Umphumela Wesikole Sokusekela Imfundo Yengane Yakho

Imali exhaswa isikole ingenye yezinqanda kakhulu zethuba lemfundo eUnited States. Amadollar anikezwa isikole athonya ngokuqondile yonke into kusukela enanini labafundi abasekilasini kuya ekutholakaleni komsebenzi ophambili, izinga lemfundo, namandla okukhanga nokugcina othisha abanekhono. Kubazali, ukuqonda indlela izimali zesikole ezisebenza ngayo, kanye nezikhala ezidingekayo ukuze bakhuthaze izingane zabo ngokuphumelelayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola ngokubanzi imithombo kanye nokusakazwa kwezimali zesikole, imiphumela ephawulekayo emiphumeleni yabafundi, ukuphikelela kwemisebenzi ephakathi kwezifundazwe, nezenzo ezingenziwa imiphakathi yemiphakathi yabantu ukuba iqhubele phambili izimiso zobulungisa.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezimali Zesikole E - United States

Imali exhaswa yisikole eMelika iyinkimbinkimbi. Itholakala emazingeni amathathu ayinhloko kahulumeni(-federal, umbuso, nasendaweni-"inye inendima ezihlukene nezingalingani zethonya. Isilinganiso semali esekelwayo evela emthonjeni ngamunye siyahlukahluka ngokwezwe nangokwesifunda, kodwa ngokwesilinganiso, izifundazwe zinikeza cishe amaphesenti angu-47 engqikithi yemali yemfundo, imithombo yendawo inikela cishe ku-45%, kanye nezindawo zikahulumeni ezinikezwayo cishe u-8%.

Ukuxhasa Kwezimali: Kuhlosiwe Kodwa Kulinganiselwe

Imali elingana nemali encane kakhulu esetshenziswayo ezikoleni, kodwa ibalulekile kakhulu emiphakathini ethile yabafundi nezinhlelo. Imali enkulu yemfundo kahulumeni igeleza ngesihloko I se-Elementary and Secondal Education Act (ESEA), eqondisa imali ezikoleni ezisiza abafundi abathola imali ephansi. Eminye imifula emikhulu yezwe ihlanganisa i-Ateader yemfundo ekhubazekile yokufundisa (IEA) yemisebenzi ekhethekile yesikole, ukukhokhela ukudla kwesikole, umsebenzi nemfundo yezemfundo yobuchwepheshe, kanye nokusekela kwezemfundo yolwazi lwesiNgisi. Ngenxa yokuthi izimali ze-ominyango yesigodi ziboshelwa izinhlelo eziphansi ezikhokhelwayo. Isithiyo esikhulu Ayina asinakusebenzisa imali ukuze siphakamise iholo lothisha ngaphaya ebhodini, ngokwesibonelo. Lendlela yokuhlongozelela isiza izidingo ezithile kodwa izimali ezisesikoleni ezivamile ezisesikoleni.

Ukuxhasa Kwezwe: Umthombo Omkhulu Noguquguquka Kakhulu

Ohulumeni banikeza ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yemali yesikole ezifundazweni eziningi. Isifundazwe ngasinye sisebenzisa indlela eqondile yokusasaza imali ezifundeni zendawo. Lezi zinqubo zivame ukuthatha izindleko zokubhalisela abafundi, ingcebo yesifunda, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izindleko ezengeziwe zokufundisa abafundi ngezidingo ezikhethekile noma ngezizinda eziphansi. Ezinye izifunda zithembele ezisekelweni eziqinisekisa ukuthi inani elilinganiselwe lemali ekhona ngamunye, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenzisa izindlela ezihloselwe ukunciphisa inzuzo yempahla encitshitshisiwe. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwale mikhakhakha kuyahluka kakhulu. Imithetho eminingi iphelelwe isikhathi, incishisiwe, noma inganele ukuvala imingcele phakathi kwemiphakathi kwemiphakathi kweze nezicebi nezindawo ezimpofu. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukumangalelana kwezwe elifana ne-Texaniya, i-California, ne-York York ziye zabekela inselele impumelelo yezimiso zokuxhasa imibuso ehlukene.

Ukuxhasa Kwendawo: Umshini Wokungalingani

Inzuzo yendawo yezikole itholakala kakhulu ezintelani zempahla. Ezifundeni ezinezilinganiso eziphezulu, ngisho nentela elinganiselwe ingenisa imali eningi. Ezifundeni zempahla, ngisho nentela ephakeme inikeza imali engaphansi kakhulu komfundi ngamunye. Lokhu kudala igebe elakhiweyo: imiphakathi ecebile ingathenga imali yokuxhasa izikole zayo ezikwizinga eliphakeme kakhulu, kuyilapho izifunda eziphansi zezwe zizama ukunikeza imithombo eyisisekelo. ngokwemali yeNhlangano yezemfundo yesizwe [, igebe elichithwa ngemali esetshenziswayo phakathi kwezindawo eziphezulu neziphezulu kakhulu, kanti izifunda ezisezifundeni eziphansi kakhulu zingabalelwa kuR4 000 ngonyaka.

Indlela Izinga Lokusekela Imali Elithonya Ngayo Imfundo Ngokuqondile

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwemali enikezwa isikole nemfundo akuyona into ecatshangelwayo. Ukucwaninga kubonisa njalo ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali eningi ("asmore") kuholela kumphumela ongcono womfundi. Ukuhlolwa okungokophawu kukaJackson, Johnson, noPersco (2016) kwathola ukuthi ukwanda kwenani lemali yesikole iminyaka eyishumi nambili yemfundo yeK-12 kuholela emazingeni aphakeme okuthweswa iziqu, iholo eliphakeme lapho umuntu esemdala, kanye nokwehla okukhulu kwamathuba obumpofu. Nakhu izindawo eziyinhloko lapho izimali ziguqulela khona ezinzuzo ezingokoqobo ezinganeni.

Ubukhulu Besigaba Nokunakekela Okukodwa

Ikilasi elincane linezinzuzo eziphawulwe kakhulu zokuxhasa isikole ngokwanele. Uma isifunda sithola othisha abanele, umfundi ngamunye uthola ukunakekela okungaphezulu koyedwa. Ukuhlolwa, njenge-Tennessee STAR, kuye kwabonisa ukuthi amakilasi amancane ebanga lokuphumelela kwasekuqaleni, ikakhulukazi kubafundi abaswele. Ngokuhlukile, izikole eziphansi kakhulu zivame ukubhekana namakilasi agcwele lapho othisha bezama ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabafundi bonke. Isigaba sokuvusenelisa sidinga izisebenzi ezengeziwe, okungatholakala kuphela uma imali inikeza imali enele ukuze kutholakale abafundisi abafanelekayo.

Ukuba Nolwazi Oluhle Nokuzimisela Kothisha

Iholo labafundisi liyizindleko ezinkulu eziphindwayo ezimalini eziningi zesikole. Izikole ezikhokhelwa kakhulu zinganikeza iholo nezinzuzo zokuncintisana, ezisiza ukukhanga abafanelekayo ngokwengeziwe futhi zinciphise ukuphumelela. Ukuthatha imali eshibhile kubhubhisa impucuko yesikole kanye nokuphumelela kwabafundi; abafundi ezikoleni ezinothisha abaphakeme babuyisela amasheya aphansi kakhulu ekuhlolweni okuvamile. Ukukhokha ukucwaninga [ kubonisa ukuthi izindleko zokubuyisela uthisha uthisha ongaphezu kuka - R120 000 000 ezindaweni eziningi, imali engasekela ngandlelanye ukufundiswa kwekilasi. Imali engcono ivumela ukuthuthuka kwemfundo yobuchwepheshe, ukufundisa, nokunye ukusekela okusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukucwaninga kwabo esikhathini.

Imfundo, Ubuchwepheshe Nemithombo Yemfundo

Imfundo egcwele kakhulu idinga okungaphezu kwencwadi nje. Izikole ezisekela kakhulu imali zingatshala imali eshicilelweyo ekholisweni lesikole, imishini yezimiso, imishini ephezulu ye-Internet, imishini yesayensi yezobuchwepheshe, imikhiqizo yobuciko, nezindawo zomtapo wezincwadi. Izikole ezigcwele imfucumfucu zivame ukwenza izinto eziphelelwe yisikhathi, ubuchwepheshe obulinganiselwe, namathuba ambalwa acebile. I-Ed Burigion National Report on School Funding[ iqokomisa ukuthi abafundi abasemaphethe ezwe aphansi kakhulu cishe bangakwazi ukufinyelela umsebenzi owengeziwe njenge-AP, IB, noma izinhlelo ezimbili zokufaka umnyango wokuthola imali, ezibalulekile ukuze balungiselele amakholiji.

Izinkonzo Zokusekela Nomfundi Ukuba Nempumelelo

Ukuxhasa ngokuqondile kunganikeza izinkonzo zokusekela eziwu-25 kuya ku-1 ezituswa yi-American School Service Association. Lezi zifundiswa, izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, nabahlengikazi bonke baxhaswe ngezimali zesifunda. Isilinganiso sabafundi abangaphansi kwezindawo, isilinganiso sobeluleki singadlula ku-500 kuya ku-1, ngaphezu kwe-150 kuya ku-191 etuswa yi-American School Server Association. Lezi zifundiswa zibalulekile ekusingatheni impilo yengqondo, ukungenela kwezengqondo, ukungenela kwezenkingeni, ukuhlelwa kwezemfundo, okugunyaziwe ngokomthetho, okudinga imithombo eqinile; uma izimali zingazabalaza ukunikeza izinkonzo ezidingekayo ngokusemthethweni, kuholele ekubhekaneni kwemindeni nasemkhayeni.

Inkinga Eqhubekayo Yokungalingani Kwezimali

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka emizamo yenguquko, ukusekela imali yesikole ngokungenaphutha kusengesinye sezithiyo ezilukhuni kakhulu zokuthola ithuba lokufunda elilinganayo. Umehluko awuzenzakaleli.

Ukuncika Emfucumfucwini Yempahla Kwadala Igebe

Ukukhokha intela yendawo kusho ukuthi izikole zinamandla njengesikhungo sentela yendawo. Ikhaya elilinganiselwa ku-R350 000 emadolobheni acebile lingenisa imali yentela engaphezulu kakhulu kumfundi ngamunye kunekhaya elingu-R150 000 ezindaweni zasemaphandleni noma ngaphakathi, ngisho noma imiphakathi yomibili intela ngesilinganiso esifanayo. Ezinye izifunda ziye zasebenzisa "ukukhuphula" izinqubo ezithatha imali ezizweni ezicebile futhi ziyidlulisele kwabampofu, kodwa lezinhlelo zibhekene nokumelana kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso seTexas "Robin Hood" siye sabelwa inselele ngokuphindaphindiwe enkantolo nangabamisimthetho abaphikisa ngokuthi ikhipha impumelelo emiphakathini.

Izimo ZoMbuso Ezivame Ukukuvuna Ukungalingani

Izindawo eziningi zokuxhasa imali ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zinamalungiselelo azuzisa izifunda ezicebile. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amasu asakaza imali esekelwe esilinganisweni sansuku zonke sababa khona kunokuya eyunivesithi; izikole ezihamba kakhulu noma ezingekho kakhulu ezindaweni ezifikayo − ngokuvamile zithola imali encane kakhulu. Ezinye izifunda ezingenangozi ekubhaliseni, okusho ukuthi ukuncipha kwezifunda zasemaphethelweni kungathola umfundi oyedwa kunasemadolobheni akhulayo. Ngokwe- [izeNqandayo] yeMelika yeNguquko yezenteko yeze, kusho ukuthi ithembele kakhulu ezinkokhisweni zendawo yendawo kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba kube nokuwohloka kwezimiso zokuxhasa imali lapho izifunda eziphezulu kakhulu zithola khona abafundi abacebile kunabantu abacebile.

Ithonya Kubafundi Bemibala Nabasezindaweni Zasemaphandleni

Ukuxhasa izimali ezingaphezulu ngokungenakulinganiswa kuthinta abafundi abanemibala futhi abafundi abafunda emaphandleni. Izifunda zasezikoleni ezimnyama neze-Spanishi zithola isilinganiso samadollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20) emalini unyaka ngamunye kunezindawo ezimhlophe kakhulu, ngisho nalapho zilawula amazinga obumpofu, ngokwengxelo ka-2018 Edbing. Izikole zasemizirere zibhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele: ukubhalisa okuncane, inani elilinganiselwe labantu, kanye nentela elinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifunda zasemaphandleni zingathola izindleko eziphakeme zokuthutha, ukunakekelwa, nokuthola izisebenzi ezikhethekile, okwenza ukukhokhelwa kwemali okukhona ngisho nangokwengeziwe.

Ngalé Kwekilasi: Imiphumela Yegebe Elide Yokukhokha Amagebe

Imiphumela yokusebenzisa imali yesikole idlula kude ukudlula isilinganiso sezivivinyo. Imithombo − noma ukuntuleka kwayo — ukuthi ingane ibhekana nenkulisa kuya ebangeni leshumi nambili ithonya ukuphila kwayo ngezindlela ezingcono.

Impumelelo Engokwemfundo Nezinga Lokuthweswa Iziqu

Abafundi ezikoleni ezixhaswa imali enele benza izindleko zemali ezilinganayo ngokungaguquki kuntanga yabo ezikoleni eziphansi ekuhlolweni okuvamile, futhi igebe elifezwayo phakathi kwamaqembu ezinhlanga namaqembu ezomnotho lihlobene kakhulu nezikhala ezingokwezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imali esetshenziswa kakhulu ihlobene namazinga aphakeme okuthweswa iziqu. Ukwanda kwemali echithwayo ngapha nangapha kwemali kubafundi abathola imali ephansi kuhlobene nokwanda okukhulu kwenani eliphezulu lemfundo yesikole, ngokwemfundo kaJackson et al. Lokhu akuwona nje amakhoraliti; uma amazwe ethuthukisa izimiso zawo zemali ukuze athumele imali eyengeziwe ezindaweni ezimpofu, amagebedi okuphumelela aqala ukuncipha.

Imiphumela Yezomnotho Nezenhlalo Ehlala Isikhathi Eside

Izikole ezithandwa kakhulu ziveza abafundi abafuna iholo eliphezulu lapho sebebadala. Ucwaningo olufanayo lwathola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-K-12 kwezingane ezihola kancane kwandisa imali eshisiwe eholele emalini engcono ngonyaka emashumini amabili namashumi amathathu, kanye nethuba elinciphileyo lokuba sebumpofwini. Ukuxhasa imali okulinganayo kuhlanganisa futhi nemiphumela engcono yempilo kanye nezinga eliphansi lokuboshwa. Ngokusho okufanayo, ukuncishiswa kwezikole kubangela izindleko ezithatha isikhathi eside emphakathini ngentela ephansi, izindleko ezithe xandisa izinkonzo zomphakathi, nokulahlekelwa amandla omuntu.

Lokho Abazali Nemiphakathi Abangakwenza

Abazali, abanakekeli namalungu omphakathi abagcini nje lapho kuxoxwa ngezimali, kodwa basuke bekwenza ngokoqobo lokho okungabangela ushintsho futhi kuthuthukise izimo endaweni.

Funda Amaqiniso Asekela Isigodi Sakho

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuqonda indlela isifunda sesikole sakho siqu esixhaswe ngayo. Izimali zendawo zingamaphepha omphakathi; zibonisa ukuthi imali engakanani evela kuhulumeni, endaweni, nase mithombo kahulumeni, nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani. Ama-Website njenge-National Education Association's "School Funding" ikhasi kanye namabalazwe abonisa ukuthi amabalazwe abonisa ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kwezifunda. Ukuhloma ngale mininingwane kungaveza ukuthi isikole sabantwana babo sishintsha kafushane yini.

Hlanganyela Emihlanganweni Yebhodi Yesikole Yasendaweni

Imihlangano yebhodi yesikole ilapho kuphikiswana khona ngezinqumo zemali futhi kuvotelwa khona. Ukuba khona kulemihlangano kuthumela uphawu lokuthi ukuxhasa ngemali kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Abazali bangakhuluma phakathi nezikhathi zokuphendula komphakathi, babuze imibuzo mayelana nokuthi izimali zabiwa kanjani, futhi basekela ukusetshenziswa okungaguquguquki. Izikole eziningi zinezinhlangano zabafundisi babazali noma imikhandlu yesikole enikeza ukuqondisa izindaba zohlelo lwemali.

Abasekeli Benguquko Engasemzimbeni Kahulumeni

Nakuba izindaba zendawo zisemkhankasweni wezezenzo, ithuluzi elikhulu kakhulu lokuxhasa ukuxhaswa kwezemfundo lisenkampaneni kahulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinquma ukuthi kuxhaswe kangakanani imfundo yonke ngonyaka nokuthi inikezwa kanjani. Abazali bangahlangana nemifelandawo efana "noHlanza lwezezimali" imikhankaso noma izinhlangano ezifana ne iNhlangano yezemfundo yesizwe ukusunduza ukusekela izinhlelo ezifanele nezingaguquguqukiyo zikahulumeni. Ukubhala izincwadi, ukuhlangana nemithetho yemithetho emisha, nokufakazela ukuzwa kungamathuluzi anamandla. Kwezinye izizwe, u-Foffatation uye wasebenzisa amasuntry adinga ukuhlangabezana nombuso othile ukuze unikeze izimali.

Imithombo Yesikole Enemithelela

Nakuba ukunezela imali ngokuqoqa imali kungelona ikhambi lokungalingani kwezimiso, kunganikeza usizo olusheshayo lwezidingo ezithile. Ukuhlomelana kwabazali nothisha kungaphakamisa imali yokuthola izinto zasekilasini, uhambo lwasensimini, noma ezobuchwepheshe. Nokho, ukuthembela ekuthengeni imali kungandisa futhi izikhala phakathi kwezikole esifundeni esisodwa uma abazali abacebile bekwazi ukunyusa ngaphezu kwalezo ezisezindaweni ezimpofu. Umgomo kufanele ube ukusekela ukuxhaswa kwemali yomphakathi okwenza ukuba izimali zingadingeniswa kakhulu izidingo eziyisisekelo zemfundo.

Izindlela Zokuqinisekisa Izimali Ezilinganayo

Ukusingatha ukuxhaswa kwemali yesikole akudingi nje kuphela ushintsho lwesimiso somuntu ngamunye kodwa izindlela zokulawula izimiso. Kuye kwahlongozwa futhi kwasetshenziswa izindlela eziningana kulo lonke izwe, okunamazinga ahlukahlukene empumelelo.

Ukuhlengwa Nokubuyiselwa Kwemali Ecebile

I-Aresta inganciphisa izimali ezinikezwa indawo ngokukhipha intela yempahla evela ezifundeni ezicebile nakuyifaka kwezezimpofu. Icebo eliphawulwe ngaphambili iTexas "Robin Hood" liyisibonelo esisodwa, nakuba libhekene nokuphikiswa okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeVermont neWisconsin, zinezimiso ezisekwe kakhulu zezimali ezincike kuncike kuncike kunciso lwentela yempahla yendawo futhi zithembele kakhulu enkokhelweni yemali kahulumeni noma ezintela yezentengo.

Abafundi Abakhulu Basekela Amafomu Okusebenzisa Imali

Imali eqinisiwe enikezwa abafundi (WSF) ihlela imali esekelwe ezidingweni zomfundi ngamunye. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi ovela emkhayeni ohola kancane angathola "isisindo esiphansi" onezela izimali ezengeziwe phezu kwemali eyisisekelo. Abafundi besiNgisi nabafundi abakhethekile bathola ezinye izisindo. WSF ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi abafuna imali eningi bayayamukela ngempela. Ezinye izigodi ezinkulu, kuhlanganise neDenver ne Boston, baye bamukela izakhiwo zeWSF, futhi ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi zingathuthukisa i-ey ne-iaiey.

Ukuxhasa Imfundo Ngokugcwele KukaHulumeni

Indlela enzima kakhulu ingathatha izimemezelo eziyinhloko zokuxhasa i-K-12 ngokwezimali, isuse ukuxhumana ezintela zempahla zendawo ngokuphelele. IHawaii kakade isebenza ngale ndlela. Izwe lonke liyisifunda sesikole esisodwa esixhaswe uhulumeni. Nakuba lesi sibonelo siqeda izinhlobonhlobo zendawo, idinga ukuzimisela okuqinile kwezwe ekukhokheleni intela ngokufaneleyo futhi kungase kungabangelwa ukwehluka kwezindleko phakathi kwedolobha, idolobhana, nasemaphandleni.

Ukungenela Kwesimiso Somthetho

UKhongolose lungafeza indima eqinile ngokundisa isiHloko Engisixhasayo nangokufuna ukuba amazwe avale amagebe okuxhasa imali njengesimo sokwamukela imali kahulumeni. Iziphakamiso eziningana ziye zasungulwa phakathi neminyaka, kuhlanganise "Ungathathi-"Umthetho" impikiswano ne "All Child Acces Act," kodwa akukho okuye kwadlula. Ukugqugquzelwa okuvuselelwe kukahulumeni ngenxa yokuthola igebeseba kanye nokuqoqa ulwazi oluqinile, kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni inguquko yezinga eliphezulu likahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Imali exhaswayo esikoleni akuyona imfihlo yokusetshenziswa kwemali ekhona lapho kuhlelwa khona imali, kodwa kungokokuthi imfundo etholakalayo ingane isuke isesilinganisweni sesigaba kuya kuthisha, kusukela emalabolishini esayensi kuya ezinkonzweni zokweluleka, wonke amaRandi asetshenziswa noma agonye indawo yokufunda. Isimiso samanje, sithembele kakhulu ezintela zempahla zendawo, sidala izintengo ezijulile neziphikelelayo ezibangwa abafundi abasuka emikhayeni ephansi nasemiphakathini ephansi yemibala. Nokho lezi zindawo zokweluleka azibangezona ezingagwemeki. Abazali, abafundisi, namalungu omphakathi anendima enamandla yokudlala ngokufuna imali engcono ezindaweni zendawo, ngokwezimo yezesikole, ngokwezingalo zezesikole, ngokuqonda amasu ezindaweni zezemfundo, nangokusekela inqubo yobufakazi obusekelwe kuyo, singakhelwa isimiso semfundo yabantwana esikhona.