Table of Contents
Ilungelo lokuvota liyisithembiso esibaluleke kakhulu sentando yeningi, kodwa emlandweni waseMelika, abesifazane baphiwa ngokwesimiso sokulandelana lelilungelo eliyisisekelo lesizwe [. Uhambo olusuka ekususeni ngokuphelele imvume ebhokisini lebhola lumelela enye yezinhlangano ezishintsha kakhulu zezenhlalo emlandweni we-U.S.ha amashumi eminyaka alwayo eyashintsha imithetho yokuvota nje, kodwa yona kanye inkolelo yokuthi ubani ongowentando yeningi yaseMelika.
Ukuqonda indlela abesifazane abawina ngayo ilungelo lokuvota [ kuveza okungaphezu kwamaqiniso angokomlando; kubonisa indlela inqubo yotshani ephikelelayo enganqoba ngayo ukuphikiswa okugxilile, indlela izinhlangano zomphakathi eziguqula futhi zilungise ngayo amasu azo, nokuthi kungani ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kuqhubeka namuhla. Lokhu akuyona nje indaba yakudala.
Isisekelo Sokudangala Kwabesifazane
Ukukhishwa Komthetho - sisekelo Nentando Yeningi YaseMelika Yakuqala
Lapho oFata Abasungulwa bemisa uMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1787, indaba yamalungelo okuvota [[FLT:] abesifazane ayifaneleki neze. Ifilosofi ekhona kamama ehlanganisa [[[FLT:]publican] [[ abesifazane ababekwe esikhundleni esisemthethweni njengabakhuseli bekhaya abasebenza kuqala ekwakheni kwabo abahlanganisa izakhamuzi ezinhle, abangahlanganyeli ngokuqondile ekubuseni. Le mfundiso, ihlangene nemfundiso yomthetho yesiNgisi ebanzi ye [[FLT:][FLT]] [[FLT:]]] [okusho okusemthethweni ukuthi owesifazane oshadile umele ukuma komyeni wakhe, kwakhiwa kwekhono lokuhlakanipha olufanele abesifazane ezombangazwe.
Izimfuneko zokuba nempahla eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe kusenesikhathi sokuvota. Izifundazwe eziningi zaqala ukulinganisela ukuvota kubaphathi bempahla yabesilisa abamhlophe abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-21, ngaphandle kwezindawo nje kuphela kodwa futhi neningi lamadoda. Okuthakazelisayo, lesi simiso sempahla ngezikhathi ezithile sadala izaba zokuzifihla. eNew Jersey, umthetho-sisekelo wezwe wanikeza amalungelo okuvota "zonke" ezihlangabezana nezimfuneko zempahla, ngokungazi ukuvumela abesifazane abathile abafaka impahla ukuba bavote kuze kube yilapho isigebeqeqe sabesifazane sivinjelwe ngokuqondile ngo-1807.
Ihlelo Lobufazi Beqiniso
Ngo-1820 no-1830, inkolelo enamandla yempucuko eyaziwa ngokuthi " iCult of True Womanhood" noma "imfundiso ehlukeneyo yezimbulunga" yayisicacisiwe. Le nkolelo yayithi abesifazane babenobukhulu obungokwemvelo obungokokuziphatha kodwa babengabodwa ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo ngenxa yezwe elinonya. imbulunga engokwemvelo yabesifazane [ kucatshangelwa ukuthi ihlanganisa ikhaya, isonto, nomsebenzi wokusiza abani, kuyilapho amadoda ebusa izigaba zomphakathi zezebhizinisi nohulumeni.
Ngokudidayo, lomqondo owawuvalela abesifazane izigwegwe nawo wanikeza ukulunga kokuqala kobugqila babo bomphakathi. Uma abesifazane bengabakhuseli bokuziphatha okuhle, ingabe umphakathi wawungadingi ithonya labo ukuze ulwe nokonakala nobubi? Lokhu kucabanga kwavumela abesifazane ukuba bangene ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi nge , imiphakathi enqandayo, kanye nemikhankaso yenguquko yokuziphatha [
Ukuzalwa Kwenhlangano Yabesifazane Yokuzibamba
Umhlangano WeziMpophoma WaseSeneca: Ukuqala Kokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
11848] Ingqungquthela yeMpophoma yaphawula ukuqala okungokomthetho kwenhlangano yamalungelo abesifazane e-Melika. Ihlelwe nguElizabeth Cady Stanton[ kanye ne-Lucretia Mottt[, bobabili abangomakad ’ eqeshiwe yi-World Anti-Horbery Convention eLondon ngenxa yobufana babo, lomhlangano wakhanga abantu abangaba 300 ukuya entshona ye-New York.
Umhlangano waveza Isaziso se-Sentiments, ibhukwana elibekwe ngamabomu eSimemezelo Senkululeko. "Sikholelwa ukuthi lamaqiniso asobala," samemezela, "amadoda nabesifazane badalwa bayalingana. Iphepha elidwetshiwe linezikhalo eziyishumi nanhlanu ngokuphakama kwabesilisa, kanye nesihloko sabesifazane sokulahla isigaba sohlu. Kuzo zonke izinqumo ezihlongozelelwe, sakhankanyeza impikiswano enkulu kakhulu[. Iphepha elibhalwe ngobubanzi bebala kuphela ngemva kuka-Frederickiska, i-Americcium edumile, yakhuluma ngokuvuma kwalo.
Abaholi Bakuqala Nendlela Abaya Ngayo
Inhlangano yokuqala ekhuthaza ukuhlasela yakhanga abaholi abaphawulekayo abasizinda namafilosofi abo ahlukahlukene kwacebisa — futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwahlukana phakathi — imbangela:
USusan B. Anthony waletha ukuzinikezela kobuhlakani nokungakhathali kwenhlangano. Owayenguthisha ongakaze ashade, uAnthony wanikela konke ukuphila kwakhe kobudala emalungelweni abesifazane, waba ubuso obubonakala kakhulu. Ubuhlobo bakhe no - Elizabeth Cady Stanton bahlanganisa ingqondo ka-Anthony nobuciko obunamandla bukaStanton.
IQiniso Lezentengiselwano, owesifazane owayegqilazwe usulu, waletha umbono wokuhlangana owawungavumelani nobandlululo lwezinhlanga kanye nolwezifebe. [udumo lwakhe oludumile]"" Akulona iDawu? ngo-1851] ukuthambekela kokugxila emfundini, ezinkonzweni zabesifazane abamhlophe zohlobo oluphakathi.
Itshe eliqinile lasungula indlela ethatha isikhathi eside, igcina igama lakhe lentombi ngemva komshado (lisho ukuthi "itshe elinamazinyo)" ngesikhathi sisekela imikhankaso kahulumeni ngenkani kunokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Indlela yakhe yakhanga labo abathola iStanton noAnthony inqaba kakhulu.
i-Frances Willard ihlanganisa ukunqanda ukuvota, iphikisa ngokuthi abesifazane babedinga ukuvota ukuze bavikele amakhaya ethonyeni elibhubhisayo lotshwala. Lendlela yandisa ukukhanga kwabesifazane benkolo ababambelele ezimisweni zobuqotho ababengase bagweme izenzo zezombangazwe.
Imisebenzi, Izigodi, Nomkhankaso Omude
Iqhinga LeSichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo
Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, ababhalisayo ekuqaleni babethemba ukunxenxelwa kokulingana ngokohlanga kwakuzohlanganisa ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Izigwebo ze-Foletethi ne-15 , ezanikeza amadoda ayegqilaziwe amalungelo okuba isakhamuzi kanye nokuvota, zanikeza kokubili ithuba nokudumazeka. Uma iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu sisho ukuthi amalungelo okuvota angenakunqatshelwa "ibala, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila" kodwa hhayi ubulili obuningi bazizwa bukhashelwe.
Lokhu kwaholela ekuhlukaneni okukhulu kwenhlangano. I-National Woman Suffge Association (NWSA), eholwa nguSusan B. Anthony noElizabeth Cady Stanton, balandela ushintsho lwemithetho-mthetho futhi ngezikhathi ezithile basebenzisa amasu okuphikisa. Methomin Sfuffenge Association (AWSA), eqondiswa uLucy Stone noHenry Blackwell, bagxila emikhankasweni yombuso wesifundazwe futhi balondoloza indlela ehloniphekayo.
Ukuhamba Okusha Nokungalaleli Kombango
Kuma-1870, amanye amaqembu abhalisile asebenzisa icebo elibizwa ngokuthi i- New Encodore," ephikisa ngokuthi abesifazane kakade babenamalungelo okuvota ngaphansi kwesivumelwano seSichibiyelo sezwe se 144. Amakhulu abesifazane azama ukuvota okhethweni luka-1872. uSasan B. Ukuboshwa kuka-Anthony ngenxa yokuvota okungekho emthethweni eRochester, eNew York, kwaba yicala elidumile kakhulu. Icala lakhe, lapho anqaba khona ukunikeza ubufakazi ngolwelwethu lwendlela yokuzivikela kwakhe siqu futhi wakhipha imali elungile (enqaba ukukhokha), ukusakazwa kwezwe ezweni lonke.
INkantolo Ephakeme yalenqaba ngokuqiniseka leli phuzu [ku- Miner v. Hopsett (1875), inqume ngazwi linye ukuthi ukuba umzi wesizwe akuzimiseli ukuvota. Lesi sinqumo saphoqelela amaphepha okubhalisa ukuvuma ukuthi ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho-mfantu noma ukunqoba okusha kombuso kungagcina umgomo wabo.
Imibuso YaseNtshonalanga Nokumelana Namazwe AseMpumalanga
Ngokumangalisayo, i- West yaba indawo yokuqala ekwamukeleni i-ast yabesifazane. Isifunda saseWyoming sanikeza abesifazane amavoti ngo-1869, salandelwa yi-Utah Territory (1883), i-Washington Territory (18883), neMontanal Territory (1887). Lapho uWyoming eba yizwe ngo-1890, waphikelela ekulondolozeni i-ssuffaise, naphezu kokucindezela komthetho wokuyilahla, ethi, "Sizohlala ngaphandle kwe-Union singena eMbalini (1887) kunokuba sifike ngaphandle kwabesifazane.""
Izici eziningana zanezela:
- Fromatial pragmat yazisa iminikelo yabesifazane ekwakheni umphakathi
- Ukungalingani kokuphazanyiswa kwenani kusho amasimu asho ukukhanga izifiki zabesifazane
- Imishini eqinile yezombangazwe ivunyelwe ukwenza ezinye izinqubo zokuhlola
- Ukuhlanganyela kwabesifazane kwezomnotho emiphakathini yaseNtshonalanga kwabonakala futhi kwamukeleka kakhulu
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amazwe aseMpumalanga naseNingizimu aqhubeka emelana. Izinhlangano ezihlobisayo , ngokuvamile eziholwa abesifazane abacebile, zaphikisa ngokuthi ukuvota kungabangela abesifazane ukuba bahlasele, kubhubhise imikhaya, futhi kushintshe izindima ezingokwemvelo zobulili. Imboni yotshwala iphikisa ngokuthule, yesaba ukuthi abesifazane abavoti bayosekela ukuvinjelwa.
Ikhulu Elisha Leminyaka Nesehlakalo Sokugcina
Ukukhula Kokuhola Okusha
Ngo-1900, amaphayona okuqala ayeguga noma ayesefile. Isizukulwane esisha saletha amandla amasha namasu. Carrie Chapman Catt, owalandela uSusan B. Anthony njengomongameli weNational American Woman Saffnge Association (wakhiwa yi-merng NWSA ne AWSA ngo-1890), wasungula i-Winning Plan"[ Icebo eliyinkimbinkimbi lokuhlanganisa isifundazwe kanye nemikhankano yombuso ngesikhathi sakha ukuxhumana komhlaba wonke.
Thulula uPaul noLucy Burns, bethonywe amasu okulwa aseBrithani, basungula i-National Women’s Party [NWP] ngo1916. Basungula izindlela zokuphikisana ezazingabonwa ngaphambili eMelika i-suffgeivism: ukuthatha iNdlu Yendlu Emhlophe, ukushisa amakhophi kaMongameli Wilson, nokugadla lapho eboshwe. Paul’s, ukufundisa kobusha (wayephethe amadegree amathathu ngokomthetho), futhi baveza ukuqhekeka okuphawulekayo kwezombangazwe zakuqala.
IMpi Yezwe I: Inkathi Yenguquko
IMpi Yezwe I yaguqula impikiswano eshubile. Njengoba amadoda ayeya ezimpini zaseYurophu, abesifazane begcwalisa imisebenzi yasefektri, besebenza njengabahlengikazi, futhi bethengisa izibopho zempi. Ukuphikisana kwaba okungalawuleki: iMelika yayingalwa kanjani ukuze "yenze izwe libe elilondekile ngentando yeningi" kuyilapho iphika ingxenye yezakhamuzi zayo ukuba ihlanganyele kwentando yeningi?
I-NWP's " Silent Sentinels" yaqala ukuthatha iWhite House ngoJanuary 1917, yaba iqembu lokuqala ukuthatha isikhulu esiphethe. Imibala yabo yabuza imibuzo eqondeneyo: "Mnum. Presidenting, Wre Wong Marind for Lind for Liberty"?" ne "Kaiser Wilson" ("iqongelela uMongameli kumholi wezomthetho waseJalimane."). Lapho i-United States ingenela impi, abaningi babheka lemibhikishoshosho engekho emthethweni. ] Arearea, nabesifazane ababoshiwe ababoshiwe [[FLT]].
Ukuphatha ama-suffraging kwabangela ukuthukuthela. Abesifazane abavela emikhayeni evelele babhekana nezimo zonya e-Occoquan Workhouse. " Ukulwa kwe-Terrorback" ngoNovemba 15, 1917, babona onogada beshaya futhi behlukumeza iziboshwa ezibhaliswe. Lapho u-Alice Paul nabanye bephethe indlala, iziphathimandla zasabela ngokuphangwa okubuhlungu. Izindaba zalokhu kuxhashazwa kwamandla zaveza uzwela futhi zaguqula umbono womphakathi.
Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni
Nakuba uhulumeni wathatha izihloko ezinkulu, imikhankaso kahulumeni yafinyelela ukunqoba okunzima. Ngonyaka ka1919, izifundazwe eziyishumi nanhlanu zazinikeze abesifazane umvuzo ogcwele, kuyilapho abanye abaningi babevumela abesifazane ukuba bavote kukhetho lobumongameli noma ezindlini eziphezulu. Zonke izifunda zaseNtshonalanga ngaphandle kwe-New Mexico zazineminyango enzima [. Lokhu kwabangela ukucindezela okunamandla kwezombangazwe kwabesifazane kwakwazi ukuvotela umongameli noMkhandlu wesizwe kwezinye izizwe kodwa hhayi kwezinye, kuqokomisa ubuwula balesimiso sezezwe.
ukhetho lukaJeannette Rankin olusukela eMontana njengokungathi owesifazane wokuqala eKhongomeni wanikeza uphawu olunamandla. Lapho evotela ukuba angayi eMpini Yezwe I (oyedwa wamalungu angu-50 weNdlu ukuba enze kanjalo), abagxeki bathi kubonakalisa ukuthi abesifazane abangenakukwazi ukusekela ezombangazwe. Nokho i-Renkin's religioditionism i-precisionism ishoshoshoda ukudamba kwempi eMelika abaningi.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye: Ukunqoba Nemingcele Yaso
Impi Yomphakathi
UMongameli uWoodrow Wilson, owayesenesikhathi eside ephikisa ukuvota kukahulumeni, ekugcineni wasekela ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho ngo-January 1918, ukubizwa ngokuthi isilinganiso sempi. Indlu yadlula ngokulandelana kanye kanye kwama-3 amathathu afunekayo, [1] nelungu elilodwa lenhlangano elalishiya umkayo esethunzini lokufa ukuze livote. ISigebe sahluleka kakhulu, senqaba ukubuyiselwa kabili ngaphambi kokuba lidlule ngoJune 4, 1919.
Ulimi olulula lwenguquko lwahlanganisa ithonya lalo lokuvukela: " ilungelo lezakhamuzi zase-United States lokuvota ngeke liphiwe noma livalelwe i-United States noma yinoma yimuphi uMbuso ngenxa yobulili."
Idrama Yokuvula Izimoto
I-ratification yayidinga ukuvunyelwa ezifundazweni ezingu-36 .Izingxenye ezintathu zezingu-48 ezazise-Octone. Phakathi nonyaka, izifundazwe ezingama-35 zazigunyaziwe. Impi yokugcina yenzeka eTennessee phakathi nehlobo lika-1920. u-Anti-suffrajustrs kanye nezincwadi zokubhala ezabhalwayo zehlela eNashville[[[FLT]], ezisekela izishayamthetho kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "impi yamaRoses""", ama-mibrigisters ayefake ama-roziwa ngesikhathi abaphikisi befake okobomvu.
Ivoti yendlu yaseTennessee yehlela [[FL:0] uHarry Burn, ummisi-mthetho oneminyaka engu-24 ubudala owayefake i-rose ebomvu kodwa ephethe incwadi evela kunina. "UHurrah, futhi uvote i-suffile." uChb Burn wayebhale. "Ungakhohlwa ukuba umfana omuhle nosizo kuMama." uCatt wabeka i-'rat' ekuhlolweni." uHarry Burn washintsha ivoti yakhe, waphula uthayithi. Kamuva wachaza ukuthi "Ngiyazi ukuthi icebiso likamama liphephile njalo ukuba alandele umfana wakhe."
Ku August 26, 1920, unobhala weSizwe uBainbridge Colby waqinisekisa iSichibiyelo seshumi elinethoba se-ratiation. Ngemva komzabalazo weminyaka engu- 72, abesifazane baseMelika babewine ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuvota.
Ukunqoba Okungaphelele
ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesine saphawula ukuphumelela okukhulu, nokho amalungelo okuveza ashiyeka kude nomphakathi wonke [. Ukulungisa kwenqatshelwe ukucwaswa okusekelwe ebulilini kodwa akuzange kusingathwe ezinye izithiyo eziningi ezavimbela abesifazane abaningi ekuvotelweni:
Abesifazane baseMelika abadabukayo babhekene nemithetho efanayo neyaseJim Crow esusa amadoda amnyama aphucukile [1] ukuhlolwa kwezemvume, intela yokuhlola ukuvota, izigaba, izigaba, umkhulu, nokwesatshiswa kobudlova. Uma abesifazane abamnyama bezama ukubhalisa eNingizimu, babhekana nokuphindisela okungokomnotho, ubudlova obungokomzimba, ngisho nezinsongo zokufa. Inhlangano yesizwe yabesifazane abakhandiwe yi-balade [[, iholwa nguMary Church Terrell, walwa yile mithetho engalungile, kodwa ushintsho olunengqondo luze lufike kuze kube amashumi eminyaka kamuva.
Abesifazane baseMelika babengenakuvota ngoba babengabhekwa njengezakhamuzi kwaze kwaba ngo-1924, futhi ngisho nakhona, amazwe amaningi athola izindlela zokuvimbela ukungenela kwawo kuze kube ngo-1960. Ezinye izifundazwe zithi amaMelika Omdabu ayephila ngezindawo ayengenazakhamuzi; amanye ayefuna ukuba ashiye izihlobo.
Abesifazane baseMelika base-Asiya babhekana nemingcele yobuhlanga. UMthetho we-Exclusion waseChina ngo-1882 nangomthetho owalandela wavimbela abafuduki abaningi base-Asia ukuba babe izakhamuzi, kanjalo bavimbele ukuvota, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi babehlala isikhathi esingakanani eMelika. Lemingcele ayizange isuswe ngokugcwele kwaze kwaba ngawo-1940 nango-1950.
Abesifazane baseLatina bahlangabezana nezithiyo zolimi, ukwesabisa, nemibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yesizwe. ENingizimuntshona, abaningi babhekana nokuhlolwa kwesiNgisi kuphela okuklanyelwe ukukhipha izikhulumi zeSpanishi, naphezu kokuba eminye imikhaya yahlala kulendawo izizukulwane eziningi ngaphambi kokuba ibe ingxenye ye-United States.
Ukulwela Amalungelo Okuphana Ngokuqhubekayo
Inkathi Yamalungelo Omphakathi Nentuthuko Engaqondani Nezindawo
Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi wanamuhla wama-1950 no-1960 ekugcineni wahlanganisa izithiyo eziningi iSichibiyelo seshumi elinethoba esasizishiyile. Abesifazane abanjengo Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, noDiane Nash badlala indima ebalulekile ekulweleni amalungelo okuvota okungazuzisa wonke amaMelika kungakhathaliseki uhlanga noma ubulili.
IVoting Rights Act ka-65 yabonakala iguqula, ivimbela ukuhlola ukufunda nokunikeza uhulumeni ukwahlulela ezindaweni ezinezici zobandlululo. Okokuqala, abesifazane abaningi bemibala bangasebenzisa ngokukhululekile ilungelo [[ ukuthi ama-suffracy amhlophe aye agubhe iminyaka engu-45 ngaphambili. Phakathi kuka-1965 no-1969, inani labesifazane abaNsundu ababhaliswe ukuvota eMississippiya landa ngokukhululekile lisuka ku-5% kuya ku-60%.
Umkhankaso Wokuchithwa Kwamalungelo Alinganayo
Izincwadi eziningi zababhaliswa zakholelwa ukuthi ukuhloniphiswa kwabesifazane kungaholela ngokushesha ekulinganani okuphelele okungokomthetho. Uma lokhu kungafezeki, u-Alice Paul wahlanganisa i-Equal Rights Amement (ERA) ngo-1923], ethi: "Ukulinganisa amalungelo ngaphansi komthetho ngeke kunqatshwe noma kuvinjelwe i-United States noma yisiphi isifunda sombuso ngenxa yobulili."
Umkhankaso we-ERA, owathola amandla ngawo-1970 ngaphambi kokuba uwe ezifundazweni ezintathu ezingakwazi ukuhlukanisa ngo-1982, wabonisa ukuthi amalungelo kuphela awakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwesigaba sobufanasini. Ukwehluleka kwe-antement kwaqokomisa ukuhlukana okuqhubekayo ngezindima namalungelo abesifazane emphakathini waseMelika.
Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nokucindezelwa Kwezindiza
Namuhla, abesifazane bavota ngamazinga aphakeme kunamadoda [1] ukuguqulwa emashumini eminyaka angemva kwe-asendrive lapho abesifazane abaningi bengalisebenzisi ilungelo labo elisha. Kukhetho lwamuva lukamongameli, ukuvota kwabesifazane kuye kwedlula amaphesenti amathathu-4. Nokho izinselele ziyaqhubeka:
[ Imithetho ye-ID ye-VT ngokungenakulinganiswa ithinta abesifazane abashintsha amagama abo ngemva komshado noma isehlukaniso futhi abangawavuselelanga wonke amadokhumende. Abesifazane asebekhulile abangenazo izincwadi zokushayela babhekana nobunzima obuthile.
Indawo egcwele impompo ivala ezindaweni zasemaphandleni nasedolobheni idala ubunzima kwabesifazane abangase bantula izinto zokuhamba noma balwe kanzima ukuze bathathe isikhathi sokungaphathi.
[ Imithetho yokuhlukanisa ithinta izigidi zamaMelika, nabesifazane (ngokuhlukene) abesifazane abanombala (imelela ingxenye ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu yenani labantu ababoshiwe.
[ Abesifazane bezwe emadolobheni ngokuvamile abanawo amakheli omgwaqo avamile adingekayo ukuze kubhaliswe umvoti futhi bangaphila amahora amaningi besuka endaweni yokuvota eseduze.
Izifundo Ezitholakala Emzabalazweni Owesabekayo
Ukuhlukahluka Okuhlelekile Nokuhamba Kwabantu Ngezindlela Ezihlukahlukene
Inhlangano ye-suffileice yaphumelela ngokwengxenye ngoba yasebenzisa amasu amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Nakuba abanye abashisekeli befuna izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho, abanye bagxila emthethweni kahulumeni. Nakuba abanye balondolozwa ukuhlonipheka, abanye bamukela ukuqashelwa. Lokhu kuxubana kwamasu, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kubangela izingxabano, ekugcineni kwaqinisa ukunyakaza ngokukhanga ezimisweni ezihlukene nangokuzicindezela ezimpini eziningi.
Izinhlangano zomphakathi zanamuhla zingafunda kulobububuningi. Kunokuba zifune ukuba umsulwa ngokwemibono, izinhlangano eziphumelelayo zidala indawo yezindlela ezihlukahlukene lapho zigxila emgomweni ophelele.
Amandla Entuthuko Engalinganiswa
Umzabalazo weminyaka engu 72 wokulwela abesifazane ubonisa ukuthi ushintsho lokulungisa luvame ukwenzeka nge-. Ukunqoba kombuso ngamunye kwakhela okulandelayo amandla; ngamunye wehluleka ukuzama ukufundisa izifundo eziwusizo. INtshonalanga ithi abesifazane abaphunyukile banikeza ubufakazi bakudala bokuthi ukuvota kwabesifazane akuyibulali imikhaya noma ukuguqula izombangazwe, kulwa nokwesaba kwabaphikisi.
Le nqubo − intuthuko kahulumeni ngamunye eholela ekuthatheni isinyathelo kukahulumeni − iye yaphawula izinhlangano eziningi zezenhlalo zaseMelika, kusukela ekulinganani komshado kuya ekutholeni insangu ngokomthetho. ukunqoba kwasendaweni yakhona kwakha izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule [[[FLT: 1] ezenza ushintsho olubanzi lube khona.
Ukwakha Izindawo Ezihlukene
Ubuhlobo benhlangano efuna ukwahlulela ngokulunga kohlanga babonakala buyinkimbinkimbi futhi buvame ukukhathaza. Abanye abamhlophe ababhalisayo basebenzisa izimpikiswano zobuhlanga, bathi abesifazane abamhlophe abafundile bafanele ukuvota kunamadoda afudukayo noma amnyama. Abanye, njengoIda B. Wells-Barnett, balwela ukubukisa yonke indawo kuyilapho bephikisa ubandlululo lobuhlanga lwenhlangano.
Naphezu kwalokhu kucindezeleka, ukubambisana kwezinhlanga kwabonakala kunamandla. Ukusekela kukaFrederick Douglas eSeneca Falls, imibuthano ehlangeneyo ehlelwe ngu-Alice Paul (naphezu kokuphikisa kwezincwadi zaseNingizimu), kanye nokuhlelwa kwama-club amnyama konke kwanezela ekuphumeleleni ekugcineni kwenhlangano.
Ukubaluleka Kwesenzo Sentsha
Ukusungulwa kwabaholi abasebasha njengo-Alice Paul kwavuselela inhlangano eyayingakafinyeleli. Laba abashisekeli abasha baletha amasu amasha, amandla, nokungabekezeli nentuthuko eqhubekayo. Babezimisele ukufaka engozini ukuboshwa, idumela labo, nempilo yabo ngenxa yesizathu.
Lendlela iphinda umlando wonke [1] kusukela kuMfundi Nonligth Coordining Committee in the Civil Rights Movement ukuya ku-motements yamanje. ushintsho lwenkathi yesizukulwane phakathi kwezinhlangano luvame ukunikeza impoqo yokugcina edingekayo yokunqoba.
Ithonya Lembulunga Yonke
Ukufunda Ezinhlanganweni Zezizwe Zonke
Umzabalazo waseMelika we-suffinder womabili uthonywe futhi wathonywa imikhankaso yamalungelo abesifazane esizwe . Ababhali bamabhanki baseMelika bahlola amasu alwayo aseBrithani, bafunda izingqungquthela zezizwe zonke, futhi bakha nemifelano yomhlaba wonke.
INew Zealand yaba izwe lokuqala elanikeza abesifazane amalungelo okuvota agcwele ngo - 1893, lalandelwa yi-Australia ngo - 1902. Lezi zibonelo zanikeza amanani aseMelika abhalisa ngempikiswano enamandla (uma abanye abesifazane ababusa ngentando yeningi babengaba nethonya eliqinile ngaphandle kwenhlekelele, kungani iUnited States ingenakuyinikeza?
Ngokuphambene, ukunqoba kwaseMelika ngo-1920 izinhlangano eziphefumlelwe emhlabeni wonke. Inkathi yempi yabangela amazwe amaningi ukuba andise amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane [, ngokwengxenye ethonywe isibonelo saseMelika kanye nezenzo.
Umshikashika Oqhubekayo Wembulunga Yonke
Nakuba amazwe amaningi manje enikeza abesifazane amalungelo okuvota ngokomthetho, imingcele esebenzayo iyaqhubeka embulungeni yonke. Kwamanye amazwe, imingcele yamasiko, ubudlova, nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho zivimbela ukuhlanganyela okugcwele kwezombangazwe kwabesifazane. Umzabalazo wokulingana kwabesifazane kwezombangazwe uyaqhubeka, namasuntswana aseMelika ayasebenza namanje emhlabeni wonke.
Izincwadi Zanamuhla Nezingalo
Ukuhlanganyela Kwabesifazane Kwezombangazwe Namuhla
Ikhulu leminyaka ngemva kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba, ukubopha kwabesifazane kwezombangazwe kuye kwaguqula umbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika . Abesifazane ngokungaguquki bavota ngamazinga aphakeme kunamadoda futhi baye baba amandla anqumayo okhethweni. "Igebe elingunxantathu" emiklamweni yokuvota" (izimo zokuvota) abesifazane ngokuvamile basekela abazozanywa nezimpikiswano ezihlukahlukene kunamadoda `ishapes amasu namasu enqubo ahamba phambili.
Kodwa abesifazane abasakhonjwa ehhovisi elikhethiwe. Naphezu kokuba kunezingxenye ezingu-51% zomphakathi, abesifazane babamba izihlalo zombuso ezingamaphesenti angu-28 futhi abakaze bafinyelele ukumelelwa okulinganayo ezindlini zikahulumeni noma ezikhundleni zezikhulu. Imingcele ayisekho ngokomthetho kodwa ayisakho ekwakheni izakhiwo: izinselele zokuxhasa imali, ubandlululo, ukuncintisana kwezemisebenzi, kanye nemibono eqhubekayo ngokuphathelene namakhono okuhola abesifazane.
Ukucindezelwa Kwesijikijolo
Imizamo yokuvimbela ivota ngokuvamile inemiphumela engokomlando ephinda inqubo. Imida yokuvota nokufaka iposi kwakuqala ithinta ikakhulukazi abesifazane abangase balwele ukufinyelela izibalo ngenxa yemithwalo yemfanelo yokunakekela. Ukukhipha i-voter kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abesifazane abashintsha amagama ngemva komshado noma isehlukaniso.
Ukuvalwa kwamahhovisi e-DMV emaphandleni kwenza ukuthola i-ID yomvoti kube nzima kakhulu kwabesifazane asebekhulile abangasashayeli. [U-College] bafundi[] (manje abesifazane abaningi ) indawo yokuhlala eyenza kube nzima ukuvota kwabo. Lemingcele yanamuhla idinga ukuqapha kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo okuphawula inhlangano yokuqala.
Ibhizinisi Elingancishisiwe Lamalungelo Alinganayo
Abaholi benhlangano yokuvota bacabanga ukuthi amalungelo okuvota ngokwemvelo angaholela ekulinganani okuphelele. Ikhulu leminyaka kamuva, lowombono uye wabonakala unethemba elibi kakhulu. Abesifazane basabhekene nokucwaswa emsebenzini [ emsebenzini, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, imfundo, nezinye izindawo eziningi. Ukwehluleka ukugunyaza iSichibiyelo samaLungelo esiBambene amanani kwashiya iUnited States ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso somthetho-goricle sobufana.
Izinhlangano zakudala njenge #MeToo kanye nemikhankaso yokukhokha imali kuqhubekela phambili ama-suffrasters omsebenzi. Lemizamo isikhumbuza ukuthi amalungelo , nakuba ebalulekile, amelela isici esisodwa kuphela sokulingana kwezakhamuzi ngokugcwele[.
Isiphetho: Umlando Wabesifazane Ilungelo Lokudlala Itote eMelika
Umlando wokuzibamba kwabesifazane eMelika usifundisa ukuthi awuyona impumelelo emisiwe kodwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo . Umzabalazo weminyaka engu 72 kusukela kuSeneca Falls kuya ku-Gandayo yeSichibiyelo se-19 ubonisa ukuthi ukwandisa ukuthatha isinyathelo sentando yeningi kudinga ukuthatha i-gastiki, ukucabanga okuhleliwe, nokuphikelela okungantengantengi lapho ubhekene nokuphikiswa.
Ukunqoba kwababhali kwakungaphelele futhi kwakungamili. Abesifazane abaningi, ikakhulukazi abesifazane abanemibala, babelindele amashumi eminyaka ukufinyelela ekuvoteni okunenjongo. Imizamo yokucindezela namuhla isikhumbuza ukuthi amalungelo angazuzwa angalahlekelwa [[ ngaphandle kokuqapha njalo. Ukulwa kwangaphakathi ngohlanga, isigaba, futhi amasu anikeza izifundo ngokwakha imifelandawonye ehlukene kuyilapho kugcinwa imigomo egxilile.
Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, inhlangano ifakazela ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zingathola ushintsho olungavamile[. Abesifazane abawina ivoti babengabona abangaphezu kobuntu . babengothisha, omama, izisebenzi, nabashisekeli bempi abenqaba ukwamukela izakhamuzi zesigaba sesibili. Babhekana nokuhlekwa usulu, ubudlova, ukuboshwa, namashumi eminyaka okunqotshwa ngaphambi kokunqoba.
Ifa labo alihlanganisi amalungelo okuvota ukuze lihlanganise ushintsho oluyisisekelo endleleni amaMelika aqonda ngayo izakhamuzi, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, nobulili.
Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele zamanje zamalungelo okuvota nokuhlanganyela ekuthatheni isinyathelo ngentando yeningi, inhlangano elwayo inikeza kokubili izifundo eziphefumlelwe neziwusizo. Isikhumbuza ukuthi intuthuko ingenzeka kodwa ayigwemeki, ukuthi amalungelo kumelwe avikelwe, nokuthi udemocracy uyachuma uma ihlanganisa wonke amazwi [. Abesifazane abalwela ukuvota baqonda ukuthi isithembiso sombuso wentando yeningi asifezeki uma nje noma isiphi izakhamuzi zingasahlangani. Lokho kuqondana nokuzibophezela kokusebenza kuso kusemqoka njengakusekhulwini leminyaka elidlule.
Umzabalazo wamalungelo okuvota abesifazane ngokuyisisekelo waguqula idemokrasi yaseMelika, ufakazela ukuthi isithembiso soMthetho-sisekelo sokulingana singanwebeka ngaphezu kombono olinganiselwe. Lokhu kwanda akwenzekanga ngokuzenzekelayo noma kalula (kudinga izizukulwane zabesifazane) ukufuna ukuqashelwa, ukuhlelwa kwemiphakathi, ukubekela imithetho engalungile inselele, futhi kuqhubeke ngokunqotshwa. Ukunqoba kwabo kusikhumbuza ukuthi idemokrasi inamandla kakhulu uma ihlanganisa wonke umuntu, futhi umsebenzi wokwakha umphakathi ozimele awupheli ngempela.
Imithombo Yengcebo Eyengeziwe
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngalenkathi ebalulekile emlandweni waseMelika, imithombo yeNational Archives ye- ye-National inikeza ukutholakala kwezincwadi zakuqala nezincwadi zokufundisa. I-Library of Congress igcina iqoqo elikhulu labesifazane abagcina lamazwi angokomlando ekhona ngezincwadi, izithombe, kanye nezindaba zomuntu siqu ezivela kulenhlangano.
