Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nenjongo Yokwakha

IGaffaice I, eyasungulwa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, iqashelwa njengegatsha lokuqala likahulumeni − ukuzikhethela ngamabomu kwabaferame ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izwi labantu liyoba umshayeli oyinhloko wesimiso sezwe. Amagama okuqala oMthetho-sisekelo, "Onke Amandla eSishaya-mthetho agunyazwe lapha agunyaziwe azakubekwa eKhomishani ye-United States," ukumisa isisekelo esicacile: leligatsha liphethe amandla okubhala imithetho ebusa isizwe. Nokho, isakhiwo salo sikude kakhulu. Isimiso seBhaamaral, esimiswe iNdlundsko yabamele abameleli neSigebengo, savela eConnecticut ka 1787, ukuhlanganisa izithakazelo zezifunda zezwe elikhulu nezincane. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa umthetho ohlukene ukuthi kumelwe uhlale usuka ezibumbeni ezimbili, izibopho ezimeleni ezihlangene, nemithwalo yemfanelo, nemithwalo.

Indlu yabameleli, namagama ayo aneminyaka emibili, yayiklanyelwe ukusabela ngokuqondile emibonweni eguquguqukayo yabavoti. ISigele, namagama aso aneminyaka eyisithupha, sasihloselwe ukunikeza ukuzinza nombono owengeziwe, sisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola izinkanuko zosuku. Lomklamo wesisekelo udala ukushukuma okungokwemvelo ngaphakathi egatsheni ngokwalo, qhakambisa impikiswano, ukuhlaziywa, nokuhlehla. Ukuqonda le misebenzi yeGajistate Bhavi ibalulekile, ngoba i-DNA yalebula-etaf idlulela kude kakhulu; ihlanganisa ukumelela izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene, ukulawula izimali zomphakathi, ukuqondisa i-gamende yegatsha, nokulungisa i-judiary ngenqubo yokuqinisekisa.

Imisebenzi Yegatsha Elingokomthetho

Nakuba ukwenza umthetho kungumsebenzi obonakala kakhulu, iGatya-mthetho lisebenza ezindaweni eziningana ezihlukene ezichaza indima yayo ekubuseni. Umsebenzi ngamunye usebenza nezinye ukuze kulondolozwe isimiso sokuhlolwa nezilinganiso ezibonwa amaFramers.

Izinkonzo Zokumelela Nezokuvikela

Isibonakaliso siwumsebenzi oyisisekelo welungu ngalinye leSishaya-Mkhandlu. Izimemezelo zimelela sonke isifundazwe sazo, kanti amalungu endlu amelela izigodi ezithile. Lokhu kumelela kudlulela ngalé kokuvota nje ekwakhiweni komthetho. Amalungu oMkhandlu nezisebenzi zawo basingatha izinkulungwane zezicelo unyaka ngamunye, kusukela ekusizeni inzuzo elondekile engcono ekusizeni ibhizinisi elincane elinombuzo we-guant control. Lo msebenzi [[FLT:] uhlangene ngokuqondile phakathi kwesakhamuzi ngasinye nohulumeni.

Indima yommeleli ihlelwe ngezindlela eziningi. Abameli kumelwe balinganisele izithakazelo zesifunda sabo noma umbuso nezidingo ezibanzi zesizwe. Baqhuba imihlangano yehholo ledolobha, bahlola abameleli babo, futhi basebenzise izikhundla zabo zekomiti ukusekela imisebenzi yendawo kanye nezimali. Ukucindezela phakathi kokuba yi- hlanganise [[FLT]] [i-act] [i-alve] [inkonzo] [i-FLT] [isebenza ngokuqonde ngqo ngokwezifiso zama-antax), ne-[FLT] ikhombisa (isekelwe ekwahluleleni kwabo siqu nasebuchwepheshe) inguqukusebenzeni okunamandla phakathi kwe-Galliterne. Lo mmeleli uqinisekisa ukuthi ukwahlukahluka komphakathi, ngokwezomnotho, ngokwesiko, nenqubo yesizwe yenqubo yesizwe.

Amandla Okuthenga: Ukulawula Ngokunenzuzo Nokulawula Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Enye yemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu ye-Legislative Branch yigunya layo elikhethekile lokusebenzisa imali kahulumeni, ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi i-Sower of the Purse. Isigaba 9, sithi "Ayikho Imali eyothathwa kuMabhizinisi, kodwa eConparain of Appropriation enziwa ngoMthetho." Lo mbuso unikeza iSishaya-Mkolo ukulawula imali echithwa nguhulumeni. Le nqubo iqala ngokunikeza uMongameli isicelo semali, kodwa iKhomishane esho okokugcina.

Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali kanye nokuhlelwa kwemithetho kuhilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa eziyinhloko nabadlali. Ikhomishane Yohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuzimele kwezinhlelo zemali kanye nezinqumo zezomnotho. Indlu neSigele Lombango zihlela amazinga okusetshenziswa kwemali yonke ngesinqumo sesimiso semali. Khona - ke, amaKomiti a-Appropriation kuwo womabili amagumbi ahlukanisa izimali phakathi kwezibophakatha ezingaphansi kweshumi nambili, ngalinye elinomthwalo wombuso othile, njengendawo ethile yokuvikela, eyolimo, eyolimo, noma eyokuthutha. Le nqubo ihilela ukuhlelwa okukhulu kwezindlebe, izigaba, namavoti.

Ukwehluleka ukudlulisa izikweleti zezindleko ezikhona kungaholela ekuvinjelweni kukahulumeni, ukumiswa kwemisebenzi yamanxusa kahulumeni nokuthinta izigidi zamaMelika. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinqumo kuqinisa izinqumo [ ukugcina uhulumeni esekelwe izimali emazingeni akhona sekuwumkhuba ovamile, uveza ubunzima bokufinyelela ukuvumelana ekusebenziseni isikhathi eside. Leligunya lemithetho linikeza i-Legislative ragistrated processssss enkulu phezu kwegatsha eliphethe, iphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba zithethelele izinhlelo zazo nezindleko ezikhona njalo.

Ukuqondisa Nokuphenya: Ukubeka Isikhulu Esiphethe Icala

I-Legislative Branch inesibopho somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo sokwengamela ukumiswa kwemithetho nge-Grade Edetive. Le nkonzo yokuqondisa iyingxenye ebucayi yesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngokuqulwa kwamakomiti, uphengululo, nemibiko, uKhongolo luhlola ukuphumelela kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni, luphawula ukulahlwa nokukhwabanisa, futhi luqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwenjongo.

Amakomiti e-Congress, ikakhulukazi amakomiti azimele aphethe amanxusa athile ezinhlangano ezithile, aphethe ukuqulwa kwecala lapho izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe zifaka khona ubufakazi obungaphansi kwesifungo. I-Hulumeni Government Accounting Office, inxusa elizimele, elingabandluli elisebenzela i-Congress, ukuhlola nokuhlola okunikeza imininingwane enenjongo emikhankambini kahulumeni. Amandla okukhipha umbiko ongaphansi kokuphoqelela nokhiqizwa kwezincwadi ayithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuqondisa ngokucophelela.

Uhlobo oluphethe luyigunya lokungagunyazi. Indlu yabameleli inamandla okuphela ekwahluleleni izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nama-Misdeares" i-Sigellant ithatha icala ukuze inqume ukuthi ingaboshwa yini futhi ikhiphe isikhulu esikhundleni. Le nqubo ibonisa ukuthi igunya elibalulekile i-Legislative Bank liphethe ukuziphatha kwesikhulu nezikhulu zokwahlulela.

Iseluleko Nokuvuma: Ukulahla Ubuholi Obuphethe

ISigele sisebenzisa isheke elikhethekile embusweni wobumongameli ngendima yaso ye Aluleki nangeNgqungquthela II, iSiqephu 2, uMongameli angamisa amanxusa, amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, nezikhulu zeKhathene kuphela "ngeSiluleko neSivumelo seSigele" Lo msebenzi udinga ukuvota okulula ukuze kuqinisekiswe abaduna abaningi, nakuba kudingeka ukusekela okukhulu kakhulu ezivumelwaneni.

Lenqubo yokuqinisekisa ihilela ukubukezwa okukhulu kweKomiti yeSigele (yamajaji) noma ikomiti efanelekile yamagatsha aphethe. Ikomiti ilalela izindaba lapho abameleli bebhekene nemibuzo eningiliziwe ngezimfanelo zabo, ifilosofi, nomlando. Ikomiti ibe isivota ukuthi izothumela yini ukukhethwa eSigele esigcwele ukuze ivote.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, iseluleko nenqubo yokuvuma kuye kwaba nokuphikisana okukhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwe- filibuster ukuvimbela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kuholele ekushintsheni okukhulu kwe-procedification, kuhlanganise "ukhetho lwenuzi" ngo-2013 enkantolo ephansi kanye nonyaka ka-2017 yeNkantolo Ephakeme, enciphisa umnyango wokuqeda impikiswano kumavoti angu-60 kuya kwabaningi abalula. Lo kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa indlela imithetho yangaphakathi ye-Gastilatives Back ekwazi ngayo ukuhlola amanye amagatsha. Amandla okuqinisekisa noma ukunqaba noma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli u-mine u-kadengenze aqiniseke ngayo i-omgadia noma isisebenzi segatsha ngaphandle kwe-Akhile.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Isimiso SoMthetho Esiphilayo

Inqubo yokuguqula umqondo ube umthetho iyinkimbinkimbi ngamabomu futhi ikwazi ukuhlanganisa isikhathi. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi akuyona ingozi; kuklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ucatshangelwa ngokucophelela futhi ukuthi noma yimuphi umthetho odluliswe uveza ukuvumelana okubanzi. Conreg.

Isingeniso Nesivundo Sekomiti

Noma iliphi ilungu lendlu noma iSigele lingaqala isikweleti. Imali ibhekiselwa ekomitini emile efanele ephethe indaba yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezimiso zokunakekela impilo uthunyelwe eMnyameni weNdlela neMathele noma eKomitini yamandla neyohwebo eNdlweni. Le komiti iyindawo lapho izikweleti eziningi zifa khona. Zimane nje azilethwa khona ukuze zihlolwe ukuzwa noma zivote. Lokhu kusebenza njengendlela yokuhluza ebucayi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izicelo ezingathi sína nezicatshangelwa kahle kakhulu kuphela ziqhubekela phambili.

Ukuphawula Nokubika KweKomiti

Uma ikomiti inquma ukwenza umsebenzi esikweletini, iphethe ukuqunga ulwazi nobufakazi obungochwepheshe. Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti iphethe isimiso sokuphawula , lapho amalungu enganikeza khona izinxephezelo ezikweletayo. Ikomiti ivota ukuthi izothumela yini isikweleti, njengesilungisiwe, endlini egcwele. Imali evotelwe ngaphandle kwekomiti ihambisana nombiko wekomiti, ochaza injongo yesivumelwano, amalungiselelo, futhi ulindele umphumela. Lombiko uba umthombo ogxekayo wegumbi lonke ngesikhathi sengxoxo.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Uma isikweleti sesifikile phansi, lenqubo iyahluka phakathi kwendlu neSigeqe. Indlu isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile ebekwe yiKomiti yeMiyalo enamandla, elinganisela isikhathi sempikiswano nenani lezinto ezingalungiswa. Lokhu kwenza ukuba iNdlu ihambe ngokushesha kakhulu.

ISigele, ngokwehlukile, sisebenza kakhulu ngesivumelwano esiphambanayo, esisho ukuthi noma imuphi umnini-jenali angaphika ukuqhubeka, ngokuphumelelayo noma abekezele isibambiso. Abaphathi bangaqala futhi filister, ngokusebenzisa impikiswano ebanzi ukuvimbela ukuvota noma ukuvala. Ukuqeda i-Renactivester, iSigele kumelwe sifake [[FLT:] [[FLT:]], okufuna ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu kwe-60. Lokhu kwenza umehluko owengeziwe we-exfcractives ukwenze i-debuster lapho i-everseaster ekhona noma ithonya elikhulu.

IKomiti Yengqungquthela Nesenzo Sobumongameli

Ngaphambi kokuba isikweleti sibe umthetho, kokubili iNdlu neSigele kumelwe kusidlulise ngendlela efanayo. Uma bedlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo, ikomiti evumelanayo eyakhiwe amalungu asemagumbini womabili, kuhlangane ukuxazulula ukungezwani. Ikomiti yengqungquthela iveza isikhwama somthetho, okumelwe ivunyelwe yiningi kuzo zombili iNdlu neSigele. Lenguqulo yokugcina ibizwa ngokuthi umbiko owenziwe ngemithetho [ futhi ithunyelwa kuMongameli.

UMongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi zokuthatha isinyathelo. UMongameli angasayina umthetho, awubuyisele eMkhandlwini ngokuphikisa, noma angathathi nyathelo. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo ngesikhathi kuseqenjini, umthetho uba umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa. Nokho, uma uMkhandlu ubambene nezinsuku eziyishumi, lomthetho ufa enqubeni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-pocket to[. Ingqungquthela ingakhipha umthetho ngevoti yomongameli yesithathu emagumbini omabili, ibonisa isivumelwano esingavamile esidingekayo ukuze kudlule umthetho ngokumelene nezifiso zomongameli.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nendima Eshintshayo Yenhlangano

I-Partisan polication Branch ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu kulenkathi yanamuhla. Ukubekwa kwemithetho kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukufinyelela ukuvumelana okudingekayo ukuze kudluliswe umthetho omkhulu noma kuqinisekiswe ama-minee. Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi e-procedrogen njenge-parenbuster kuye kwasuka kusuka eqhibeni elisetshenziswayo ukuya eqenjini elincane, okuholela ekubekeni umthetho owenziwe ngezindaba eziphikisanayo.

Enye inselele enkulu ukukhula kwesifundazwe sokuphatha. UKhongolo-kahulumeni unike izinhlangano zikahulumeni igunya elibalulekile lokubhala iziqondiso nokumisa imithetho, umkhuba ophakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha omthetho nomphathi. Ukubuya kwe- Conregional Review Act[ njengethuluzi lokuqeda iziqondiso zezinhlangano ezilawulayo kubonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulondoloza igunya lomthetho wokusebenza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe liyaqhubeka lilolonga ukuziphatha kweGatyathiwe. Amalungu eSishaya-mthetho kumelwe achithe ingxenye ebalulekile yesikhathi sawo ephakamisela izimali umkhankaso wawo olandelayo, ongasusa ukugxila emsebenzini womthetho nezinkonzo zobukhomanisi. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zezezimali zomkhankaso ziye zavula umnyango wokusebenzisa imali ngokungenamkhawulo ngamaqembu angaphandle, zifaka ingxenyana ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwabameleli nezakhamuzi abakhonzayo.

Ukuhlala Uphansi Kwegatsha Eliyigunya

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, iGafflate Branch ihlala iyi-inchpin yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Isakhiwo sayo, esisekelwe eMthethweni, sinikeza isisekelo sengxoxo, ukuvumelana, nokumelelwa okungekho elinye igatsha elingakulingisa. Amandla esikhwama semali, igunya lokuqondisa umphathi, nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa noma ukulahla ukumiswa komongameli uqinisekisa ukuthi iSishaya-Mkhandlu sihlala siyigatsha likahulumeni elilinganayo.

Impilo ye-Legislative Branch ixhomeke kakhulu ekwakheni isakhamuzi esinolwazi futhi esithembisene. Ukuqonda imisebenzi ye-Congress . − ngaphandle kwesenzo esilula sokwenza umthetho (-/ibalulekile) ukuze kungenelwe ukungenela komphakathi okuphumelelayo. Igatsha laliklanyelwe ukufinyela, ukusabela, nokulandisa kubantu. Ukuma kwazo, kusukela esimisweni sekomiti kuya kuRelibelbuster, kuyizindlela lapho isizwe esihlukene futhi sinwebeka khona imizamo yokuzibusa ngokwaso.

IGaffletive Branch ingaphezulu kweqoqo labenzi bomthetho. I-arhente emelelwayo, i-fiscal gog, indikimba ehlolayo, ne-check yamandla aphezulu. Imisebenzi yayo iyisikhonkwane sesimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ubonakalisa intando yabantu nokuthi labo abaphula umthetho banecala. Ukuhlanganyela nomsebenzi we-Congress akulona ilungelo nje kodwa umthwalo wemfanelo wokuba nesizwe eRiphabliki esebenzayo.