Ukuqonda Amandla Kahulumeni

Umqondo wamandla kahulumeni uyisisekelo sokusebenza kwanoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi. Uhlanganisa igunya nethonya izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziphethe phezu kwezakhamuzi, umnotho, nokuphila komphakathi. Nokho ukuthembeka kwentando yeningi kuxhomeke ekutheni lawomandla achazwa, asakazwe futhi avalwe kanjani. Igunya elingalawulwa lithoba libe yizintambo zomuntu siqu, kuyilapho amandla avikelwe ngokufanelekile avikela futhi athuthukise ukwethenjwa. Amandla kahulumeni awawona amagatsha ahlukene, amazinga, nezinhlangano, ngalinye elinendima nemingcele yalo.

Izazi zefilosofi yezombangazwe ezisuka kuJohn Locke kuya kuMontesquieu ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho utholakala ngokuvuma kwababuswayo futhi kumelwe usebenze phakathi kwemithetho eyaziwayo, enqunyiweyo. Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wanamuhla, umbuso kahulumeni ubekwa ngokwezigaba ezine:

  • Amandla asemthethweni: Igunya lokwenza, ukubuyisa, nemithetho ebuyayo. Kumbuso wentando yeningi omelelayo, leli gunya lincike ephalamendeni noma engqungqutheleni ekhethiwe.
  • Amandla asebenzayo: Igunya lokumisa nokuphoqelela imithetho, ukuphatha izindaba zangaphandle, nokuqondisa isimiso somphakathi. Igatsha eliphethe liqondiswa umongameli noma undunankulu futhi lihlanganisa iminyango ehlukahlukene.
  • [ Amandla ombuso: Igunya lokuchaza imithetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokubukeza ukufaneleka komthetho-sisekelo wezenzo zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo ezizimele ziyitshe lesisekelo lomthetho.
  • Amandla aphethe: Igunya lezinhlangano zebureaucracy lokwakha imithetho eningiliziwe, ukukhipha impikiswano, nokuphoqelela ukuthobela. Lamandla avame ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi yemithetho, yesikhulu, ne-quassi-judicial futhi adinga ukuqondisa ngokucophelela.

Imithetho ingamisa imithetho engalungile, izikhulu zingazishaya indiva izithiyo zomthetho-mthetho, izinkantolo zingadlulela ezimisweni, futhi izinhlangano zingasebenza ngaphandle kokuziphendulela. Inselele yanoma isiphi isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi iwukuklama izimiso ezivumela la mandla ukuba asebenze ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho kuvinjelwa noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ikwazi ukulawula.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Samandla Kahulumeni

Umzabalazo wokuchaza imingcele yamandla kahulumeni udala njengomphakathi ohleliwe. IMagna Carta yeNkosi uJohn ka 1215 yaphoqelela ukuba ivume ukuthi inkosi yayingengaphezu komthetho − umqondo omkhulu owatshala imbewu ngenxa yomthetho-sisekelo. I-English Bill of Rights ka-1689 inegunya elilinganiselwe ngokwengeziwe lobukhosi futhi yasekela ukuphakama kwephalamende. Lemibhalo yamisa izimiso ezabumba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kanye neminye imithetho eminingi ebusayo.

Abaqondisi bokukhanyiselwa bekhulu le-17 nele-18 bahlela lemibono. UMentesquieu inkolelo - mbono yokuhlukaniswa kwamagunya, ebekwe ku uMoya woMthetho [, waphikisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlukanisela umthetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, nenye yemisebenzi ehlukene [“ingavimbela ubushiqela]. UJames Madison wakhelwe kulokhu kumapesenti ahlangene, echaza ukuthi "ukwamukeleka kumelwe kwenziwe ukuba kunciphe isithunzi."" umphumela wesimiso [[FLT:]] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT:] uhlala usekelo nokulinganisa [FOLD] inqubo engcono kakhulu [FOLD:5]

Okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando kubonisa futhi izindleko zokungekho kwemingcele. Izikhulu zobushiqela zekhulu lama-20=Nazi Jalimane, i-Stalin Russia, iMaoist China(ishoshoshod thina) zachaza okwenzekayo lapho umbuso kahulumeni ubekwa phansi futhi ungalawulwa. Izigidi zabhubha ngenxa yokuqedwa kwemingcele engokomthetho, izinkantolo zaba amathuluzi eqembuni elibusayo, futhi iziphathi zikhulu zasebenzisa igunya eliphelele. Lezi zinqapheliso ziqinisa isidingo semingcele enamandla, ephoqeshiwe kunoma yisiphi idemokhrasi.

Ukubaluleka Kwemingcele Echazwayo

Ukumisa imingcele ecacile yemibuso kahulumeni kufeza izinjongo eziningana ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Uma ukufinyelela kukahulumeni kucindezelwa, izakhamuzi zingakhuluma, zikhuleke, zikhulekele, zihlangane, futhi zibe nempahla yazo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphazamisa okuzenzekelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Lill of Rights ivimbela ngokuqondile uhulumeni ekubekeni inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokucindezela, nenkolo.

Okwesibili, imingcele [[FLT: 0] yobushiqela. Uma izenzo zikahulumeni zicubungula futhi zicubungula umphakathi, izikhulu kumelwe zibuthe amandla anele okudlula intando yabantu noma ukuphikiswa. Okwesithathu, imingcele imingcele yokuphendula [. Uma izenzo zikahulumeni zifanele zibukezwe futhi zihlolwe umphakathi, izikhulu kumele zithethelele izinqumo zazo. Okwesine, imingcele [[[FLT:]] ikhuthaza isibopho somphakathi [[[FLT:]]. Izakhamuzi ezithemba ukuthi uhulumeni wazo usebenza phakathi kwemithetho elungile zicishe zihlanganyele kakhulu ehholweni, enkabeni, emphakathini, nasemphakathini yomphakathi.

Lemingcele ayiyona imibandela engabonakali. Ifakwe emthetho owe-unititunion [, ochaza izakhiwo, amandla, nokulinganiselwa kukahulumeni. Ziqiniswa [ ububanzi[ obuchaza ukuthi amanxusa angenzani. [[FLT:] agunyazwe [[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]] i-dictriciation ment [, evumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho noma izenzo eziphula umthetho. Futhi zigcinwa ngesimiso imilinganiso nezilinganiso [FFLT] [FF:] [3] [3] [3], ngokwesibonelo, umthetho weze-odvoctictic, ungakhipha umthetho, ungasho umthetho, ukuthi umthetho ungawukhipha umthetho, futhi ungawuda umthetho, futhi ungawuveza umthetho.

Imishini Yokulwela Nokuvimbela

Imibuso ebusayo ithembele emshinini wemishini ukuze ilawule umbuso kahulumeni:

  • Ukuhlukanisa ama-Power: igunya lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwemithetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela ukuze kungabi nagatsha elilodwa elinamandla onke. Igatsha ngalinye linendawo yalo futhi lingamelana nokungenela kwamanye.
  • IFederalism:[[FT:1] Amandla okuhlukanisa phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nozwe (izifundazwe, izifunda, izifunda). Izimiso zomphakathi zivumela ukwenza izinqumo zendawo futhi zakha izinkundla eziningi ukuze zingenele ezakhamuzini.
  • I-Constigal Supremacy: Umthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme kakhulu, futhi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni kumelwe zivumelane nawo. Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zidinga izimo ezinkulu, zenza izinguquko eziyisisekelo zibe nzima futhi zibe ngamabomu.
  • Inkululeko engokweziqu: Abahluleli bamiswa ngokwezimo ezinde, bavikelwe ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, futhi banikwe amandla okubukeza imithetho elawula umthetho-sisekelo. Ijaji elizimele liyi-guarterferector yemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.
  • I-Rouble yoMthetho: Wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ungaphansi komthetho. Akekho ongaphezulu komthetho, futhi izinqubo zomthetho kumelwe zilandelwe ngokungaguquguquki nangokukhanyayo.
  • Imithetho ekhanyayo kanye nokubonisa ngaphaya: Imvume evulekile, imihlangano yomphakathi, nenkululeko yokwaziswa yenza izakhamuzi nentatheli zikwazi ukuqaphela imisebenzi kahulumeni futhi zidalule ukuxhashazwa.
  • Ukulandisa okungaguquguquki: njalo, ngokukhululekile, futhi ngokungakhethi kwenza abavoti basuse izikhulu eziphula ukwethembana. Imingcele yokumisa nezimiso zezezimali zomkhankaso ziphinde zihlole amandla okulawula.

Lezi zinqubo zisebenza ngokuhlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umongameli enikeza umyalo wesikhulu ongaphezu kwegunya elingokomthetho, amaqembu athintekile angamangalelana, futhi izinkantolo zingasishaya. Uma isishaya-mthetho senqaba ukuxhasa uhlelo olungavumelani nemithetho, igatsha eliphethe kumelwe lilungise. Lapho ohulumeni bakahulumeni bemelana nokucupha, isimiso sikahulumeni sinikeza i-um.

Izinsongo Ezisongela Imingcele Kahulumeni Yamandla

Naphezu kwezinqubo zomthetho - sisekelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ohulumeni bentando yeningi babhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo nezixazulula imingcele yamandla abo.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esingaphezu Kwesibindi

Kuyidemokrasi eminingi, izikhulu ziye zandisa igunya lazo ngokusebenzisa amandla aphuthumayo, iziyalezo eziphetheyo, kanye nezinkulumo zokusayina ukuze zidlulise ukuhlola umthetho. Isifundazwe somphakathi sangemva kwe-99/11 sabangela ukuba kuvele izinhlelo zokuqapha, ukuvalelwa ijele okunganqunyiwe, nezinkantolo zezempi ezahlola imingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo. Muva nje, phakathi nobhadane lweCOVID, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke ababekelwe imingcele, imithetho yezikhathi zokwethulwa kwezikhathi zomthetho, futhi bagunyaze futhi bagunyaze ukuba kungabi khona ukuqondisa okukhulu kwemithetho. Nakuba izimo zempilo zomphakathi zingabangela ukuba kubekelwe izinyathelo zesikhashana, ingozi ekwandisweni okuhlala njalo okunganciphindisiwe ngemva kwenhlekelele.

Ukuncipha Kwenkululeko Yokwahlulela

Izinkantolo ziyintambo yokugcina yokuzivikela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni esingavumelani nemithetho, kodwa zona ngokwazo zingaba izisulu. Kwamanye amazwe, amaqembu abusayo ahlela izinkantolo nabasekeli bomthetho, ukunciphisa imali yokwahlulela, noma ukushaya indiva iziyalezo zenkantolo. Umphumela uwumthetho ongenangqondo lapho umphathi angathatha khona isinyathelo ngesijeziso. Ngisho nasebukhoneni bentando yeningi obumisiwe, ukuhlasela abahluleli ngokuthi "i-activist" noma "ikholiti" kungalulaza ukuthembela emphakathini ezinqumweni zokwahlulela.

Ukonakala Nokubanjwa Uhulumeni

Ukonakala kuwukusetshenziswa kabi kwangasese kwamandla omphakathi ukuze kuzuze umuntu. Kusukela ekufumbathiseni okuncane kuya emahlelweni amakhulu lapho izithakazelo ezicebile "ukuzisebenzela" zonke izinhlangano noma amakomiti omthetho. Uma amandla kahulumeni esetshenziselwa ukuzuzisa abambalwa ngokulahlekelwa abaningi, umngcele phakathi kwenkonzo yomphakathi nokucetshiswa kwabantu uphela. I- Antiphracorationogs, abashushisi abazimele, nemithetho eqinile yezimiso kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe lowo mngcele.

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Ukuhlukana okukhulu kungakhubaza amasheke nezilinganiso eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela amandla. Esikhundleni sokubambisana, ukuhlangana kwamaqembu aphikisanayo, ukunqabela ukuqoqwa kwezinhlangano, noma ukusongela ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni. Ukwenziwa kwegazi futhi kwenza ukuba i-planetic ikwazi ukuguqula izinto i-disformtion[ imikhankaso eqeda ukwethemba ezinhlanganweni futhi yenza abavoti babe sengozini enkulu yokunxusa kwempoqozelelwa. Ukungakwazi kukahulumeni ukuyekethisa ezimalini noma ezimisweni kungadala i-athonsimu egcwalisa izikhulu ngokushesha.

Ukunganaki Nokudumazeka Kwezinto Ezithandwayo

Lapho izakhamuzi ziyeka ukuvota, zihlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, noma zifune abaholi ukuba balandise, imingcele yamandla kahulumeni ilahlekelwa umnakekeli wazo obaluleke kakhulu: umvoti okhuthele, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha nemiphakathi ephansi, uvumela abavoti ukuba baziqinise futhi banciphise izimiso zobubonisi. Ukunganaki ngokuvamile kuyimpendulo ewumbono wokuthi uhulumeni uyonakele noma awusabeli − umjikelezo okumelwe uphulwe ngokubonisa ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo kungashintsha.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezintsha Nentuthuko

Ukuguqulwa kwezimiso zemishini kuye kwanika ohulumeni ikhono elingenakuqhathaniswa lokuqondisa izakhamuzi, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa, nokulawula ukwaziswa. Ukuqashelwa kobuso, ukuqashelwa kwezokuxhumana, namathuluzi angaphambili amaphoyisa angasetshenziselwa ukuhlasela abaphikisi noma amaqembu amancane ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Imithetho evikela imfihlo futhi idinga imvume yokuqapha ibalulekile, kodwa ngokuvamile ithatha isikhathi esiphansi ngenxa yamakhono obuchwepheshe. Ngaphandle kwemithetho ethuthukisiwe, amandla kahulumeni anganwebeka buthule nangabonakali.

Amasu Okuthuthukisa Ubuqotho Bentando Yeningi

Ukuvikela imingcele yamandla kahulumeni kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi. Amasu alandelayo angasiza ekuqiniseni ukuthembeka kwentando yeningi:

  • Imfundo ye-pivic ne-Media Literac Literance:[ Izikole, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nemikhankaso yomphakathi kufanele zifundise izakhamuzi indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, ukuthi ayini amalungelo azo, nokuthi zingawabona kanjani amanga. Izakhamuzi ezifundile zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukufuna ukulandisa nokumelana nokunxusa kobushiqela.
  • Ukwehlukana nomthetho ovulekile: Ohulumeni kufanele bathathe ukwambulwa okuqhubekayo kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, izivumelwano, amavoti omthetho, nezinqumo zezinhlangano. Imithombo yezindaba nezinhlangano zomphakathi zidinga ukutholakala kokwaziswa nesivikelo ekuphindiseleni. Ukubheka okukhanyayo kwenza kube nzima ukufihla.
  • Izinhlangano ze-Independent:[ izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho, izikhomishane ezikhethiweyo, izinhlangano ezilwa nokonakala kumelwe zixhaswe ngokwanele, zixhaswe ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe, futhi zivikelwe ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke njengalezo ezithuthukiswa yi- i-VEnice Commission [
  • [ Izakhamuzi eziphethe ukuhlanganyela: Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi kufanele zibe namathuba okuhlola umphakathi, ukuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela, nokubophana ngokuqondile nabenzi bezimiso. Amathuluzi emishini angenza ukuhlanganyela kufinyeleleke ngokwengeziwe, kodwa kumelwe kuklanyelwe ukugwema ukuxhaphaza nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela okulinganayo.
  • Izinguquko ze-Legal to derous Poltion: izingxabano eziqinile zemithetho ethakazelelwayo, imikhankaso ekhankanyiwe, kanye nezivikelo zokufutha ikhwela ezinamandla zibalulekile. Ukuhlasela inkohlakalo emazingeni aphezulu kuthumela umyalezo ocacile wokuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho.
  • Izinhlangano zezombangazwe ezikhuthaza ukuhola: kufanele zihlakulele abaholi abahlonipha imithetho engokomthetho futhi babonise ubuqotho. Umphakathi ungafaka izikhulu zomphakathi enqubeni yezimiso zokuziphatha futhi umemezele obala ukuphulwa.
  • Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke:[ Izindawo ezingafunda komunye nomunye futhi zinikeze ukusekelana. Izinhlangano ezinjenge [[FLT:] Internationalternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral helper ne Center yeJaji inikeza ukucwaninga, imikhuba emihle kakhulu, kanye ne-advoctic Institute yenguquko yentando yeningi.

Lamacebo kumelwe avumelaniswe nesimiso somthetho nempucuko yezombangazwe yezwe ngalinye. Kodwa isimiso esiyinhloko sisezweni lonke: amandla kahulumeni kumelwe athathwe kubantu, asetshenziswe phakathi kwemingcele eyaziwayo, futhi ahlolwe ngokuqhubekayo. Imibuso edebeselela lesimiso ingena eqenjini eliwubushiqela; labo abafaka imali ekubekeni isisekelo bangajwayela izinselele kuyilapho belondoloza inkululeko.

Isiphetho

Ukuchaza imingcele yamandla kahulumeni akusona isenzo somthetho-sisekelo esisodwa kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo yokuqapha, ukuvumelana, nokuthembisa umphakathi. Ukwethembeka kwedemokrasi kuxhomeke esimisweni lapho amandla entando yeningi ehlukaniswa khona, ehlolwa, futhi elandisa. Ukusuka ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso kuya ezinkantolo ezizimele, kusukela enkululekweni yolwazi kuya ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi, inqubo ngayinye inengxenye enkulu kunengxenye yayo.

Izinselele zinzima: ukuphambana kwezikhulu, ukukhucululwa kwemithetho, inkohlakalo, ukonakala, nokuphazamisa kwezobuchwepheshe konke kusongela ukuncishiswa kokulinganisela ezindinganisweni zentando yeningi. Nokho umlando ubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingayikhulula futhi zakhe kabusha imingcele, njengoba kwenzeka ngemva kwe-paredia, i-pasteoncommunist East Europe, futhi emazweni amaningi aye anqoba ubushiqela. Amathuluzi akhona ngo-(8) iziqu, imithetho, izinkantolo, imithombo yezindaba, kanye nomphakathi ohleliwe. Okufunekayo kuyisibopho esiqhubekayo sesimiso sokuthi akukho sikhulu sikahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sikhona isibambiso esithandwayo noma esinesizathu, singaphezu komthetho.

Impilo yentando yeningi ayilinganiswa ngamandla ewaqongelelayo kodwa ngemingcele ewahloniphayo. Imingcele ayithiya ukubusa okuphumelelayo; iyisisekelo lapho kwakhiwe khona ukwethemba, ubulungisa, nenkululeko. Ngokuchaza nokuvikela leyomingcele, imiphakathi iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala eyinceku yabantu kunokuba abe yinkosi yabo.