Ukuwohloka Okukhulayo Kwezizinda Ezishintsha Isimo Sezulu

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu akuselona usongo olukude; kuyinto eyenzekayo manje elungisa ukuphila kwasemadolobheni embulunga yonke. Ukunyuka kwamazinga olwandle, izenzakalo ezinkulu, i-itwaves ethatha isikhathi eside, kanye nezindlela zokunyakaza kwemvula kubeka ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwezakhiwo zamadolobha, izimiso zempilo zomphakathi, kanye nokuzinza kwezomnotho. Ngokwe-Interbecmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), izifunda zombili zasemadolobheni zinegalelo elikhulu ekushiseni kwegesi eshisayo futhi zisengozini enkulu yesimo sezulu. Le ngxenye embaxakile yenza amadolobha abe nobunzima obukhulu emzamweni wembulunga yonke ukuze avumelane nokufuduka komhlaba.

Amamenenja amadolobha asemaphakathini alomzamo. Bangabaholi abasebenzayo abaguqula izinhloso zesimo sezulu esiphezulu bezenza izinhlelo ezisebenzayo, ukutshala izakhiwo, nezinhlelo zomphakathi. Isikhundla sabo esikhethekile . Izikhulu ezikhethiwe, ochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe, izakhamuzi, kanye nabantu abasebenza nabo emaphetheneni azimele . Banikeza igunya nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqhubela phambili ushintsho olunenjongo. Ukwakha amadolobha aqinile akuyona nje inselele yezobuchwepheshe; kudinga ukubambisana kokulawula, ukubona isikhathi eside, nekhono lokulinganisela izinto eziza kuqala eziphikisanayo ngaphansi kokungaqiniseki. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima eyandayo yabaphathi bedolobha ekuzinzeni isimo sezulu, amasu ayisebenzisayo, izithiyo, izithiyo ezibhekene, nezibonelo zangempela zezwe zempumelelo.

Okwenza Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Kudinge Ukuhlelwa Kwezimo Ezishintshashintshayo Kwezimo Zezulu

Ukuhlelwa kwamadolobha okungokwesiko kwagxila ekukhuleni, ekuthuthukiseni, nasekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho, ngokuvamile ngokucabangela izingozi zendawo ezungezile. Ukushintsha isimo sezulu okusondelayo: kumisa ukuqina nokwehla kwengozi emnyombweni wesinqumo ngasinye. Ukushintsha kuhilela ukulungisa izakhiwo ezingokomzimba, ukusebenzisa izimiso zomhlaba, imithetho yokusabela okuphuthumayo, nezinhlelo zomphakathi zokunciphisa ukuchayeka kwesimo sezulu. Kuhlukile ekunciphiseni ukukhipha igesi ekhipha ugesi eshisayo. Zombili zibalulekile, kodwa ukuzivumelanisa kudinga kakhulu emadolobheni kakade ukuba abhekane nemiphumela yesimo sezulu esishintshashintsha isimo sezulu.

Ukuvumelana: Izinhlangothi ezimbili zekholi elifanayo

Nakuba ukuvuselelwa kuhlasela izimbangela eziyinhloko zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu .Amandla abangelwa ukuthutha, amandla, kanye nemboni − kunikeza imiphumela. Idolobha lingasebenzisa amandla avuselelwe namabhasi kagesi (ukuvuselelwa) futhi lisadinga izimiso zamanzi anamandla nezikhungo zokupholisa. Abaphathi bedolobha kumelwe baqhube phambili kokubili ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngokuvamile benemithombo elinganiselwe. Nokho, ukuthatha ikheli kunikeza izinzuzo ezisheshayo, ezingokoqobo emiphakathini yendawo, njengokuncishiswa kwenciphiswa kwenhlekelele yesikhukhula nokushisa okuhambisana nokushisa, okuyenza ibe yindawo yokuqala yomholi yendawo.

Inkinga Yezomnotho Yokuzivumelanisa Nezimo Ezishintshayo

Izindleko zokungathathi hlangothi ziyashaqisa. INational Institute of Building Sciences ilinganisela ukuthi wonke amaRandi asetshenziselwa ukulinganisela izingozi asindisa umphakathi amadollar ayisithupha esikhathini esizayo sokuncitshiswa kwenhlekelele. Izikhukhula, izimoto zequbula, neziphepho kakade sezibangele ukulahlekelwa kwezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi emadolobheni ase-U. Ngaphandle kokulahleka kwempahla, ukuntengantenga kwesimo sezulu kungaphazamisa umnotho wendawo, kuphazamise ukuqoqa amanani emali, kanye nokususa izindawo ezihlukene. Abaphathi bedolobha abasekela ukutshala izindleko zokuhweba akugcini ngokuvikela ukuphila kodwa futhi bavikela impilo ende yesikhashana ye-mapulane. Ukuhlela ukutshala imali kukhanga ukutshala imali, njengoba amabhizinisi eqhubeka efuna izindawo ezingoko ngokuthuthukisa isimo sezulu.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Yabaphathi Bedolobha Ekushintsheni Kwesimo Sezulu

Abaphathi bedolobha bagqoka izigqoko eziningi, futhi uma kunesimo sezulu, imithwalo yabo yemfanelo ikhula ibe izindawo eziningana ezibucayi.

  • Amasu ahlukanisayo e- Comprehensive Resilience - Ukwenza amamephu amaningi athathekile omgwaqo acabangela ama-map abonisa isimo sezulu sendawo, ukuhlola ukuchayeka, kanye nomfakela-mfakela. Amalungiselelo kumele acace, alinganisele, futhi ahlelwe njalo lapho kuvela ukwaziswa okusha.
  • Ukunyuswa nokuqinisa i-Infrastructive - Ukubona izimali zokuvikela izikhukhula (i-leva, iziteshi zokumpompa, izakhiwo ezikwazi ukuhlelwa), izakhiwo eziluhlaza (amapaki, izingadi zemvula, uphahla oluluhlaza okwengca, kanye nezingadi zamandla eziqinile. Kuhlanganisa nezindawo eziqinile eziqinile njengezibhedlela, iziteshi zomlilo, kanye nezindawo zokwelapha amanzi.
  • Ukuhlobisa nokufundisa i-Community - - ijubane lemikhankaso yokuqaphelisa umphakathi, amashabhu okuhlela okuhlukanisa, nokwenza izinto ezitholakalayo ngezilimi eziningi. Imiphakathi ehlanganyelayo ithambekele kakhulu ekusekeleni izinyathelo zokuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha futhi imukele izenzo zomuntu ngamunye ezilungiselelwe.
  • Ukunikeza iNgxongo yokuzinikezela - I-Proting documents (umz., i-FAMA’s Building Resical Infractive ne-Community Industry program, i-Hud’s Community Development Grant – Disaster Resorence), izimali zokuzisekela zikahulumeni, izibopho zomphakathi, kanye nezindlela ezintsha zezimali ezinjengezibopho eziluhlaza noma izikweletuso.
  • Ukuhlanganisa Ngaphesheya kwe-Actropoity namahlelo - Imizamo elawula ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, izinkampani zezethutho, iziphathimandla zokuthutha, inzuzo, nabacwaningi bezemfundo. Ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu kungokoqobo kusekunqamuleni izikhawu; isimiso samanzi esiphethukayo asihloniphi imingcele yedolobha.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuhlanganisa i-Dimote Data yemisebe yeDaily Operations - Usebenzisa izimo zezulu, izinzwa zangempela, kanye namathuluzi okubala asengozini ukuzwa ngokuhlelwa kwezindawo, izikhombi zokwakha, ukusabela okuphuthumayo, nokuhlelwa kwemali ngaphambi kokuba kusetshenziswe. Ukuhola kwemininingwane kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yezobuchwepheshe yabelwa lapho idingeka khona kakhulu.

Izinyathelo Zokwakha Isimo Sezulu Sasedolobheni

Ukuzivumelanisa okuphumelelayo akukhona ukuguqula yonke indawo. Amamenenja amadolobha kumelwe akhethe futhi alungise amasu avumelana nokuma kwezwe kwawo, inani labantu, kanye nengozi. Nokho, izindlela eziningi ziye zaphumelela kakhulu.

Izakhiwo Eziluhlaza Neluhlaza

Amakhambi asekelwe emvelweni athandwa kakhulu ngenxa yezindleko zawo kanye nezindawo zokulungisa imvelo. Izakhiwo zemvelo eziluhlaza zihlanganisa amapaki, izingadi zomphakathi, izihlahla zomgwaqo, nezinto eziphilayo ezidonsa amanzi ashisayo, zinciphise imiphumela yeziqhingi, futhi zithuthukise izinga lomoya. Izakhiwo zemvelo zesibhakabhaka zibhekisela ezinjukwini njengamachibi, imisele, nezindawo ezinamaxhaphozi ezilawula amanzi akhukhulayo lapho kulungiselelwa indawo yokuzijabulisa. Idolobha laseFiladelphia, iCopenhagenhagen, neSingapore ziye zasebenzisa kakhulu izimiso ezinjalo, ngokuvamile zithola ukuthi zibiza kakhulu futhi ziqinile kunezinto ezivamile ezimpunga.

Ukufuduka Kwesiqhingi Sasedolobheni

Ama-heatwave ayingozi enkulu kakhulu yesimo sezulu emazweni amaningi. Abaphathi bamadolobha bangasebenzisa izindlela zokupholisa ezinjengokupholisa uphahla lwemibhoshongo nemigwaqo, uphahla lwezihlahla olunwetshiwe, kanye nezikhungo zokupholisa ezisendaweni esengozini. Ngokwesibonelo, iLos Angeles, iye yaqala izinhlelo ezipholile ezihamba ngezinyawo futhi yabeka izisulu eziphambili zokuhlela izihlahla. iMiami-Dade County imise isikhulu sokufudumala ukuze siqondise imizamo yokufudumala. Lezi zinyathelo azigcini ngokusindisa ukuphila kodwa futhi zinciphisa imfuno yamandla futhi zithuthukisa impilo yomphakathi.

Ukuphatha Kogu Nezamcolofiya

Emadolobheni asogwini, ukugadla kwesiphepho nokuphakama kolwandle kukhulu kakhulu. Izindawo ezihlanganisa ukubuyisela imingcele engokwemvelo enjengemihlume nezindundundu, ukuphakamisa izakhiwo, ukwakha izindonga zasolwandle namafasitela akhukhulayo, nokuphuma ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Igumbi laseNetherlands lohlelo loMfula, elinika imifula indawo engcono yokukhukhula, ingumfanekiso wembulunga yonke. Eduze kwekhaya, iNorfolk, iVirginia isungule icebo elibanzi lokuzinzisa izikhawulo zezikhukhula, amabhishi, amabhishi aphilayo, kanye nokukhuphuza. Izikhulu zeDolobhanothi kumelwe ziqike izakhiwo eziqinile nezindawo ezigcwele amanzi eziyingozi ukuze zivimbele intuthuko entsha.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Elinezimo Zezulu Nokuzihlwaya

Mhlawumbe ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu umphathi wedolobha analo yigunya lokusebenzisa indawo. Ukuhlaziya amakhodi asebenza endaweni ephephile ukuze kuvinjelwe noma kuvinjelwe ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezikhukhulela-mlilo, izindawo ezinamasililo, kanye nezindawo ezidilikayo zingavimbela izinhlekelele zesikhathi esizayo. Ngokufanayo, idinga izakhiwo eziluhlaza ezisezingeni elisha, kugcine indawo evuleke ukuze amanzi acwenge, futhi kuncipheke kakhulu izinga lobudoda ezindaweni eziphephile konke konke kunciphisa ukuchayeka. Le misebenzi idinga isibindi sezombangazwe, njengoba ngokuvamile ibhekana nokuphikiswa abathuthukisi nabanika impahla. Nokho, izinzuzo zesikhathi eside zidlula kude ukuncintisana.

Abaphathi Bamadolobha Ababhekene Nezinkinga Ezihamba Phambili

Naphezu kwesidingo esisobala, abaphathi bamadolobha babhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu lapho bezama ukuthuthukisa isimo sezulu.

Imali Elinganiselwe Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Izimiso eziningi zemali zamadolobha zincishiswa yimfundo, ukuphepha komphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nezinkonzo eziyisisekelo. Ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu, nakuba kubucayi, kuvame ukubonakala njengokutshala isikhathi eside okuhambisana nezidingo ezisheshayo. Abaphathi bamadolobha kumelwe basungule ukuthola imali, ukuhlanganisa eminye imisebenzi enezinzuzo (umz., uphahla oluluhlaza olunciphisa izindleko zamandla), kanye nokusebenzelana okuqinile nezinhlangano ezingazimele nezenzuzo. CM][5][5] izikhundla ze-Cties Climate Adroadershiption Group [[[[FLD 1:1]]] inikeza imithombo nezinye izingosi kanye nezingosi zokwakha ukuze kusizwe ukufinyelela izimali emadolobheni.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe Nezinguquko Zokukhetha Ezimfushane

Izinyathelo zokuzivumelanisa nezindlela zingaphazamisa: ukukhuphula izintela zezindonga ezikhukhulayo, ukuvimbela ukuthuthuka ezindaweni ezikhangayo zogu, noma ukubeka izindinganiso ezintsha zokwakha kungase kuthukuthelise abakhi nabakhi. Izikhulu eziqashelwe ezibhekene nokukhethwa kabusha njalo eminyakeni emibili noma emine zinganqikaza ukusekela izimiso ngezindleko eziphambili nezintengo ezintengantengayo. Abaphathi bedolobha kumelwe bakhe izikhawu ezibanzi, baxhumane nokuphuthuma kwezomnotho, futhi bavumelane nokuzivumelanisa njengezindinganiso zempahla nezinga lokuphila kunokuba nje bavimbele inhlekelele.

Izithiyo Zobuchwepheshe Nezokwaziswa

Amadolobha amaningi awanabo ubuchwepheshe bokuchaza izimo zezulu, ukuhlola ukuchayeka kobungozi, noma ukuklama okusekelwe emvelweni. Omasipala abancane bangase bangabi nazisebenzi ezinikezelwe ezisekelayo nhlobo. Abaphathi bedolobha bangabambisana namayunivesithi, imikhandlu yokuhlela izifunda, nezinhlangano ezifana ne ICLECIII – i-Local Population for Constatability ukuze bafinyelele usizo lobuchwepheshe kanye nemfundo yontanga.

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile Nobulungisa

Imiphakathi ehhayishwayo nemiphakathi yemibala ephansi iye yagcinwa ngokomlando ngesisekelo sezezimali zezesisekelo futhi ivame ukufakwa ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula, iziqhingi ezishisayo, noma eduze kokungcola kwezezimboni. Ukuzivumelanisa okunganakwa yile miba engekho ngokomthetho kungahlanganisa ukulimala. Amamenenja amadolobha kumelwe athathe imingcele ephansi, abeke izimali ezingeni elisengozini, futhi asungule imisebenzi yokuklama engaholeli ekuzameni noma ekuthatheni indawo. Ukuzivumelanisa okungaguquguquki kudinga imigaqo ecacile, ukuqondisa umphakathi, nokulandisa okuqhubekayo.

Ukuhlola Ukuphumelela Kwezinhlolo - vo Zesimo Sezulu

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa ukuthi abaphathi bedolobha bangathola imiphumela ephawulekayo ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo eziyinselele. Lezi zimo zinikeza izifundo nezikhuthaza abaholi kuyo yonke indawo.

IRotterdam, eNetherlands: IDolobha laseDelta Lichuma Ne - Ater Resilience

IRotterdam ingelinye lamadolobha amasha kakhulu emhlabeni lapho kuziwa ekuqondiseni amanzi. Lisemuva ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu, idolobha liye lathembela emakhekheni nasempompini. Kodwa ngemva kwezikhukhula ezinkulu ngawo 1990, abaholi bedolobha banquma ukuyeka ukuvikela amanzi ukuze baphile ngamanzi. I-Rotterdam Climate Procement Procession, eyasungulwa ngo- 2008, ihlanganisa isivikelo esikhungweni sokukhula kwamadolobha. [[FLT:] [FLD] [0] Imisebenzi engenzeka ihlanganisa i-waterplein (ingine) engaphezulu kwe-ingidi esebenzayo) [[FLT] i-iright'ston [[FLD:1] esebenzayo] [injini yesitimela samanzi] [izindawo ezisebenza eduze kakhulu] nalezemfutho, futhi ingenisa inzuzo yalenza izakhiwo, futhi izinhlangano zezindawo zomphakathi, futhi ingenisa izinhlangano zezentengo. [FOL:]

INew York City, E - United States: Ukwakha kabusha Isakhiwo Esiqinile Ngemva Kokwenyuka KukaSandy

ISiphepho iSandy ngo-2012 sadalula umkhankaso owenziwe ngokunamandla wokwehlisa iManhattan ekuphakameni kogu lolwandle. Ekuphenduleni leli dolobha lasungula i- East Side Coast Resilial Resalincy[ umsebenzi wokwakha, umzamo owezigidi ezingu-R3, izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,45 wokwenza i-Manhattan i-Mozansivre ekuvuthuleni kolwandle. Umsebenzi uhlanganisa izindonga eziwuzamcolo, amasango, kanye nemingcele ehlangene nezindawo zokuhlala. Idolobha landisa futhi izinhlelo zalo zokwakha eziluhlaza, izinhlelo ezithuthukelweyo, futhi lathuthukisa ukuhleleka kwezindawo zomphakathi. Kodwa izingozi zezezentengo yomphakathi zincipheko yemali ebanzi.

IMedellín, eColombia: Imikhumbi Eluhlaza Epholisa Idolobha Elishisayo

IMedellín, eyake yadunyiswa ngobudlova, yaziguqula yaba umholi wembulunga yonke ekuzivumelani nezindawo zasedolobheni. Leli dolobha lakha iqoqo lamaphasishi aluhlaza [1] `izindlela ezihlotshisiwe, amasimi, amasimini, nophahla oluluhlaza luhlaza] ezanciphisa ukushisa kwesiqhingi sasedolobheni ngobukhulu kuya ku-2°C. Abaphathi bedolobha babesebenza nabaqondisi besayensi yezitshalo nabenzi bezakhiwo ukuze batshale izitshalo zesomiso, basebenzise izinto zokuvuselela, futhi bahluphaza izindawo ezimpofu kakhulu. Impumelelo yeMedellín ibonisa ukuthi ukuzivumela ukuba kunciphe kancane kakhulu, kukhulu, futhi kukhululeke kakhulu emphakathini. Isihluthulelo: ukusebenzisa indalo ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi kanye, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-exne.

Amathuluzi Nemithombo Yabaphathi Bemizi

Amamenenja amadolobha akudingeki aqale aqale ekhaleni. Amapulatifomu amaningi akhona ukuze asheshise imizamo yokuzivumelanisa:

  • UN-Habitat’s City Resilience Programme yokubhucunga - - Inikeza ithuluzi lokuhlola elibanzi lokuhlola nokuqinisa ukuqina kwasemadolobheni.
  • [[UMTL:0] 100 Resilient Cities (manje eyingxenye ye-Resilient Civision Network) – yathatha i-Prince Buthodel eyiNkulu ye-Resience futhi inikeza imfundo yontanga.
  • 'EPA's Climate Alternation Resource Center – i- Compiles ukuhlolwa kwezezimali, imithombo yezimali, nesiqondiso sobuchwepheshe esifanelana namadolobha ase-U.S.
  • World Resources Institute’s Aqueduct tool – Amabalazwe amanzi ahlobene nezingozi embulungeni yonke futhi asiza izenzo ezihlela kuqala.
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOA)) Coast Resilience Index - Ithuluzi elilula lokuzihlela lodwa emiphakathini yogu.

Abaphathi bedolobha kufanele bahlakulele ubuhlobo nabantu abafunda nabo emayunivesithi endawo, abakwazi ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa mahhala nokukulingisa, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo ezinikeza ukuqeqeshwa neminikelo.

Ukwakha Ikhono Lenhlangano Lokuzivumelanisa Nezimo Ezithatha Isikhathi Eside

Ukuzimela okuqinile akwakheki esikhathini esisodwa noma umsebenzi. Kudinga ukucatshangelwa kwesimo sezulu esiqinile kuhulumeni wedolobha. Abaphathi bamadolobha bangathatha izinyathelo eziningana zokuzivumelanisa nokuzivumelanisa:

  • Yakha ihhovisi elinikezelwe lokuzimela noma isikhundla – ngisho nomxhumanisi oyedwa ozinzileyo angagcina ukugxiliswa nokulandisa.
  • [ Ingozi yesimo sezulu esiqinile emahlelweni okuthuthukisa inhloko-mali – idinga wonke umsebenzi omkhulu ohlanganisa ukuhlola ukuqina kwesimo sezulu.
  • Ukushintshela emahlelweni abanzi nasemabhukwini ama-code - Ukwenza ukuqina kube yingxenye ehlala njalo yomthetho wedolobha.
  • ubudlelwane bokwakha neziphathimandla zendawo – izingozi zesimo sezulu azipheleli emingceleni; imizamo yamalungu iphumelela kakhulu futhi ithonya.
  • Isehlo ekuqeqesheni izisebenzi[ - - Ukuqinisekisa izisebenzi zasedolobheni eminyangweni eqonde isayensi yesimo sezulu nezimiso zokuzimela.
  • i-Esttablish komiti yomphakathi elungisayo - nikeza izakhamuzi iphimbo eliqhubekayo lokuzinza nokusetshenziswa.

Isiphetho: Ukuhola Okulawula Ikusasa

Inselele yokwakha amadolobha aqinile inkulu, kodwa indima yabaphathi bedolobha ayikaze ibe ebaluleke kakhulu. Bangabaqondisi beqembu lezomculo lasedolobheni okumelwe bavumelane nesisekelo sezakhiwo, inqubo, isidingo somphakathi, nesayensi yesimo sezulu. Amadolobha aphumelelayo kuyoba yilawo anabaphathi abavumelana nokuzivumelanisa okuqhubekayo, ukuhleleka, nokusungula ubuhlobo obuqinile. Ukuhlolwa kweRotterdam, New York, neMedelín kufakazela ukuthi isinyathelo esiwujuqu singavikela ukuphila, siqinise izomnotho, futhi sibangele imiphakathi engcono kakhulu.

Ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu akuwona umthwalo, kodwa ithuba lokwakha amadolobha aphephile, aluhlaza kakhulu, futhi agcwele. Abaphathi bamadolobha abazama lenselele bashiya ifa lokuzimela elisiza izizukulwane ezizayo. Isikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo manje, futhi amathuluzi, ulwazi, nezibonelo zikhona. Kuqala ngobuholi esilinganisweni sikamasipala, futhi liqala namuhla.