Ijaji liyisisekelo sentando yeningi, lisebenza njengendlela ebucayi yokusekela umthetho nokuvikela amalungelo abantu. Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imithetho, ekuxazululeni izingxabano, nasekuqinisekiseni ubulungisa. Ngaphandle kwesimiso senkantolo esizimele nesisebenzayo, amalungelo ezakhamuzi angeke avikeleke emandleni azimele, futhi ukuqina komphakathi kungasongelwa. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinkantolo nemisebenzi yazo ezikhethekile phakathi kwesimiso sobulungisa, sinikeza ukucaciswa okucacile kwendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuqonda Ihubo

Ijaji liyigatsha elihlukile futhi elilinganayo likahulumeni ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya. Linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza nokusebenzisa umthetho ezicabeni ngazinye, liqinisekisa ukuthi amagatsha omthetho nezikhulu asebenza phakathi kwemingcele yawo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zihlelwe ngesigaba sabefundisi ukuze zivumele ukubukezwa kwezinqumo nokuhlelwa komthetho ofanayo. Ezimiyalweni eminingi engokomthetho, ikomiti yamajaji ihlukaniswa ngokwezinkantolo eziqu, futhi inkantolo yokugcina ibizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme. Izinga ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo nemisebenzi ekhethekile, futhi libalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ukwahlulela okuqondiswa ngayo emphakathini.

Abahluleli, izimahluleli, namajaji ayinhloko ezinkantolo. Kumelwe bangakhethi futhi bazimele, bangabi nathonya langaphandle. Izinqumo zabo zisekelwe ezimisweni, ezezimo, nakumthetho wemithetho. Ijaji futhi yengamela ukuphatha kobulungisa, kuhlanganise nokuphatha amacala enkantolo, izabelo zamajaji, nokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yenkantolo. Naphezu kwalokhu, zonke izinkantolo ziveza izinqubo eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo, isimiso esaziwa ngokuthi [[FLT: 0]] amadesistastere [[[[FLT: 1]. Emazweni omphakathi, izinkantolo zigxila kakhulu ekusebenziseni imithetho egunyaziwe. Naphezu kwalokho, zonke lezinkantolo zikhombathi zihlanganyela umgomo oyisisekelo wokunikeza ubulungisa obuhle.

Izinhlobo Zamankantolo

Izinkantolo zingahlukaniswa ngezindlela eziningana: ngegunya (indaba eyinhloko, ukuma kwezwe, noma isigaba sabefundisi), ngohlobo lomthetho eziwusebenzisayo (izenzo zomthetho) noma ngomsebenzi wazo (izibalo. appellate). Izingxenye ezilandelayo zichaza izinhlobo ezinkulu zezinkantolo ezitholakala ezimisweni eziningi ezingokomthetho.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Izinkantolo ziyizinga lokuqala lezenkantolo lapho amacala ezwakala khona ekuqaleni. Zinegunya lokuqala ezindabeni eziningi zomphakathi nezezecala. Enkantolo yamajaji, umahluleli noma amajaji anquma amaqiniso aleli cala futhi asebenzise umthetho ofanele ukuze afinyelele isinqumo noma isahlulelo. Izinkantolo zenkantolo zingamahhashi asebenzayo ejaji, asingatha izigidi zamacala unyaka ngamunye.

  • Icala eliyikhambi: Ukuxabana phakathi kwabantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano, njengokuphikisana ngesivumelwano, ukulimaza komuntu, ukuxabana kwempahla, nezindaba zomkhaya. Umgomo ukunikeza ikhambi (impela intengo yemali) noma isiyalo) eqenjini elilimele.
  • Icala eliqulwayo: Icala elihilela amacala abekwa uhulumeni kubantu abamangalelwa ngokuthi banecala. Ukuquliswa kwamacala kumelwe kufakazele icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Izinkantolo zecala zinquma icala noma ubumsulwa futhi zikhiphe izigwebo uma ummangalelwa eboshiwe.

Izinkantolo zenkantolo zivame ukubekwa indinganiso ngezindaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-ocestral amaningi anezinkantolo ezihlukene, izinkantolo ezincane, izinkantolo zemikhaya, nezinkantolo zentsha. Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile zisingatha amacala ngokushelelayo nangobuchwepheshe obukhulu. E-United States, izinkantolo zezenkantolo zeSigodi zibizwa ngokuthi iziNkantolo ze-U.S., kuyilapho izinkantolo zenkantolo zikahulumeni zibizwa ngamagama anjengeNkantolo Ephakeme, iNkantolo Yesifunda, noma iNkantolo yesifunda.

Icala lihlanganisa ukuvulwa kwamacala, ukunikeza ubufakazi (ubufakazi bobufakazi, amaphepha, imibukiso engokomzimba), izimpikiswano zokuphetha, bese bephendulana. Ekuqulweni kwejaji, amajaji anquma imibuzo yeqiniso; umahluleli unquma imibuzo yomthetho. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, umahluleli unquma kokubili. Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lidlulisele icala.

2. Izinkantolo ezihlolwayo

Kunezinqumo ezihlolwayo ezinqunywe izinkantolo. Aziphathi amacala amasha noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha. Kunalokho, zihlola umlando wenkantolo yamacala ukuze zinqume ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho angenziwa yini athinta umphumela. Amafayela ababhali abafingqiwe, futhi amaqembu abahluleli azwa izimpikiswano zomlomo ezivela kubameli. Iphuzu liwukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini, hhayi ukuwahlola futhi amaqiniso.

  • [[NT.0] Purpose: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki nangokulungile, nokulungisa noma imaphi amaphutha angokomthetho. Izinkantolo zamacala zifeza indima ekuthuthukiseni nasekucaciseni umthetho ngokukhipha imibono ebhaliwe esebenza njengesandulela sezezomthetho zesikhathi esizayo.
  • Imali efunyenweyo: Inkantolo edlulisa izigwegwe ingasekela isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo (iqinile), ibuye ibuye ishintshe, noma ishintshe. Ingathumela icala emuva (icala) ukuze liqulwe kabusha noma inze inqubo eqhubekayo evumelana nokubusa kwalo. Ezinye izinkantolo zilawula kokubili izikhalo zomphakathi nezezephulamthetho, kuyilapho ezinye zisezikhundleni ezithile ezifana nentela noma umthetho osemthethweni.

Emazweni amaningi, kunamazinga amabili ezinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo: izinkantolo eziphakathi nezinkantolo eziphezulu kakhulu. Inkantolo ye-intermediate appenellate izwa izikhalo eziningi njengendaba yelungelo, kuyilapho inkantolo ephakeme ivame ukubukeza ngokuqondisisa, ikhetha amacala abalulekile angokomthetho kuphela.

Funda okwengeziwe ngezinkantolo zenembulo[

3. Izinkantolo Eziphakeme

Inkantolo ephakeme inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe, ngokuvamile inesiphetho sokugcina ezincazelweni zomthetho nezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinqumo zayo zibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi. Indima eyinhloko yenkantolo ephakeme ukuxazulula imibuzo engokomthetho ebalulekile nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngendlela efanayo kuso sonke isimiso sokwahlulela.

  • Ukwezwa izikhalo ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini, kuhlanganise nemibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, izincazelo eziphikisanayo zomthetho kahulumeni (ezimisweni zikahulumeni), kanye nezimpikiswano ezithinta sonke isimiso somthetho-mthetho. Inkantolo ephakeme inquma futhi ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo wemithetho nezenzo zezikhulu ngamandla ayaziwa ngokuthi ukubukeza kobuzwe [.
  • Jodicial Review: Amandla okuqeda imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphikisana nomthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla ayitshe legumbi lokuhlola nokulinganisela. E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ukubukeza kokwahlulela ecaleni lesibonakaliso marbury v. Madison [183].

Izinkantolo eziphakeme ziyahluka ekwakheni nasenqubweni. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. inamajaji ayisishiyagalolunye, kuyilapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yeUnited Kingdom inamazwe angu-12, njengezwe laseNdiya nelaseCanada, anoMahluleli oMkhulu nabahluleli abambalwa. Lenkantolo ivame ukuzwa inani elilinganiselwe lamacala ngalinye, akhethwa ezinkulungwaneni zezicelo. Imibono yezinkantolo eziphakeme ivame ukubumba umphakathi amashumi eminyaka, isingatha izindaba ezinjengelungelo lomphakathi, inkululeko yokukhuluma, kanye nokulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni.

Iwebhusayithi yeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.

4. Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho ziye zamisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile zokusingatha izinhlobo ezithile zezimpikiswano ngokunempumelelo kakhulu nangobuchwepheshe obukhulu. Lezinkantolo zivame ukuba nemingcele elinganiselwe enqunyweni. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • [[INkantolo:0] Izinkantolo ze-Tax:[ Yizwa izingxabano phakathi kwabakhokhi bentela neziphathimandla zentela ngokuhlola intela, izijeziso, neziphakamiso.
  • Izinkantolo zeBankruptic: Amacala ahilela abantu abancibilikile noma amabhizinisi, eqondisa ukuhlelwa kabusha noma ukushwabasha kwempahla.
  • Izinkantolo zomkhaya:[ xoxa ngezindaba ezinjengesahlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya.
  • [[QUT:0] Inkantolo yamaJuvenile: Amacala ahilela izingane ezimangalelwa ngezenzo zobuhlongandlebe noma ezidinga ukuvikelwa (umz., ukuxhashazwa noma ukunganakwa). Ukugxila ekulungiseni isimo kunokuba isijeziso.
  • Izinkantolo ze-Labbor: Ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabaqashi nezisebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa ngokungafanele, izintela zeholo, kanye nokuphikisana kwezindaba zomphakathi.
  • Izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke: ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yezizwe zonke yobulungisa (ICJ) ixazulula izimpikiswano zomthetho phakathi kwezizwe, kuyilapho iNkantolo yeSigebengu yezizwe zonke (ICCC) imangalela abantu ngabanye ngokuqothula uhlanga, ubugebengu bempi, nobugebengu obungabenzisi bantu.

Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zisiza ekunciphiseni umthwalo ezinkantolo ezivamile futhi zinikeze ubuchwepheshe obugxile kakhudlwana. Zingase zenze izinqubo zibe lula futhi zisebenzise amajaji anekhono anezizinda ezisemkhakheni ofanele.

Izindima Zezinkantolo Ekulungeni

Izinkantolo zinendima eziningi esimisweni sokwahlulela, ngayinye inengxenye emgomweni obanzi wokulondoloza umthetho nokuhleleka, ukuvikela amalungelo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile.

Isinqumo Sokuxabana

Enye yemisebenzi eyinhloko yezinkantolo iwukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezici. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezingxabano, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zomuntu siqu, ezentengiselwano, kanye nomphakathi. Izinkantolo zinikeza i-counting ne-actription ehleliwe lapho uhlangothi ngalunye lunganikeza khona ubufakazi nezimpikiswano. Kodwa, isinqumo singathatha isimo sesahlulelo noma isinqumo esixazulula indaba, ngokuvamile ngokuyala okubophekile. Izinkantolo zikhuthaza futhi ezinye izindlela zokuphikisana (ADR) njengemitapo kanye nokunqanda, ezingabiza imali enciphekayo futhi zingaba ihlulelo enkulu. Nokho, izinkantolo zingahlala zikhona lapho i-ADR ihluleka noma iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho.

Isinqumo esinedumela elibi sezinkantolo sinezela ekuzinzeni kwezenhlalo ngoba izakhamuzi namabhizinisi ayazi ukuthi ukungezwani kungaxazululwa ngokuthula nangomthetho.

Ukuchazwa KoMthetho

Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho nezimiso, zinikeza ukucaca ekusebenziseni kwazo. Imithetho nezimiso ngokuvamile zibhalwa ngokwezimo ezivamile, futhi incazelo yazo ezimweni ezithile kumelwe inqunywe yijaji. Ngokuchaza, izinkantolo zigcwalisa izikhala futhi zixazulule izinto ezingekho emthethweni. Le ncazelo isiza ekuhleleni izindinganiso zomthetho zesikhathi esizayo nemikhuba. Ezimithethweni evamile, imfundiso yezezibonelelo isho ukuthi ukuchaza kwenkantolo kuvala izinkantolo ezingaphansi ezicathulweni ezifanayo. Lokhu kwakha indikimba eqinisekile nengaguquguqukiyo yomthetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ubuchwepheshe obusha buphakamisa imibuzo mayelana namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, izinkantolo zingachaza imithetho ekhona ukuze zinqume ukuthi isebenza kanjani emininingwaneni ye-teknoloji. Amacala e-londermark anjenge- Riley v. California [2014] (2014, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. inquma ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga khona isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isehlakalo socingo ukuze aboshwe, bonisa indlela izinkantolo ezivuselela ngayo ukuqonda okungokomthetho ezimweni ezintsha.

3. Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu nenkululeko yabo. Ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ayiwaphuli amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nenqubo efanelekile. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingamisa umthetho ophula amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ziphinde zigunyaze amalungelo ngemithetho enjengemithetho, izimemezelo ze-habeas corpus, nezimemezelo zokungalungi komthetho-mthetho. Amalungelo abantu ngokuvamile ayiswa ezinkantolo zabantu ngabanye, amaqembu ezenhlalakahleni, nezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle yomphakathi.

Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole e-United States Brown v. Board of Education (1954), kanye nokwanda kokulingana komshado emazweni amaningi ngemithetho yenkantolo. Izinkantolo ziphinde zivikele amalungelo abamangalelwa abamangalelwa, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, ilungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko, nelungelo lokumelana nozimele.

4. Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Nokungakhethi

Ngezinqumo zazo, izinkantolo zingathuthukisa ubulungisa bezenhlalo nokungakhethi, zikhulumele izindaba zezimiso nokusekela amaqembu aphansi. Nakuba izinkantolo zingezona izishaya - mthetho, izinqumo zazo zingaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo ziye zasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukulingana kwabesilisa, amalungelo okukhubazeka, nokuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile. Ngokuchaza imithetho ngendlela ebonisa ukususwa kwezindinganiso zomphakathi, izinkantolo zingasiza ekulungiseni ukungalungi okungokomlando.

Nokho, izinkantolo kumelwe futhi ziqaphele ukuba zingaweqeli umsebenzi wazo ekwenzeni izinqubo, okuwumbono wamagatsha akhethiwe. Ukulinganisela inqubo yokwahlulela nokuzibamba kuyimpikiswano eqhubekayo. Noma kunjalo, ijaji livame ukuhlola umthetho weningi, livikela amalungelo amancane angase angashaywa mkhuba ngezindlela zezombangazwe.

5. Ukusekela Ukubusa KoMthetho

Izinkantolo zisekela umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki futhi ngokulunga, kanjalo zilondoloze ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni somthetho. Ukubusa komthetho kusho ukuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo ziphoqelela izivumelwano, zijezise izaphula-mthetho, futhi zigcine izinhlangano zikahulumeni zinecala ngezenzo ezingekho emthethweni. Ngaphandle kwale misebenzi, umphakathi ungawela ezinkingeni nasesiphithiphithiphithi.

Ukubusa komthetho kudinga futhi ukuba izinkantolo zingene, zizimele, futhi zingakhethi. Uma izinkantolo zisebenza kahle, izakhamuzi zinokholo lokuthi izingxabano zazo ziyonqunywa ngenzuzo, hhayi ngesisekelo samandla, imali, noma ukuxhumelana. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezinjengekubusa koMthetho [ kweZizwe Ezihlangene [ kugcizelela ukudlondlobala nokuthula okusemqoka kwezinkantolo.

6. Ukuhlola Amandla Kahulumeni

Kumthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi, izinkantolo zinegunya lokuhlola izenzo zamagatsha aphetheyo nawabezimthetho. Lobu mbuso bokuhlola buphindu baqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha kuyavumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Kuyinhlolo - hlola okuyisisekelo ngohulumeni abaphaphamele. Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho, imithetho yokuphatha engenanjongo, futhi ziyale izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zivumelane nomthetho. Lendima ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwahlukana kwemibuso nezokuvikela izakhamuzi ekuxhashazweni uhulumeni.

Ngokwesibonelo, [[QUT:0] i-Cornell Legal Information Institute ichaza ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyimfundiso eyinhloko yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ngaphandle kwalokhu kuhlola, amagatsha omthetho-mthetho nomphathi angasebenza ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa komthetho-sisekelo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda umsebenzi wezinkantolo nezinhlobo zazo ezihlukahlukene kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ubulungisa obufezwa ngayo emphakathini. Inkantolo ngayinye, kusukela enkantolo yamacala ephansi kakhulu kuya enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu, inendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ichazwa futhi isetshenziswe kahle, ivikela amalungelo abantu, futhi ixazulule izimpikiswano. Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zinezela impumelelo nobungcweti. Indima zezinkantolo . /isinqumo somthetho, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo, ubulungisa bezenhlalo, ukusekela umthetho, nokuhlola amandla kahulumeni, futhi zisekela impilo empilweni yanoma yisiphi isiphi idemo-demokhrasi. Njengoba abameleli bobulungisa, izinkantolo zibalulekile ekusebenzeni komphakathi wentando yeningi, nokuzibusa kwabo kumelwe kulondolozwe ukuze kulondolozwe ukwethenjwa komphakathi.