I-bitism yezombangazwe injengesimiso esiyisisekelo ezifundazweni eziningi zomhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ichaza isimiso sezombangazwe lapho amaqembu amaningi, izithakazelo, kanye nemibono kuncintisana khona futhi kubambisana phakathi kwesimiso senhlangano. Emiphakathini eminingi (lapho izakhamuzi zihluka khona emigqeni yolimi, inkolo, ubuzwe, noma ubuzwe (‘ubuzwe obuyi-progalicism buba yisidingo esingcono kakhulu; kuba isidingo esiwusizo sokubusa. Ngokuvumela amaphuzu ahlukene angene enqubweni yesimiso, ubuningi bezombangazwe buveza indlela imingcele yazo ehlukene, imfunombano ephikisanayo, futhi igcina ngayo umthetho. Lesihloko sihlola ukuphakama kwenani lobuningi, izindlela zokusebenza, izinzuzo, izinselele, izinselele, nezinselele, nendlela amazwe amaningi asebenzisa ngayo ukubusa.

Isisekelo Semfundiso Yezombangazwe

Ubuningi bezombangazwe banamuhla buthatheka kakhulu emsebenzini wongqondongqondo ababekela inselele ngomqondo wentando yentando yeningi. Ngasekuqaleni kweye-20 kuya phambili kwabasekeli be-1920 njengoHarold Laski no G.D.H.Cole waphikisa ngokuthi umphakathi wakhiwa yizinhlangano ezihlukene-hlukeneyo /zezomnotho, ezenkolo, ezenkolo, ezingokwesiko zenza kube nemibono engokomthetho. Lo mcimbi wokucabanga kamuva wafunda ngentando yeningi ngentando yeningi. Umqondo wepollary Dahtry uchaza ukubusa ngesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi [[197] njengesimiso lapho amaqembu amancane angathola khona noma izinqumo ezithiyo ezisekelwe embusweni ezingapheli. [uthlmscelo wombuso wesizwe, lapho umqondo wesizwe noma wesizwe ngokuvamile uhloselwe khona ukubuzwe noma ukubuswa kwezelelwa kakhulu.[Flve1]

I-consocationalism kaLijphart iqhubeke ngokumisa amapulani athile emiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu. ULijphart waphikisa ngokuthi emiphakathini eminingi (lapho i-cleavages ihamba khona futhi idlula ngokungenamandla entando yeningi) idinga izici ezine: amakhabethe amakhulu, ama-veto magunya ahlukene phezu kwezithakazelo ezibalulekile, ukumelelwa kwezinhlangano eziyinhloko, ukuhlelwa ngokwezilinganiso, kanye ne-Ibhungane (ngokuvamile nge-ogationalism noma i-joversition). Lemiqondo iye yathonya ngokuqondile imithetho engokomthetho yamazwe anjengeBelgium, i-Lebanon, i-Bosnia, ne-Horzenvocation engcono kakhulu noma ukuphikisana kwezentengo yezentengiselwano engoko engoko-buhlanga.

Imishini Yokubusa Kwabefundisi Ezindaweni Eziningi

Izifundazwe ezihlukene ziwuhumusha kanjani umqondo ofingqiwe wobuningi ukuba ube ubukhosi bansuku zonke?

Umphakathi Nokuncipha

Izimiso zomphakathi zivumela amaqembu ohlanga noma olimi ukuba agxile ezindaweni ezithile ukuba asebenzise inkululeko enkulu yemfundo, isimiso solimi, amaphoyisa, nezindaba zamasiko. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-canton angu-26 aseSwitzerland abonisa imiphakathi yezwe yaseJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, neRomesh. I-canton (futhi ngisho nomasipala) inquma ulimi lwayo olusemthethweni (iminyaka) futhi alawule isikole endaweni. Lokhu kunciphisa usongo olucatshangelwayo lokulawulwa yiqembu elilodwa futhi kunikeza umphakathi ngamunye indawo evikelekile. Nakuba inyunyana enkulu yezifundazwe, inikeza i-projectalmentationssssssssssssss; ukumiswa kwemingcele yolimi ku-1950 kanye no-1960 kwakuwumzamo oqondile wokulawula izimfuno zezwe.

Ukumelelwa KwaleliGama

Izimiso ze-Electoral ezisebenzisa ukumelela okulinganayo (PR) zithambekele ekuvezeni izishaya-mthetho ezibonisa ukwahlukahluka kwezinhlanga, inkolo, noma imibono yabantu. I-PR esekelwe kuhlu, njengoba isetshenziswa okhethweni lwe-pastletiid eNingizimu Afrika, yasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-African National Congress (ANC) ayishiyanga amaqembu amancane ngokuphelele, kuyilapho futhi inikeza izwi emaqenjini amancane esizwe, anezici zesithakazelo. Izimiso zezimiso zezinhlanga (njengezeJalimane) zivumela futhi ukumelelwa kweminye i-contituenc nezindawo zohlu oluhlanganisa izihlalo zendawo. Nokho, u-PR angahlukanisa nesimiso seqembu, ukuhweba okungekho kwezindawo zezentengiselwayo.

Amalungiselelo Amandla Kagesi

Ngaphandle kwemithetho engokomthetho ye-constituism ne-PR, izifunda eziningi zithatha iziphakamiso zamandla acacile axhasayo. Lezi zingathatha uhlobo lohulumeni ababophanayo, iqinisekisa izikhundla zokukhonza zamaqembu athile ezinhlanga, noma amalungelo emithetho ethinta i-odminimental memon. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-Malaysia alandela ukuncintisana phakathi kweMalay, amaShayina, namaNdiya, [1] ama-aded e-Barisan Nasialn [“ensenancesssting sholote ukuthi inzuzo yezemfundo, nezimiso zenkolo zingashintshwa ngaphandle kwemvume engokohlanga. Nakuba kungaphelelekile nokugxekwa, amalungiselelo anjalo aye alungiselele amashumi eminyaka ukuqina okunyelelwa.

Izinzuzo ZobuProthestani Bezombangazwe Emazweni Ahlukahlukene

Lapho kuhlelwa kahle, ukubusa okunezinto eziningi kunikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezingokoqobo.

Umbukiso okhushuliwe

Izimiso zohlelo lokuhlela ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zemibono yobuzwe, yolimi, neyomdabu zikhona ezimisweni ezenza izinqumo. Isimiso sezethulo saseNdiya se-Stedyd Castems, Shedyd Covaning, kunye ne-Enye Transfured Clades siqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu angenayo ngokomlando anezihlalo epalamende nasezindlini zikahulumeni. Nakuba kuphikiswana, lendlela iye yandisa ukubonakala nethonya lemiphakathi encitshiwe ngokwezinga eliphezulu. Ngokufanayo, i-Māori evotapedi, yakhiwa ngo-1867, inikeza uMāori Refectary i-mmetary i-palist kuyilapho yenza ukuba akwazi ukuvota izishaya zephalamende ezivamile.

Ukudamba Kwengxabano Ngenxa Yokuxokozela

Ngokuphoqelela amaqembu aphikisanayo ukuba axhumane phakathi kwezinhlangano kunokuba alwe emigwaqweni, izinhlangano zezombangazwe ezihlanganisa ubuningi ziyaphikisana zibe izinqubo eziqinisekile nezinokuthula. “indlela yomlingo” yaseSwitzerland yoMkhandlu weFederal (umfelandawo omkhulu wamaqembu amakhulu) iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nangemva kokhetho oluphikisanayo, amaqembu amakhulu olimi nezifunda akhona ngokulinganayo kumphathi wezikhulu. Lelilungiselelo liye lanezela embhalweni ophawulekayo wokuthula kwekhaya eSwitzerland naphezu kwemiphakathi emikhulu emithathu yezilimi kanye neqembu elincane lamaSulumane elikhulayo.

Izinzuzo Ezingahlangene

Uma amaqembu amaningi ehlanganyela ekwakhekeni kwezimiso, imithetho ewumphumela ithambekele ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso seCanada sokulandelana kwezinhlanga, sahlanganiswa nemithetho yezempucuko yango- 1988 . I-Canadian Multliculturalist Act [, yavela emashumini eminyaka emiphakathi kwe-ingizimu exoxa phakathi kwesiNgisi, isiFulentshi, kanye nezakhamuzi zakhona kanye namazambane alandelanayo amaqembu abafuduki. Isimiso sivikela ukuveza isiko lapho kuhlangana. Ngokufanayo, imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yolimi lwaseBelgium ifaka isiDashishishini, ukuxoxa, isiFulentshi, nokukhuluma kweJalimane nezinhlangano ezithene, imvumela umkhiqizo oqondile womphakathi ngamunye ukuba ulawule impucuko yayo nemfundo yayo ngesikhathi sokuthuthukisa isifunda isifunda.

Ukungaguquguquki Kwezombangazwe

Ngokuphambene nokwesaba ukuthi ukwahlukahluka kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi, ukubusa kwesizwe okushintshwe kakhulu kungaqinisa intethe. Isihluthulelo siwukuba khona kwezindawo ezinqamule izigebengu kanye nezisusa ezisemqoka zokubambisana. ENingizimu Afrika, umthetho-sisekelo wangemva kuka-19994 wamisa isimiso sokukhetha okuhlelekayo, uhulumeni wobunye besizwe phakathi noshintsho, kanye neNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo eqinile. Naphezu kokungalingani okukhulu kwezomnotho kanye nokuhlukana okujulile kwezinhlanga, izwe liye lagwema izimpi zombano zombano eziye zabangela ukuhlukana okukhulu. Ukuqina kwezizwe eNingizimu Afrika, nakuba kuyingozi, kufanele kusekelwe kakhulu ekuklanyweni kwalo umthetho - ngokomthetho womphakathi.

Izinselele Zokukholelwa Kwezombangazwe

Naphezu kwesithembiso sawo, ukubusa kwabantu abaningi kubhekene nezithiyo ezingathi sína emazweni amaningi.

Ukuhlukana Kwezombangazwe Nokungezwani Kwenkululeko

Izimpawu ezifanayo ezenza ukuba kuboniswe izinhlelo − imiliti-parti kanye nokumelelwa ngokwesilinganiso . uma kungekho qembu eliyalela iningi, ohulumeni abahlangene, futhi lezi zingashintsha, ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu ethola ukusekelwa emaqenjini ahlukene ezinhlanga noma enkolo ahlukene ngokwemininingwane engokomthetho. Ukwenzeka kuka-Israyeli kunikeza isibonelo esiyisixwayiso: inhlanganisela yemidwebo ehlelekayo, umnyango owehlaziyileyo, nomphakathi ojulile owenziwe nge-clevagea (i-Arabhu, ama-Arabhu, ama-om, amaqembu enkolo, amaqembu angaphansi enkolo) aholele ezindawo ezihlukene, imifelandawo emfushane, nesimiso sokusebenza kwemisuka ezindaweni ze-Palestina nezenkolo. Ukuhlelwa kwemigqa yangaphakathi kungahlelwa futhi kuncishiswe ukuhlelwa kwezindlela eziqinile noma ukuhlelwa kwezindlela ezikhuthaza imishayo.

I-Gridrock eshayo ye-octal

Uma amaqembu amaningi elawula, ukwenza izinqumo kungathatha isikhathi eside, noma kunqanyulwe ngokuphelele. IBelgium igcina umlando wezwe wonke wokwakhiwa kukahulumeni ngaphandle kwekhabethe eligcwele (ngo-589 izinsuku ngo-2020). Phakathi naleyonkathi, uhulumeni wangaphambili wahlala egunyeni lokunakekela, kodwa izinguquko ezinkulu zokwakha, ikakhulukazi enkabeni yezezomnotho nezimali zikahulumeni, ziye zabambeka. I-drocklock iye yathinta iBosnia ne-Herzegovina, lapho i-trate devizermate ne-millitie yezizwe (Bosniaks, i-Cerbats, i-Croats) ihlala ikhona njalo. I-Grick ayinqandeki, kodwa idinga izindlela eziqinile, isikhathi, imingcele, ne-decidtic promisttingstions isebenza ezingonyama ezimele izinhlangano.

Ezombangazwe Zobuhlanga Nengozi Yokuqeda

Ezifundazweni eziningi, abahwebi bezombangazwe bavame ukunxusa ukwethembeka kobuzwe kunokuba bafake izimpikiswano ezibhekene nobandlululo. Lokhu kungaholela “ekwahluleni kwezizwe,” lapho abezombangazwe abancintisanayo beqembu elifanayo lohlanga bezama ukubonakala bezinikele kakhulu ezithakazelweni zobuhlanga kunabezimbangi zabo, ukuphehla izinkulumo zezombangazwe nokulwa okuqhubekayo. Lendlela ibhalwe khona eSri Lanka’s Sinhalese-Tamil-pal, ubudlova baseKenya, futhi i-Nigeria ilulaza i-ibhiya ilula inhloso ye-ibhithinaba elizimeleyo ngenxa yokukhetha okungavumelani ngenxa yokuthi yenza kubonakale kungamambuka. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe zihlanganisa ukufuna amaqembu ezombangazwe ukuba abe amalungu amaningi anezigaba ze-igekhotha (njengokwasebukhondla izinhlelondleni zaseNigeria) noma ukusungula izimiso ezikhuthaza ukuvota ezihlukene zezindawo zesizwe ezisetshenziswa ngemva komthetho wombuso wase-Fiji.

Ukuhlenga Okuncane Naphezu Kokumelelwa

Ngisho nasezimisweni eziklanyelwe ukufakwa, amanye amaqembu angahlala encishisiwe. Ukuba khona kwabameleli abambalwa abavela emphakathini omncane kungase kungaguquleli ekubeni nethonya eliphansi kakhulu mayelana nesimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya, nakuba iDalithi ne-Adivasi MP kuye kwanda inani, ikhono labo lokwakha umthetho wamalungelo ezwe, imfundo, futhi ukuvuma ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuvamile kulinganiselwe ngesiyalo seqembu nesigaba esisekelwe emaqenjini. Ngokufanayo, eRwanda, izimiso ezingokomthetho zokungena kwesizwe ngemva konyaka ka-19959, ziye zabangela ukuhlukahlukahlukahluka, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukulawula kweqembu elikhulu lezombangazwe kuvimbela ubuningi bamazwe, ikakhulukazi amaHutu amaningi. Iqiniso lidinga ukungasebenzisi nje ukuchaza kodwa futhi nokusekela amandla angaphansi kwe-Rwanda, ukuveza ikhono lomphakathi owodwa, ukuveza ikhono lomphakathi kanye nokuthinta kweqembu lomphakathi.

Ukuhlola Izifo: Izifundo Eziqhathanisayo Ezivela Ezindaweni Eziningi

Izinzuzo ezingabonakali nezinselele zokukholelwa ebuningini ziba sobala uma zihlolwa ngezibonelo ezingokoqobo zezwe. Ucwaningo olulandelayo lubonisa indlela ukukhetha okuhlukile kwezinhlangano okuveza ngayo imiphumela ehlukahlukene.

ISwitzerland: Ukuzibandakanya nabantu enqubweni

ISwitzerland ivame ukukhonjwa njengesibonelo sobuningi obuvumelanayo. Izilimi zayo ezine, izinkolo eziningi, kanye nezici zesifunda eziqinile azizange zivimbele ukubusa okuqinile kwekhulu leminyaka. Izizathu ziyizimiso ze-sysland university ihlela inqubo engokwesiko nemfundo kuma-canton angu-26, afana kakhulu nemingcele yelimi nenkolo. I-Federal Council (ukuhlukanisa) iyisigqebhene esikhulu samaqembu amane amakhulu, esabelwe izihlalo ngokwendlela yokumisa ende. i-democricial /sh"iadractiveism ikhomba i-endsmendium nezindlela zokuthatha ama-amsstingsstingsss (inikeza izikhulu eziphazamisa izithakazelo ezilimaza iqembu lawo.) kunezinhlangano zezentengovu yombuso zezombangazwe ezihlukene ukuze kwakhiwe i-exhunyuke.

ENdiya: Ukubhekana Nokuhlukahluka Kwezimiso ZePhalamende

Izinhlanga eziningi zaseNdiya, izilimi, kanye nenkolo ezihlukahlukene kudala izinselele ezinkulu. Izwe linezilimi ezingu-22 ezingokomthetho (zingamakhulu ezigodi), izinkolo eziningi, nesimiso sokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba esigunyazwe kakhulu. Kusukela ngo 1947, i-Indiya iye yakwazi ukusingatha lokhu kuhlukahlukahluka ngokuhlanganisa izinhlelo zezombangazwe. Isimiso sezwe saphinde sahlelwa ngolimi ngo-1950 nango-1960, ukunikeza amaqembu amakhulu ezilimi amaqembu akhona azimele. UMthetho-Constituplected Castem neShedymented Livemental, kanye ne-romagemental ehlanganisa zonke izinkolo ngokulingana. Isimiso semithetho yesifunda, kanye nezifunda ezisezifundazweni zokuqala, kuthanda ukukhonzwa kwezombangazwe, kodwa ukuphakama kwezizwezwe ezisezifundazwe kakhulu, kusukela ngo-1990964 kuya kusenza ukuba kube nezigaba ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe ezisemhlanganweni zezombangazwe ezivamile, futhi kuvusename kakhulu kwezezwezwe elivamile, futhi kubonise ukukho ukukhomba ukukhomba ukusekela kwezombangazwe okukhulu kwezombangazwe kwezena kwezezwe na

ENigeria: Ubudlelwane Nokulinganisela Kwezinhlanga Ngaphansi Kobunzima

I-Nigeria iyizwe elinabantu abaningi kakhulu nesinye sezizwe zalo esihlukene kakhulu, sinamaqembu amathathu amakhulu (Hausa-Fulani, i-Yoruba, i-gbo) kanye namakhulu emiphakathi emincane. Kusukela ngo-1960, i-Nigeria iye yazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zombuso ukuze ilawule ukuncintisana kwesizwe. Umthetho - sisekelo wamanje (1999) umisa isimiso samazwe angu-36 ne-Federal Corimetric Commitery, kanye ne-Mozaricale phakathi kwama-Muslican enyakatho ne-ningi e-Ausdia. Isimiso sombuso sifuna ukuba isigaba sikahulumeni sibonise ukwahlukahlukana kwezizwe. Nokho, ubuningi be-Nigeria buye buncishiswe ngokuphindiswa ngokuphazimasa kwezizwe, ukungenela kwezizwe, ukusekela kwezizwe ezingokomoya kanye nokuncintinye (ngokokuncane). I-2023 yabona ukuvotasha kwe-Rhouse i-ocessss.

ECanada: Ukuhlukahluka Kwemiqondo Nobubi Obuhlukahlukene

Indlela yeCanada yokuhlanganisa ubuningi ihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa izikhulu zesizwe, izifunda-zimbili, nesimiso sikahulumeni esivumelanayo esihlanganisa iQuébec ehlukile. Umthetho-sisekelo ka-1982 uhlanganisa i-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, evikela amalungelo amancane olimi kanye namalungelo esivumelwano. UQuébec usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho wesizwe futhi unegunya elikhulu phezu kwesimiso sokufuduka, inqubo yolimi, nempucuko. Izifundazwe ziye zazuza amandla ombuso wezwe ngezivumelwano ezingokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yadlala indima eyinhloko ekuchazeni izimpikiswano zolimi, ikakhulukazi ku-Secession (i Recece Recesssssssss Reucec*) ezindaweni eziningi (inani elikhona) impikiswano engokobuhlanganeni olusalokhu likhona (ukube * ukuncintinyelwa kwezizwe) kwezizwe ezingokobuzwe (kunye). Umbuzo wezezwe elivamile, uQuniance, umba umba uhulumeni, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, u

Isiphetho

Ubuningi bezombangazwe abusona ikhambi lezinselele zokubusa ezifundazweni eziningi. Yinkemba enezinhlangothi ezimbili encikene nezimiso, engakhuthaza ukuzinza nokufakwa noma ibangele ukuhlukana nokukhubazeka. Ubufakazi obuvela eSwitzerland, e-Nigeria, eCanada, kanye nezinye izifundazwe eziveza ukuthi ukubusa kwenani elizimele kudinga inhlanganisela yezakhiwo: izinhlangano ezihlangene noma ezihloniphekile ukunika amaqembu azimele ukumelela i-IMPIC noma enye indlela yokuqinisa izwi; amalungiselelo angokomthetho amandla (izingqingqino ezinkulu, i-vetoes, i-ault) ukuze kwakhiwe ukuthembana; kanye nezingamandla azimele ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-mthetho.

Ibalulekile ngokufanayo impucuko yezombangazwe esekela lezi zinhlangano. Ukuzimela kwenkolo kusebenza kangcono kakhulu uma abantu abavelele beqaphela ukuthi ukusinda kukahulumeni kuxhomeke ekunakekeleni izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zawo wonke amaqembu (nelapho izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi zihambisana nomsebenzi wesizwe owodwa. Kulelikhulu lama-21, njengoba ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlanga nenkolo kuqhubeka kwanda ngokufuduka nokushintsha kwenani labantu, izifundo zabathandi bobungani zibusa ezifundazweni ezihlukene kuphela kodwa futhi nasemazweni osekukudala azibheka njengo-msuka phambili. Inselele yokuguqula izinhlanga zibe umthombo wamandla ohlangene kunalokhu kulokhu kulokhu kungomunye wemisebenzi evelele yokubusa kwentando yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.