Ukubukeka Okungokomthetho Komshado Nokuthumba Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Kuleminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo omshado emhlabeni wonke kuye kwashintsha indlela izizwe ezisondela ngayo ezimisweni zokuhamba nokwenza imvume. Njengoba amazwe andisa izincazelo ezingokomthetho zomshado ukuze ahlanganise ukuhlangana kobulili kanye nokuhlangana komphakathi, izimiso zokulawula imingcele kuye kwadingeka ukuba zivumelane, zidala kokubili amathuba nezithiyo ezihambelanayo imibhangqwana eshadile enqamula imingcele yomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kuthinta yonke into kusukela e-visaneni kuya ezindleleni zokufuduka ezihlala njalo, zenza umshado ube ngenye yezimo ezinamandla kakhulu kunakho ukuthatha uhambo lwanamuhla.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokusemthethweni Kwamalungelo Omshado

Ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho komshado kuyahluka kakhulu ezikhundleni ezihlukene, kudala umsebenzi ombaxambili wamalungelo nemingcele yamazwe ngamazwe. Amazwe angaphezu kuka-30 manje aqaphela ngokomthetho umshado ongokwabelana ngezifo zobulili, kuhlanganise namalungu e-European Union, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, nenani elikhulayo lamazwe eMelika.

Izinhlobo Zobumbano Oluqashelwayo

Akuzona zonke izibopho ezingokomthetho eziphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho wokufuduka.

  • Umshado wesibhaka-bhaka ogcwele [ — izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuqashelwa ngokomthetho, ngokuvamile unikeza amalungelo omphakathi azenzekelayo ngezinjongo zokufuduka.
  • Izinyunyana ze-Civil kanye nobudlelwane obubhaliwe [ — amazwe amaningi abheka lokhu njengokulinganayo nomshado ngezinhlelo zevisa, nakuba amanye elinganisela ukuqashelwa kwemikhakha ethile yemvume.
  • Ubuhlobo be-dio kanye nomthetho ovamile — inani elikhulayo lamazwe, kuhlanganise ne-Australia ne Canada, liqaphela ubuhlobo obuthatha isikhathi eside ngisho noma bungekho ngokomthetho wokubhalisa, uma imibhangqwana ingabonisa ukuncintisana kwezimali kanye nokuhlala ndawonye.
  • Ubudlelwano obuqinile[ — ukuqashelwa okulinganiselwe, ngokuvamile okunezinzuzo zokufuduka ezimbalwa kunomshado ogcwele noma izinyunyana zomphakathi.

Kubantu abahamba kwamanye amazwe, ukuqonda ukuthi hlobo luni lokuhlangana oluqapheleka ezweni lakubo nasezweni elilibangise kulo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekunyathelweni kwemithetho yemvume yokuhamba. Umshado osemthethweni kwelinye izwe ungase uqashelwe ngezinjongo zokufuduka kwelinye izwe, wenze lokho abameli abafudukayo abakubiza ngokuthi "ukuxhuzulana""(-) ukuhlangana okusebenzayo ekhaya kodwa okungabonakali emngceleni.

Ithonya Ebutheni Bezinzwa

Izimiso ze Visa emhlabeni wonke zithonywa kakhulu ukuqashelwa komshado, nakuba izinga lokuhlela lihluka kakhulu. Ezikhundleni eziqaphela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomshado, imibhangqwana ijabulela izinqubo ezilandelanayo, izimfuneko zokubhala ezincitshisiwe, nokuthola izigaba zemvume ezisekelwe emkhayeni ezingase zingatholakali.

Umngane Womshado Ubonakala Ekhululekile

Imvume yokubhalisa umngane womshado imelela ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwamalungelo omshado nokuhamba kwamanye amazwe. La mabhusayithi avumela abantu bakwamanye amazwe ukuba bahlanganyele nabo ngokuhlala isikhathi eside, umsebenzi, futhi ezimweni eziningi, bafune ukuhlala unomphela. Izindinganiso eziqinile zemvume yabashadile zihlanganisa:

  • Ubufakazi bomshado ogunyaziwe ngokomthetho noma ukuhlangana okuqashelwayo ezweni lokusetshenziswa
  • Ubufakazi bobuhlobo bangempela (izincwadi ezibhalwe phansi, izincwadi, amarekhodi ezimali ahlangene)
  • Izimfuneko ezingokwezimali ezidingekayo ukuze umbhangqwana uqiniseke ukuthi ngeke uthembele ezimalini zomphakathi
  • Amalungiselelo endawo ezweni lokufikela

Amazwe anezimiso eziqashelwayo ezihlanganisa umshado ngokuvamile alungisa izicelo zemvume yomshado wesihlobo ngokushelela kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela yomgwaqo we-United Kingdom Family Visa idinga abafaki izicelo ukuze babonise ubuhlobo obuqotho nokunakekela okwanele, kodwa ahlulani ngokusekelwe ekubukekeni kobuhlobo bobulili kombhangqwana noma uhlobo lwenyunyana engokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, uhlelo lwe-Canada lwe-Sposal Sponsorship luqaphela kokubili imishado emelene ne-ex kanye ne-ex, kanye nokuhlobanana komthetho okufanayo kwezinyanga okungenani eziyi-12.

Ukuhlanganiswa Komkhaya Namalungiselelo Angabantu

Ngaphandle kwemvume yokuthola umngane womshado ovamile, ukuqashelwa komshado kuthonya izinqubo ezibanzi zomkhaya zokuhlanganisa. Izimiso zokusiza abantu zamazwe ngamazwe, kuhlanganise ne-European Convention on Human Rights, ziye zachazwa njengemfuneko yezifunda ezifuna ukuhlonipha ukuphila komkhaya, kuhlanganise nemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezinqumweni zasenkantolo eziphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba baqaphele imishado eyenziwa kwamanye amazwe, ngisho nalapho umthetho wasekhaya unganikezi umshado owengeziwe. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa iNkantolo yaseYurophu Yobulungisa eqaphela amalungelo ahlukene ezakhamuzi ze-EU ezihlala phakathi kwamalungu.

Izindlela Zokukhulula Nezokulungisa

Kwezinye izimo, ukuqashelwa komshado kunikeza izindlela zokukhulula imvume noma izimfuneko ezincishisiwe. Izakhamuzi zamazwe ezinezivumelwano eziqinile zingazuza kumalungiselelo ahambisanayo azenza zingene ngaphandle kwezicelo ezizimele. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kubahambi bamabhizinisi, amanxusa, nezisebenzi zenhlangano yomhlaba wonke ezithi abangane bazo bangene ngokushenxiswa ngokwesikhundla esingokomthetho sabangane babo.

Izinselele Nezici Ezingamukeleki Embulungeni Yonke

Naphezu kwentuthuko ephawulekayo, umhlaba wonke ulwela amalungelo okuhamba asekelwe emshadweni awulingani. Imibhangqwana ibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu lapho ithutha phakathi kwamazwe anemithetho engqubuzanayo, ikakhulukazi uma elinye izwe lingaluqapheli uhlobo lobuhlobo olungene kwelinye.

Izinkinga Zokungatholi Imvume Nemingcele

Emazweni lapho umshado ongowobulili noma izinyunyana zomphakathi zingenakho ukuma okungokomthetho, imibhangqwana ingazithola ingakwazi ukufaka imvume yokubhalisa, ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo zomkhaya, noma ngisho nokuhlangana ngezincwadi zokubhalisa izivakashi. Lokhu kwenza isimo lapho umbhangqwana oshade ngokomthetho kwelinye izwe uba izihambi ezingokomthetho emngceleni wesinye. Izinselele ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukwenqaba izitifiketi zomshado njengezincwadi ezifanele ezisekelayo
  • Ukungakwazi ukubhala uhlu lomngane womshado ongokobulili obufanayo ekusenzweni yevisa
  • Ukusetshenziswa okuhlukene kwezinhlelo zevisa ngokuvamile ezizophathwa ngokubambisana
  • Ingozi yokwenqaba imvume esekelwe "ekushadeni kwezinto ezilula" ukumangalelwa ezikhundleni lapho ukushada ngokuhlanganyela ubulili kusanda kuqashelwa khona

Le zinselele azikho emibhangqwaneni exubene nobulili obufanayo kuphela. Imishado ehlanganisa imingcele yesinye ihlanganisa izizwe ezihlukahlukene ibhekene nokuhlolwa emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi uma kunegebe elibalulekile lenkathi, isithiyo solimi, noma isikhathi sobuhlobo esisheshayo. Ngisho nemibhangqwana ehlukene engokobulili evela ezizindeni ezihlukene zingahlangabezana nezimfuneko ezengeziwe zokubhala noma izikhathi zokulungisa isikhathi eside.

Imingcele Yokuhamba Nobuhlobo Obungavumelani Nezimiso Zohambo

Ubuhlobo obudidayo bufeza indima ebalulekile ezimisweni zemvume esekelwe emshadweni. Amazwe anobuhlobo obuqinile obuqinile be-bivota bungavimbela ukungena kwemvume yemvume yomshado, abeke i-checks zokuphepha ezengeziwe, noma enqabe ukuqaphela imishado eyenziwa ezifundazweni eziphambili. Lokhu kunamandla kuye kwaphawulwa ezimpikiswaneni ezimayelana nobukhosi bendawo, ukungezwani kwamalungelo abantu, kanye nezingxabano zezohwebo.

Ngokwesibonelo, kusukela iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States iqaphela ukushada okungokobulili obufanayo ku-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), uMnyango Wezwe wase-U.S. unikeze isiqondiso esifanayo esivumela amakhosi angaphandle asebenzela inzuzo yokufuduka. Nokho, ukusungula kuyahlukahluka kuma-internate, lapho isimo samasiko sasendaweni kanye nobudlelwane obungokwesiko kungathonya indlela ubufakazi obuphathwa ngayo. Ngokufanayo, amanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi ne-Asia alondoloza imingcele eqinile emelene nobuhlobo obuphakathi nobuhlobo, enza iziphakamiso ze-visa zemibhangqwana efanayo ehlangene ehlangene neyokuziphatha okungathi ayinakwenzeka.

Imithetho ye-European Union ekhululekile iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo sendlela ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo okungavumelanisa ngayo ukuqashelwa komshado. Ngaphansi komthetho we-EU, amalungu ezwe kumelwe aqaphele imishado nesibopho somphakathi esingokomthetho kwamanye amazwe asemalungwini ngenjongo yokuzihambela ngokukhululekile. Lolu hlelo luye lwanciphisa kakhulu izithiyo ezihambela imibhangqwana ehamba ngaphakathi kwe-EU, nakuba izingxabano zisekhona kubantu abangebona asebezweni elinamazwe angazazi lezo zinyunyana.

Ubufakazi Neziphazamiso Zasebuthweni Lase - Australia

Ngisho nasemazweni aqaphela imishado ethuthukayo, izinqubo zezikhulu zingadala izithiyo eziphawulekayo.

  • Izinguqulo eziqinisekisiwe zezitifiketi zomshado nezincwadi ezisekelayo
  • Izincwadi eziqoshiwe zofakazi noma amalungu omkhaya ezifakazela ubuhlobo
  • Ubufakazi bokuthi abantu bahlala ndawonye futhi basongelwe ngokwezimali iminyaka eminingana
  • Ukuhlola kwezokwelapha nesizinda sabo bobabili abashadile

Lezi zimfuneko zingaba umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu kwimibhangqwana eye yahlala ngokuhlukana phakathi nokukhula kobuhlobo bayo, njengaleyo eyahlangana nge-inthanethi noma ehlala inobuhlobo obudala ngaphambi komshado. Izikhulu zeVisa zivame ukusebenzisa ukuqonda okukhulu ekuhloleni ubuqiniso bobuhlobo, okuholela emiphumeleni eguquguqukayo ngisho naphakathi kwegunya elifanayo.

Ukwehluka Kwezifunda Ekugcwaliseni Izimiso

Imelika Esenyakatho

I-United States neCanada zinikeza izibonelo ezingafani zokufuduka okusekelwe emshadweni. Uhlelo lwe-Spousal Sponsorship yaseCanada lubhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezinye zezindawo ezigcwele kakhulu, iqaphela kokubili imishado engokomthetho nobuhlobo bomthetho obufanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi ukuhlangana kobulili. Izinhlelo zohlelo ezisebenza phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-12 ngokwesilinganiso futhi azifaki izibalo ezibekwe emacaleni ahlukene. Ngokungafani, umthetho wokufuduka ufuna umshado osemthethweni ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni wemvume yokungaguquguquki, zidala izinselele zemibhangqwana eshadile emishaneni lapho umshado owengeziwe ungaqasheki noma lapho umshado owengeziwe ungenangangeniwe ephepheni noma ephepheni yokuxhumana.

IYurophu

Amazwe aseYurophu ayahlukahluka kakhulu endleleni asebenza ngayo, naphezu kwezakhiwo ze-EU-seal. Isimiso sokufuduka se-United Kingdom ngemva kwe-Brexit siphatha ukuqashelwa komshado ngokufanayo ngezinjongo ze-visa, kodwa intela yokufaka isicelo iphakathi kwemiklamo ephakeme kakhulu eYurophu. I-Jalimane ne-Netherlands inikeza izinhlelo ezihlelelwe i-migqa eqaphelekayo, kuyilapho amanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu ayaqhubeka ephika ukungena kwemibhangqwana exhunyiweyo.

IAsia neMpumalanga Ephakathi

Isithiyo esikhulu kakhulu sikhona ezindaweni lapho amalungelo omshado elinganiselwe noma engekho. Alikho izwe eMpuma Ephakathi eliqaphela ukushada okuxekethile, futhi amaningana abeka izijeziso eziqinile ebuhlotsheni obufanayo bobulili. Abahambi ababodwa ababodwa ngamazwe afanayo bangabhekana nemvume yokuphika imvume, ukuboshwa, noma ukudingiswa. Ngisho nemibhangqwana ehlukene engokobulili obuhlukile ingabhekana nemingcele uma ihilela ukuhlangana kwamazwe ahlangeneyo, njengaphakathi kwe-Indiya ne-Pakistan noma phakathi kwezwe lakwa-Israyeli nezifundanama-Arabhu.

I - Oceania Ne - Afrika

I-Australia ne-New Zealand ziyawuqaphela umshado ofanayo futhi zinikeza izigaba zemvume ezihlanganisa ukuhlangana kwabantu abangocansi kanye nobuhlobo obufanayo. E-Afrika, yi-Afrika kuphela eqaphela umshado ofanayo wezocansi, nakuba inani elincane lamanye amazwe linikeza isivikelo esithile ngezinhlangano zomphakathi noma imithetho engahlukanisiwe. Lokhu kudala ukungalingani okukhulu lapho imibhangqwana eshadile eCape Town ingahlala khona ngokukhululekile eNingizimu Afrika kodwa ilahlekelwa ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho ekuweleni emazweni angomakhelwane.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo Nemikhuba

Isu lokuqaphela imishado yomhlaba wonke likhomba ekwandeni okuqhubekayo, nakuba ijubane lihluka kakhulu ngokwesifunda. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, kuhlanganise neZizwe Ezihlangene zoMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu neNhlangano Yezizwe Zonke Ye-Jurists, ziye zakhipha iziqondiso ezikhuthaza ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa okulinganayo kwayo yonke imikhaya, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwesibopho. Lemizamo yokuthola imvume yokushada ithonya kancane kancane izimiso zasekhaya, ikakhulukazi emazweni afuna ukuvumelana nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke.

Imizamo Yokuvumelanisa

Izivumelwano zamazwe amaningi zikhuluma ngokuqashelwa komshado ngezinjongo zokufuduka. I-Hague Convention on the Brigionald Stainssions, nakuba ingagunyazwanga kakhulu, inikeza uhlelo lokubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Inhlangano yamahhala ye-European Union isisungule kakade isimiso sokuqaphelana esingaphezulu kakhulu kwemithetho elinganayo yomshado. Njengoba amazwe amaningi amukela umthetho wenyunyana yomphakathi, inani lezicelo ezigunyaziwe ezisemthethweni zezicelo zemvume yemvume enqamule ibhukwini lizoqhubeka likhula.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisayo bunganciphisa imigoqo ethile elawulayo. Izimiso zezimpawu zezibalo ezivumela ukulondeka, izitifiketi zomshado eziqinisekisiwe zingahlanganisa imvume yokusebenza futhi zinciphise izikhalo zokukhwabanisa. I-blockchain esekelwe ekugcineni amarekhodi ikhambi lokuqashelwa komshado onqamule imingcele, nakuba izindaba zomuntu siqu kanye nokulondeka kokwaziswa kusekhona. Izimiso ze-International Civil Aviation Organization zezincwadi zokuhamba ezifundeka ngomshini zingahlanganisa i-data yabangane bomshado ngokuphumelelayo kakhulu kunezimiso zamanje.

Ukushintsha Kwamalungelo Abantu Okusetshenziswa Komthetho

Impikiswano yamalungelo abantu iyaqhubeka iqhubekisela phambili ushintsho lwenqubo ezikhundleni eziningi. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela kakhulu ukuthi ilungelo lokuphila komkhaya ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe lihlanganisa ilungelo lokuhlala ndawonye njengomkhaya, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lomshado. Lokhu kugadla kungathiwa kuthonya imithetho yemvume ngisho nasemazweni lapho imithetho yemishado ilokhu iqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yaseMelika ye-Inter-American of Human Rights ikhiphe imibono eqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu kumelwe aqaphele izibopho ezinyunyana ezifanayo ngezinjongo zomthetho, kuhlanganise nokufuduka.

Izinselele Ezisele

Naphezu kwezindlela ezingcono, isithiyo esikhulu sisalokhu sikhona. Inkinga yomhlaba wonke yababaleki iye yaqokomisa indlela ukuqaphela imishado okuthinta ngayo abantu abasengozini abafuna ukuhlanganiswa kabusha komkhaya. I-LGBTQIA++ ababaleki ababalekela ushushiso ngokuvamile babhekana nezithiyo ezengeziwe ekufakazeleni ubuhlobo obusezindaweni lapho umshado uhlala ungekho ngokomthetho. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuthutha kwezomnotho nakho kudala izindlela ezintsha zobuhlobo ezibekela inselele ezindaweni ezikhona zemvume.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Emibhangqwanani Yomhlaba Wonke

Kubantu abashadile abafuna imvume esekelwe emshadweni, kudingekile ukuba baqondiswe ngochwepheshe. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  1. ukucwaninga izimfuneko zendawo okufikelwa kuyo ngaphambi komshado, ikakhulukazi uma ubuhlobo buhilela izimiso zomthetho ezihlukene noma izizinda zezakhamuzi.
  2. U-Profethi wommeli wezokufuduka onolwazi emazweni athile ahilelekile, njengoba ulwazi lwendawo lungalondoloza izinyanga zesikhathi sokuthungatha.
  3. Gcina idokhumende elibanzi [ kusukela ezingeni lokuqala lobuhlobo, kuhlanganise nezokuxhumana, amarekhodi emali, futhi uhambe ngezikhathi ezibanzi.
  4. i-pan efuna amagebe okuqashelwa ngokucabangela ezinye izindlela njengemvume yokubona izivakashi noma imvume yokuhlala kwesikhashana kuyilapho izinhlelo zobusha zihlelwa.
  5. Hlala waziswe ngezinguquko zenqubo, njengoba imithetho yokuqapha umshado ishintsha ngokushesha. Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni namabhukwana emithetho yokufuduka anedumela elihle anikeza ukwaziswa okusha.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezinjenge INKCR[ kanye I-ILGA World inikeza imithombo yamalungelo omshado nokuphepha. Izinhlangano zobuchwepheshe ezifana ne [[FLT:] Amelika Immigation Lawers Association[[FLT:]] inikeza amashekethi enqolobane abameli abafanelekayo. Imibhangqwana ibhekene nemithetho eqinile, izinhlangano ezinjenge Ilungelo le-Human Watch [[FLT:]] ibhulopo yokuhamba ehambela amalungelo abantu ahlobene nokuphathwa kabi kwemithetho enguquko.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo omshado aye aba isici esiyinhloko senqubo yokuhamba nokuthola imvume emhlabeni wonke, ebonisa ukushintshashintsha kwendlela izizwe eziwuqonda ngayo umkhaya, ukulingana, nobukhosi. Nakuba intuthuko iye yanda, indawo yembulunga yonke ihlala ihlukene, idala kokubili amathuba nezithiyo emibhangqwana efuna ukunqamula imingcele. Ukuthambekela kokungahlangani kwezimiso, okuqhutshwa amalungelo abantu, izinqumo zenkantolo, nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke, kusikisela ukuthi imingcele esekelwe emishani iyaqhubeka incipha. Nokho, imibhangqwana kumelwe ihlale iqaphile, ilungele ukuvumelana nezimiso. Ekugcineni, ukuqaphela amalungelo omshado esemthethweni wokufuduka akusona nje isici esiyisisekelo sesithunzi somuntu nenkululeko yomhlaba wonke ukuze yakhe imingcele yomkhaya.