Isingeniso

Isimiso somphakathi asiyona nje indlela ehleliwe yemithetho yezenhlalakahle; iyinqubo eyinhloko ohulumeni abasingatha ngayo ukungalingani kwempilo, ukunikeza imithombo yengcebo, futhi bachaze imingcele yamalungelo abantu. Izinqumo ezenziwa yizindikimba zomthetho, izinhlangano eziphethe, nezinkantolo zokwahlulela zinomphumela oqondile nohlala njalo ekwahluleleni kobulungisa bezenhlalo. Kusukela ekwakheni kwemali yesikole ekutholeni inzuzo yempilo engathenekayo, isimiso somphakathi sinquma ukuthi ubani othola ithuba lokuthola ithuba futhi ubani obhekene nemingcele. Abafundisi, abameleli, nabashisekeli bezeluleko, baqonda indlela imithetho ehlela ngayo ubulungisa bezenhlalo ebaluleke ngayo ukuze baqaphele ukubekwa komthetho womphakathi nobulungisa obuphumelelayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zomphakathi, izinhlelo, izinselele, izinselele, nezifundo eziphawulekayo zalendaba.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Womphakathi

Isimiso somphakathi singachazwa njengesimiso sobugqiziqaba sezimiso nezenzo ezithonywa yindikimba kahulumeni ukusingatha izinkinga zomphakathi. Akusona isinqumo esisodwa kodwa uchungechunge lwezinqumo − ngokuvamile oluhilela ukunqanda ukuhweba − okulawula ukuziphatha kwezinhlangano nabantu ngabanye. Inqubo ibonakala ngokwezindlela ezingafani njengemithetho engokomthetho, iziyalezo zezikhulu, imithetho yokuqondisa, izahlulelo zokwahlulela, kanye nezimiso zokuhlela. Ukuhlelwa kwenqubo yomphakathi kuthonywa yisayensi eyinkimbinkimbi yezemidlalo kanye nezici, kuhlanganise:

  • Umbono we- nokucindezela kwevotimenti: abenzi bomthetho bavame ukusabela ezinkathazweni ezisakazekile, ikakhulukazi phakathi nemijikelezo yokhetho.
  • [ Amaqembu angenisa kakhulu nezinhlangano ezingenisa abantu: Izinhlangano zamabhizinisi, inzuzo engakhi, kanye nezimiso zokulawula inzuzo kuphoqelela ukuba kube nemithetho elungile.
  • Imibono namapulatifomu edilituni: I-Conservative, grand, futhi e-parence, neyabaphathi bamafilosofi athatha izindlela ezihlukene zokufaka i-redisis nemithetho.
  • Izimo zezomnotho: Ukuncitshiswa, ukwehla kwamandla emali, kanye nokunqanda imingcele yemali kungasiza noma kunciphise izinyathelo zenqubo.
  • Ukunyakaza kobuphekula nezimpande zotshani: Imikhankaso enjenge-Black Live Confe Stock noma Ukulwa u-R150 kuphoqelele ushintsho lwenqubo ngokushintsha inkulumo yeningi.

Ukuqonda lesimiso sezinto eziphilayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqonda ukuthi kungani ezinye izimpikiswano zobulungisa bezenhlalo zithola ukusabela okuqinile kwezimiso zezenhlalo kuyilapho ezinye zihlupheka.

Indima Yomthetho Womphakathi Ekuqondiseni Izenhlalo

Ubulungisa bezenhlalo bubhekisela ekusakazeni ingcebo, amathuba, namalungelo phakathi komphakathi. Inkambiso yomphakathi ingasebenza njengethuluzi elihlukanisayo elinciphisa umehluko wesimiso sohlelo noma, ngokuphambene, njengendlela yokulawula ehambisana ne-hracties ezikhona. Izilinganiso ezilandelayo zibonisa indlela isimiso esithinta ngayo imiphumela yezobulungisa:

  • [ Imithetho ehloselwe ukunciphisa ukungalingani: Imithetho yentela eqhubekekayo, amanetha okuphepha ezenhlalo, nemithetho emelene nokungahlangani ingamathuluzi ezimiso ahlukanisayo ayizisulu eziqondile.
  • Imithetho evikela imiphakathi encishisiwe: imithetho yendawo ezungezile, ihlala imithetho elwa nokungavumelani, kanye nelungelo lokuvota konke kuwela ngaphansi kwalesigaba.
  • [ Ukuhlela izinhlelo zezenhlalo:[ Izinqumo zokuhlela uhlelo lwemali mayelana nemfundo yomphakathi, ukuxhasa kwezempilo, nokutshala izakhiwo zezemfundo kuveze imiphumela ekutholeni imali ephansi nasemibangweni emincane.
  • Ukuphoqelelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi: Ukuphumelela kwezimiso ezinjengamaMelika akhubazekile kuxhomeke ezimisweni zokuqiniswa okuqinile, okungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabaqondisi.

Ukuqonda okubucayi kuwukuthi umthetho wasobala ungaveza imiphumela yezentengiselwano zomphakathi . Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zezezezelele zobupolishi, nakuba ziklanyelwe ukunciphisa ubugebengu, ziye zathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi yemibala futhi zanikela ekuboshweni okukhulu. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yokuhlanganisa ehloselwe ukulondoloza imigangatho yempahla iye yasusa izindawo ezingeni eliphansi ngokwesikhathi sezezezezingeni eliphezulu, ziqhubekisela phambili ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga nezomnotho. Ukuqonda kokubili okuhloselwe ukwenziwa kwemibazwe futhi okungalindelekile kubalulekile ekuxazululweni kwemiphumelo yemithetho.

Izindaba Eziyinhloko Zobulungisa Bezenhlalo Zithonywe Umthetho Womphakathi

Ukungalingani Okunomthelela

Ukungalingani kwemali eholayo kuye kwafinyelela amazinga angokomlando emazweni amaningi athuthukile, kanye no-1% ophezulu othatha ingxenye eyandayo yengcebo yesizwe. Isimiso somphakathi sithonya lokhu ngezakhiwo zentela (izenyuselo), imithetho encishisiwe, isivikelo semisebenzi, nezinhlelo zokuthutha umphakathi njengomshuwalense wokuswelakala umsebenzi kanye nosizo lokudla. Ukukhokha intengo entengozweyo yentela [[[FLT]] eUnited States, ngokwesibonelo, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kuphakamisa izigidi zemikhaya esebenzayo isuka ebumpofwini unyaka ngamunye, kuyilapho imiholo engaphansi yezwe inciphe inciphe izikhala ezifundeni eziningana. Ngokuphambene, imithetho elula izintela eziko ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezingondlekile ezihlangene noma eziphansi kakhulu.

Ukutholakala Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo

Ukufinyelela ekunakekeleni impilo kuwukukhathalela okuyisisekelo kwezenhlalakahle ngoba imiphumela yempilo ihlobene kakhulu nezomnotho, uhlanga, nezwe. Isimiso somphakathi sinquma ukuthi umshuwalense wempilo uhlangene yini nomsebenzi, ukuthi ukhona yini ukhetho lukamphakathi, nokuthi imithi yagunyaziwe ikhokha kanjani. I-ACA) Act engenakukhokhwa [i-ACA)] ithenjelwa kakhulu kumaMedicaid ayizigidi ezingu-20 nge-Medicaid umshuwalensele, kodwa imishuwalenselaliso iyaqhubeka ikhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho exhasa izikhungo zezempilo zomphakathi kanye nemitholampilo yasemaphandleni ngokuqondile ngezindawo zokunakekelana.

Imfundo Ukulingana

Isimiso somphakathi sokuhlukanisa inqubo yokufundisa sihlela ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezezimali zesikole, izinga lothisha, iminikelo yezifundo, nezindlela zokuyala. Ukuthembela ezintela zempahla zendawo ukukhokha izikole kusho ukuthi izingane ezisezindaweni ezicebile zivame ukuthola ingcebo eshisiwe kakhulu kunalezo ezisezindaweni ezimpofu(a inqubo yokuthi izinkantolo zithole imvume engekho ngokomthetho kwezinye izifunda. Izinhlangano zamuva zokuqeda izikweletu zemfundo yesikole, iziyalo zezemfundo, i-Het I (zezikole eziphezulu kakhulu), kanye nezenzo zokuvuma emakholishini ezingeni ezingenisa izikoleji [[[FLTLD:1]] zonke zingamathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukunikeza imfundo engekho ngokomthetho. Izinhlangano zamuva ukuqeda izikweleti zemali nokuxhasa imali ngenxa yezifundo zamakolishini namayunivesithi (HCU) akhona.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu e-United States siye saba isikhungo esiyinhloko semithetho yobulungisa engokwenhlalo ngenxa yokungalingani kohlanga ekuboshweni, ukuqiniseka, nokugwetshwa. Isimiso somphakathi sihlela yonke into ngemisebenzi yobupolisa (umz., misa-fullk, imvume) yokugweba iziqondiso (imithetho elinganiselwe, imicimbi emithathu ethatha impondo) kanye nezinhlelo zokubuyisela inguquko. Izinguquko zamuva zinje [ I-Step [ idlule ngo-20181818] izinhlelo ezibekelwe imingcele elinganiselwe futhi zanwebe izinhlelo. Izinguquko zezwe, kuhlanganise nokuncishiswa kwentsholo yemali ephansi, ukuncishiswa kwemali ephansi, ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho yezwe noma ukuviswa kwemithetho yezomthetho.

Izindlu Nobulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile

Lapho abantu behlala khona kunquma ukutholakala kwabo emoyeni ohlanzekile, amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza, izikole ezisezingeni eliphezulu, namathuba emisebenzi. Isimiso somphakathi somlando sakhiwa futhi saqiniswa ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ngokuzilungisa, ngokuzihlukanisa, nangokuzifaka emasimini. Izimiso ze-Contemporary thisting Inters Inters engenisa intela emposiso [[FLT] Inters nemithetho elungile yezindlu ehloselwe ukunqanda lezindlela zokuhlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zezemvelo (umz., i-Ceococ Ai Air Acts act ezilandelanayo) zifuna ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwezikhungo zezindawo ezingcoliswayo ngemibala ephansi. Ukusakaza kosizo lwenhlekelele nempahla kuhlonze ihlose-yokuhlela ukwahlulela komphakathi.

Inqubo Yokuthuthukiswa Kwezimiso Zomphakathi

Isimiso somphakathi esisekela ukuphila sihilela izigaba eziningana zokuthuthukisa, ngasinye sinikeza amathuba nemigoqo kubasekeli bobulungisa bezenhlalo:

  1. I-Prefect Identification and Agenda Setting: Indaba kumelwe izuze ukunaka komphakathi nokungokombangazwe. Izinhlangano zezenhlalo, ukushukuma kwezindaba, nobufakazi obungochwepheshe kungaphoqelela inkinga kulokhu kuhlelwa kwezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, inkinga ye-opioid yashaywa indiva isikhathi eside kwaze kwaba yilapho abashisekeli kanye nochwepheshe bezempilo beyiphakamisa yaba yindawo yokuqala yesizwe.
  2. I-Folity Forformation: Ababambi baveza izixazululo ezingase zibe khona ``Izindleko zokwethulwa'', izikweletu zemishini, iziphakamiso zokuqondisa, noma izihlongozo zokuqondisa. Lesisiteji sithonywa kakhulu amathangi, abangenisi bemithetho nezisebenzi zomthetho. Abameleli bomthetho-mphakathi kumelwe balethe ulwazi, ubuchwepheshe, kanye namazwi omphakathi ukuze bahlele lezi zihlongo.
  3. Ukutholwa kwabefundisi: Umzimba owenza isinqumo (umzk., uKhongolo, isishaya-mthetho sombuso, umkhandlu wesishaya-mthetho wedolobha, umkhandlu wedolobha, noma inxusa lokuqondisa) amavoti noma uvumela isimiso. Amandla ezombangazwe, ukulawula kweqembu, kanye nokucindezela kwesithakazelo kunquma. Ngezinye izikhathi izinqumo zithathwa ngokuthatha izinyathelo ngokuqondile ngamavoti.
  4. Imvuthwandaba:[ Izinhlangano zikaHulumeni ziguqula lenkambiso ibe yisenzo, iziqondiso zokubhala, izinhlelo, nokusakaza izimali. Izinhlelo zokuhlela zivamile."Izindawo ezihlelelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuhleleka zingahluleka uma amanxusa engenamandla, intando yezombangazwe, noma ukulandisa.
  5. I-Piasupection and Seasfure: I-Pricio alinganiselwa ngokuphumelela, izindleko, nemiphumela engalindelekile. Ukuhlola kungaholela ekubukezeni, ekunwetshweni, noma ekuphindeni. Abameleli bobulungisa bezenhlalo bavame ukusebenzisa ukuhlola ukuze baqhubekisele phambili ukuphoqelelwa noma ukuhlanganisa okukhulu.

Ukuqonda le nqubo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okungenela ezimweni ezibucayi kakhulu, njengokunikeza izinkulumo zomphakathi lapho kumiswa imithetho noma ukufakazela ukuqulwa kwecala.

Izinselele Zesimiso Somphakathi Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ngisho nezimiso zomphakathi ezigxile kahle zibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ekuthuthukiseni ubulungisa bezenhlalo:

  • Ukuhlanganisa i-Polithical shodia kunye ne-grid lock: Ezindinganisweni zezishaya-mthetho ezihlukene kakhulu, ngisho nezinyathelo ezixhaswe kakhulu njengenguquko yomthetho wobugebengu zingaphela iminyaka eminingi. Ukungavumelani ngendima kahulumeni kuholela ezimisweni eziguquguqukayo ezinqamule izikhulu nezifundazwe.
  • Imithombo evimbelayo nezindawo zokuthengiselana: Ohulumeni kumelwe balinganisele izinto eziza kuqala ezincintisanayo. Ukuxhasa izinhlelo zomphakathi ngokuvamile kuncintisana nokuzivikela, izakhiwo, nezikweletu. Izilinganiso zokulinganisela zingasusa zona kanye izinhlelo ezidingekayo zokunciphisa ukungalingani.
  • Ukwehluleka kwehluleka nokumelana ne-bureaucrates: Abaphathi-mfono-mqoka bangamelana neziqondiso ezintsha, ukungaqeqeshwa okudingekile, noma ukubuyela emuva ezimisweni zakudala. Lokhu kuyinkinga ikakhulukazi emithethweni efuna ukucwasa kwezimiso, lapho impucuko yenhlangano idinga ukushintshwa khona.
  • Iphepha lokwaziswa namathuluzi okulinganisela: ngaphandle kokwaziswa okungathembekile okuhlukaniswe (ngebala, iholo, ubulili, ubulili), kunzima ukubona umehluko noma ithonya lezimiso. Imfuno yangasese nokuphikiswa kwezombangazwe kungavimbela imizamo yokuqoqwa kokwaziswa.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Izithiyo ze-judicicial:[ Izinkantolo zingahlasela noma zinciphe ngezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuphathelene namalungelo okuvota, uvuma, nokukhipha isisu kuye kwaguqula kakhulu izimo zezenhlalo zobulungisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuqaphela okungokobuningi nokushiyeka kwesivumelwano: Izakhamuzi eziningi aziqapheli ukuthi inqubo ithinta kanjani ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke, noma azinazo izimali zokuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Umvoti ophansi ovotayo okhethweni lendawo kusho ukuthi izinqumo zenqubo zivame ukwenza ngezingxenyana ezincane, ezingameleki zomphakathi.

Ukunqoba lezinselele kudinga ukwakhiwa kobunye okuqhubekayo, imikhankaso yezobungane, imikhankaso yezindaba, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezimpande zotshani. Akukho ndlela eyodwa eyanele; intuthuko idinga ukuthembisana okungalingani.

Ukuhlola Icala Lemithetho Yomphakathi Okuthinta Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

I-Civil Rights Act ilokhu ingenye yezingxenye eziguqula kakhulu zomthetho womthetho wezenhlalakahle emlandweni waseMelika. Yavala ukucwaswa ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe emsebenzini, izindawo zomphakathi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswa uhulumeni. Isenzo savela eminyakeni yempimpi yamalungelo omphakathi . i-Cherst eWashington, ukuhlaliswa kwenkululeko, okuhamba ngo--hamba-hamba-hamba-hamba ngo-hamba-hamba ngo-hamba ngoMkhandlu kaMongameli Lyndon B. Ukusetshenziswa kukaJohnson kobushiqela wezombangazwe. Ukuthatha kwakhe kwabonisa ukuthi uma kuhlangene nokuthola izimvume ezingokomthetho, kungaveza umthetho owe- ngokomthetho owe-quququzelisa umphakathi. Nokho, ukubusa nokuncitshiswa kwemithetho nokumiswa kwemithetho kulandelena kwemithetho, kubonisa ukuthi intuthuko engokwenhlala njalo.

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongafinyeleleki (ACA)

Isayinwe ngo-2010, i-ACA ihloselwe ukunciphisa inani labantu abanezimo ezingakhokhwa futhi ithuthukise izinga nokufaneleka kobukhakhazi bempilo. Amalungiselelo abalulekile ahlanganisa igunya lomuntu ngamunye, ukwakhiwa kwezimakethe zempilo, ukwanda kweMedicaid (okwakulindeleke ukuba kube nemithetho, kamuva kwenziwa ngesinqumo senkantolo), futhi isivikelo kubantu abanezimo ezikhona ngaphambili. Umthetho wanciphisa kakhulu imingcele yezinhlanga nemali esekelwe kuyo: ngo-2016, isilinganiso esingakhohliswayo se-Mbaclishthekisniki phakathi kwabantu abamnyama ehla ngengxenye. Noma kunjalo, isinqumo seNCUndlu ebekwe e [FLT:] NFIB.[FLT] Izinselele ezinjalo zezombangazwe.[FLT] [202] Izinselele ze-Médica, lapho abantu abadala bengekho ezingenisweni zemisebenzi.

Isilinganiso Sesilinganiso Esiphansi Sezwe Siyakhula

Isimiso esiqondile seholo siyithuluzi eliqondile lokusingatha ukulingana kweholo. Nakuba iholo eliphansi likahulumeni liye lahlala ku-R250 ngehora kusukela ngo-2009, amazwe amaningi namadolobha aye amisa amazinga awo aphakeme, ngokuvamile alandela imikhankaso yotshani. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulwa kwemishini ehambayo, kuholwa izisebenzi ezisheshayo nezinhlangano zezisebenzi, kuye kwabhebhebhethekiswa ngempumelelo ngeholo elingu-R35 000 ezizweni ezinjengeCalifornia, New York, neMassachusetts. Ukucwaninga ngenani le-[FLT: 0] i - Economic Polic Institute[[ kubonisa ukuthi ukwanda okunjalo kokudla kanye nenani lezisebenzi zomsebenzi kuzuzisa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa, okungaphezu kwemisebenzi ephansi. Nokho abaphiniphini abangenza umsebenzi wanda ngokushesha noma ukuncitshiswa kweminyana kweminye imibiko yezingxoxo zemali, imishano yeze imiphumela emisha ehambisana neya ezindaweni zendawo, kanye neya ezindaweni zendawo zendawo.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwavela ukuvumelana kwesidingo sokuguqulwa kobulungisa obungaphazanyiswa yimithetho, okushukunyiswa ukukhathazeka ngokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukuhlukana ngokohlanga, nezindleko. Umthetho wokuqala [[FLT:] [2011]) ukunciphisa eminye imidado ehlelekayo yemida edinga ukugcinwa kwezidakamizwa, yandisa “i-valve" yabasebenzi abaphansi, futhi yathuthukisa izinkonzo zokungalawuleki. Ezweni, i-California’s Proposition 47 (i-2014) (ifaka kabusha eminye imidaba engahambisani engaphazamisi njengemidanga, iholela ekunciphiseni imiphakathi yejele futhi igcineni izinhlelo ezigciniweyo ukuze ilungise izinhlelo zeze ilungise. Ngokufanayo, iJersey kanye nezinye izindawo zinciphe izinhlelo ezingcono kakhulu, ivimbela izinkonzo zokukhokhelela abantu ababhidiyo. [Foctive 47] [5] ezibonisa lezi zinguquko ezingoko zenhlandla kakhulu, kodwa eziveza izinhlelo zezimiso zezimiso zezinhlanga ezingoko ezingoko eziqinile.

Isiphetho

Isimiso somphakathi siyinkemba evikelekile ekuphishekeleni ubulungisa bezenhlalo. Uma sihlonishwe ngokulinganayo engqondweni, singasusa imingcele, siphakazelise amathuba, futhi sivikele abasengozini. Uma sibunjwe yizithakazelo ezinamandla noma izinhloso ezingalungile, singaqinisa ukungalingani nokungabi nabulungisa. Izibonelo eziqokonyiswe ngaphezu kwe-Cvil Rights Act ukuze zinciphise imikhankaso ekhokhelwayo. /Izishaya umthetho wokushintsha kwenqubo, kodwa idinga ukugcinwa ngokuphikelela kwemithetho, umklamo osekelwe ebufakazini, nokusetshenziswa okuqinile. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nabashisekeli bezentengiselwano, isifundo sicacile: ukuqonda inqubo nokuhlanganyela nayo kuzo zonke izigaba nokufaka ubufakazi bokuhlela nokulungisa. Umthetho awudingi ukuphumelela; ukwakhiwa, futhi ukwanda ngenqubo yomphakathi.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, ukuhlola imithombo ye- i-Institution on contreal ques, [[FLT:] U.S. Bureau yeholo lokungalingani kwemininingwane yezenqubo.[, kanye ne-Pitholic Studies Journal[[] yokucwaninga ngezemfundo ngemiphumela yezenqubo.[FLT:]]