekuqondiseni kwezimiso zokuziphatha. Ukuhlola, nokuhlela izenzakalo kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukulungiselela izikhulu izinselele ngezinselele zangempela zezwe. Amanye amahlelo manje adinga ukuqeqeshwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha njengesimo somsebenzi, kanye nezifundo zobukhazimende minyaka yonke. Lokhu kuqaphela ukuthi izikhulu eziningi zifuna ukwenza ngendlela efanele kodwa ngeke ziqaphele njalo uma isimo sibeka izingozi ezingoko.

Izivikelo Zokuvuthela

Ivikela abafutha impepho abadalula ububi yiyonanto yokuqala emazweni amaningi. Abavuni bavame ukuba yindawo yokuqala yokuzivikela ekungcoleni, kodwa babhekene nezingozi ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokuphindisela, ukuhlukumeza, nokuzifaka kwenye indawo. Imithetho enikeza izimpawu ezingaqondakali, imivuzo yezimali, nesivikelo esingokomthetho ingakhuthaza abantu abengeziwe ukuba baqhubekele phambili. IWhistlepider Protection Direfection (209) emisa izindinganiso ezincane kakhulu zamalungu, kuhlanganise nesivikelo ekuphindiselweni nasekuvimbeleni nasekufuneni izimfuneko zokubika okulondekile. Izinguquko ezifanayo zikhona kwezinye izindawo.

Ukukhuluma Nomnyango Ojikelezayo

Ukuvala umnyango ojikelezayo phakathi kukahulumeni nomkhakha wesigebengu kuseyinselele engapheli. Ukupholisa izikhathi zokuvimbela ababeyizikhulu ukuba bathuthe abantu ababesebenza nabo iminyaka eminingi kuvamile, kodwa ukuphoqelelwa kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe aye ahlongoza ukuvinjelwa kokuphila konke kwezinhlobo ezithile zokuthola imvume, kuyilapho amanye agxila ekuqondeni ngokwengeziwe emsebenzini wangemva kombuso. Umgomo awukho ukuvimbela labo ababeyizikhulu ukuba basebenzise amakhono abo eqenjini langasese kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzisi ukuxhumana kwabo nohulumeni ngenxa yenzuzo engenabulungisa.

Isiphetho

Ukuziphendukela kwemithetho yezimiso zokuziphatha kuhulumeni kubonisa isibopho esibanzi somphakathi ebuqothweni, ukulandisa, nokuthemba umphakathi. Kusukela eMthethweni kaHammurabi kuya emihlanganweni yanamuhla yezizwe, intuthuko yomlando ishintsha ukuze kubonakale kakhulu futhi iqiniswe kakhulu. Intuthuko eyenziwa ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule iye yaba mikhulu, kodwa izinselele zibalulekile. Ukonakala kuvumelana nanoma yiziphi izimiso ezingokomthetho, futhi labo abafuna ukusebenzisa kabi amandla omphakathi bathola izindlela ezintsha zokubalekela ukuxilonga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithetho yokuziphatha ayinakushintsha neze ihlale ikhona. Kumelwe ukuba baqhubeke bekhuluma ngezingozi ezintsha, amathuluzi amasha okufaka izikhali, futhi bahlangabe nokwema okulindelwe umphakathi.

Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, kubalulekile ukuqhubeka sisakha intuthuko eyenzeka ngesikhathi sisasingatha izinselele ezisasele. Ngokuthuthukisa indlela yokuziphatha ebusayo, singaqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi zithatha isinyathelo esingcono kakhulu sezakhamuzi ezikhonzayo. Lokhu akudingi imithetho eqinile nezimiso zokuzisebenzela kuphela kodwa futhi ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi okufuna ukulandisa ngecala kanye nemithombo yezindaba enegunya lokubhekana nempi. Imithetho elawulayo akuyona indawo okumelwe ilandelwe kodwa idinga ukuqapha, isibindi, kanye nesibopho esifanayo sokufeza okuhle kwabantu bonke. Umlando wemithetho yokuziphatha uyisikhumbuzo esingenzeka lapho abantu benqaba ukonakala njengokungenakugwenywa futhi esikhundleni sokuphikelela ukuthi uhulumeni ungaba nethonya lobulungisa.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda isimo samanje semithetho yezimiso zokusebenza, kunemithombo eminingana. IHhovisi le-Government Ethics linikeza isiqondiso nokuqeqesha izisebenzi zikahulumeni, kuyilapho inikeza uhlelo olubanzi lwezizwe zonke. [[FLT:] U.S. uDwemezelo lwenkohlakalo lwaminyaka yonke nemibiko yezwe. I-United Nations Convention ngokumelene noHluleki. [[FLT:]] inikeza ipulani ebanzi yenhlangano yezizwe. [[FLT:][FLT:] [FLT]] Inikeza noma yiziphi izisekelo zemithombo yezomthetho engcono.]. U.S. Umnyango wezomthetho wokuziphatha okungalawuleyomthetho [FOK:]